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McKinnon I, Keown P. The potential unintended consequences of Mental Health Act reforms in England and Wales on people with intellectual disability and/or autism: commentary, McKinnon et al. Br J Psychiatry 2024; 224:180-181. [PMID: 38563223 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.2024.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Iain McKinnon
- Secure Services, Cumbria Northumberland Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; and Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, UK
| | - Patrick Keown
- Psychiatric Rehabilitation, Cumbria Northumberland Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; and Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, UK
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McKinnon I, Iranpour A, Charlton A, Green E, Groom F, Watts O, McKenna D, Hackett S. Models of care in secure services for people with intellectual and developmental disability: Implementing the Walkway to Wellness. Crim Behav Ment Health 2024; 34:144-162. [PMID: 38279962 DOI: 10.1002/cbm.2328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Changes to policy around inpatient services for people with intellectual and developmental disability (IDD) who offend, have led to a need for services to reconsider their models of care. This has led to calls for more tailored, patient-centred care models, with less reliance solely on offence-related treatment programmes which can be unsuitable for a growing proportion of patients with more complex cognitive and behavioural difficulties. In response, the Walkway to Wellness (W2W) was developed at one National Health Service Trust providing secure services to people with IDD, with the intention of delivering a more collaborative, co-produced and goal-oriented care model that was better understood by staff and patient stakeholders. AIMS To evaluate the implementation of the W2W using Normalisation Process Theory (NPT), an evidence-based theoretical approach is used across a number of health settings. METHODS Staff were invited to complete a short questionnaire, using the NPT informed Normalisation Measure Development questionnaire, at two time points along the implementation process. Patients were invited to complete a simplified questionnaire. Both groups were asked for their views on the W2W and the process of its implementation. RESULTS Although the W2W was more familiar to staff at the second time point, scores on the four NPT constructs showed a trend for it being less embedded in practice, with significant results concerning the ongoing appraisal of the new model. Patient views were mixed; some saw the benefit of more goal-oriented processes, but others considered it an additional chore hindering their own perceived goals. CONCLUSION Early involvement of all stakeholders is required to enhance the understanding of changes to models of care. Live feedback should be used to refine and revise the model to meet the needs of patients, carers and staff members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain McKinnon
- Cumbria, Northumberland, Tyne & Wear NHS Foundation Trust, Morpeth, UK
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Arman Iranpour
- Cumbria, Northumberland, Tyne & Wear NHS Foundation Trust, Morpeth, UK
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Anne Charlton
- Cumbria, Northumberland, Tyne & Wear NHS Foundation Trust, Morpeth, UK
| | - Ellen Green
- Cumbria, Northumberland, Tyne & Wear NHS Foundation Trust, Morpeth, UK
| | - Faye Groom
- School of Psychology, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Oliver Watts
- Cumbria, Northumberland, Tyne & Wear NHS Foundation Trust, Morpeth, UK
| | - Dannielle McKenna
- Cumbria, Northumberland, Tyne & Wear NHS Foundation Trust, Morpeth, UK
| | - Simon Hackett
- Cumbria, Northumberland, Tyne & Wear NHS Foundation Trust, Morpeth, UK
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
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Chaplin E, McCarthy J, Marshall-Tate K, Ali S, Harvey D, Childs J, Xenitidis K, Srivastava S, McKinnon I, Robinson L, Allely CS, Hardy S, Forrester A. A realist evaluation of an enhanced court-based liaison and diversion service for defendants with neurodevelopmental disorders. Crim Behav Ment Health 2024; 34:117-133. [PMID: 37930901 DOI: 10.1002/cbm.2315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In England, court-based mental health liaison and diversion (L&D) services work across courts and police stations to support those with severe mental illness and other vulnerabilities. However, the evidence around how such services support those with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDs) is limited. AIMS This study aimed to evaluate, through the lens of court and clinical staff, the introduction of a L&D service for defendants with NDs, designed to complement the existing L&D service. METHODS A realist evaluation was undertaken involving multiple agencies based within an inner-city Magistrates' Court in London, England. We developed a logic model based on the initial programme theory focusing on component parts of the new enhanced service, specifically training, screening, signposting and interventions. We conducted semi-structured interviews with the court staff, judiciary and clinicians from the L&D service. RESULTS The L&D service for defendants with NDs was successful in identifying and supporting the needs of those defendants. Benefits of this service included knowledge sharing, awareness raising and promoting good practice such as making reasonable adjustments. However, there were challenges for the court practitioners and clinicians in finding and accessing local specialist community services. CONCLUSION A L&D service developed for defendants with NDs is feasible and beneficial to staff and clinicians who worked in the court setting leading to good practice being in place for the defendants. Going forward, a local care pathway would need to be agreed between commissioners and stakeholders including the judiciary to ensure timely and equitable access to local services by both defendants and practitioners working across diversion services for individuals with NDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eddie Chaplin
- Institute of Health and Social Care, London South Bank University, London, UK
| | - Jane McCarthy
- University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- King's College London, London, UK
| | | | | | - Denise Harvey
- Institute of Health and Social Care, London South Bank University, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Louise Robinson
- Lancashire and South Cumbria NHS Foundation Trust, Preston, UK
- University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Sally Hardy
- NICHE Anchor Institute, University of East Anglia, East Anglia, UK
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Mills S, Kaner EFS, Ramsay SE, McKinnon I. What are the key influences and challenges around weight management faced by patients in UK adult secure mental health settings? A focused ethnographic approach. BMJ Open 2024; 14:e079406. [PMID: 38553050 PMCID: PMC10982710 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-079406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Excess weight is highly prevalent in secure (forensic) mental health services and impacts negatively on patients' physical and mental health. This study sought to identify the key influences and challenges around weight management in UK adult secure mental health settings. DESIGN Qualitative focused ethnography. Analysis of written fieldnotes was undertaken through a combined inductive and deductive approach, informed by thematic analysis. SETTING Low secure male mental health ward and associated patient activities and events, in a National Health Service Trust delivering mental health, intellectual disability and neurorehabilitation services in the UK. PARTICIPANTS 12 males (primarily white British) on the low secure ward; additional male participants from low and medium secure services, who took part in group events and activities; and multidisciplinary low and medium secure services staff. Approximately 23 hours of observation were undertaken over a 6-month period from April 2022. RESULTS Secure mental healthcare delivered an environment predisposing patients to excessive weight gain and sedentary behaviour, which was often perceived as inevitable. Key themes highlighted the heightened salience of food in secure settings; inadequacy of catered hospital food and shortcomings of alternative food options; limited physical activity opportunities; and a ward culture that was not conducive to healthy behaviours. Perceptions and behaviour towards the ethnographer were primarily positive and accepting. CONCLUSIONS Weight management in secure services is a complex challenge. In future, whole setting-based interventions to promote healthy weight are likely to be required. These should integrate physical and mental health, incorporate underpinning determinants such as adequate staffing and a culture promoting weight management, and involve both patients and staff.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Mills
- Newcastle University Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Cumbria Northumberland Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Eileen F S Kaner
- Newcastle University Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Sheena E Ramsay
- Newcastle University Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Iain McKinnon
- Newcastle University Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Cumbria Northumberland Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Costa T, Bagnall A, Murray S, Bailey K, MacGowan G, Ng WF, McKinnon I, Watson S, McAllister-Williams RH. Role of autonomic dysregulation in quality of life and functional impairment in implantable cardioverter defibrillator patients. J Psychosom Res 2023; 171:111390. [PMID: 37270908 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2023.111390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Costa
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom; Northern Centre for Mood Disorders, Wolfson Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 5PL, United Kingdom; Cumbria, Northumberland, Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust, St. Nicholas Hospital, Jubilee Road, Gosforth, Newcastle upon Tyne NE3 3XT, United Kingdom.
| | - Alan Bagnall
- Newcastle Cardiovascular Trials and Research, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cardiovascular Research, Room 122F, Education Centre, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne NE7 7DN, United Kingdom; Department of Cardiology, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne NE7 7DN, United Kingdom; Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Catherine Cookson Building, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Murray
- Newcastle Cardiovascular Trials and Research, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cardiovascular Research, Room 122F, Education Centre, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne NE7 7DN, United Kingdom; Department of Cardiology, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne NE7 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Kristian Bailey
- Newcastle Cardiovascular Trials and Research, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cardiovascular Research, Room 122F, Education Centre, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne NE7 7DN, United Kingdom; Department of Cardiology, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne NE7 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Guy MacGowan
- Newcastle Cardiovascular Trials and Research, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cardiovascular Research, Room 122F, Education Centre, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne NE7 7DN, United Kingdom; Department of Cardiology, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne NE7 7DN, United Kingdom; Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Catherine Cookson Building, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
| | - Wan-Fai Ng
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom; Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Catherine Cookson Building, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom; NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre and NIHR Newcastle Clinical Research Facility, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Westgate Road, Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 5PL, United Kingdom
| | - Iain McKinnon
- Cumbria, Northumberland, Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust, St. Nicholas Hospital, Jubilee Road, Gosforth, Newcastle upon Tyne NE3 3XT, United Kingdom; Population Health Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Baddiley-Clark Building, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4AX, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart Watson
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom; Northern Centre for Mood Disorders, Wolfson Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 5PL, United Kingdom; Cumbria, Northumberland, Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust, St. Nicholas Hospital, Jubilee Road, Gosforth, Newcastle upon Tyne NE3 3XT, United Kingdom
| | - R Hamish McAllister-Williams
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom; Northern Centre for Mood Disorders, Wolfson Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 5PL, United Kingdom; Cumbria, Northumberland, Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust, St. Nicholas Hospital, Jubilee Road, Gosforth, Newcastle upon Tyne NE3 3XT, United Kingdom
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Tarn J, Evans E, Traianos E, Collins A, Stylianou M, Parikh J, Bai Y, Guan Y, Frith J, Lendrem D, Macrae V, McKinnon I, Simon BS, Blake J, Baker MR, Taylor JP, Watson S, Gallagher P, Blamire A, Newton J, Ng WF. The Effects of Noninvasive Vagus Nerve Stimulation on Fatigue in Participants With Primary Sjögren's Syndrome. Neuromodulation 2023; 26:681-689. [PMID: 37032583 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurom.2022.08.461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Fatigue is one of the most important symptoms needing improvement in Primary Sjögren's syndrome (PSS). Previous data from our group suggest that noninvasive stimulation of the vagus nerve (nVNS) may improve symptoms of fatigue. This experimental medicine study uses the gammaCore device (electroCore) and a sham device to investigate the relationship between nVNS and fatigue in PSS, and to explore potential mechanisms involved. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty participants with PSS were randomly assigned to use active (n = 20) or sham (n = 20) nVNS devices twice daily for 54 days in a double-blind manner. Patient-reported measures of fatigue were collected at baseline and day 56: Profile of Fatigue (PRO-F)-Physical, PRO-F-Mental and Visual Analogue Scale of abnormal fatigue (fVAS). Neurocognitive tests, immunologic responses, electroencephalography alpha reactivity, muscle acidosis, and heart rate variability were compared between devices from baseline to day 56 using analysis of covariance. RESULTS PRO-F-Physical, PRO-F-Mental, and fVAS scores were significantly reduced at day 56 in the active group only (p = 0.02, 0.02, and 0.04, respectively). Muscle bioenergetics and heart rate variability showed no change between arms. There were significant improvements in digit span and a neurocognitive test (p = 0.03), and upon acute nVNS stimulation, frontal region alpha reactivity showed a significant negative relationship with fatigue scores in the active group (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS We observed significant improvements in three measures of fatigue at day 56 with the active device but not the sham device. Directly after device use, fatigue levels correlate with measures of alpha reactivity, suggesting modulation of cholinergic system integrity as a mechanism of action for nVNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Tarn
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Evelyn Evans
- Cumbria, Northumberland, Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust, Gosforth, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Emmanuella Traianos
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Alexis Collins
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Mryto Stylianou
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Neuropathology Department, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology & Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Jehill Parikh
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Yang Bai
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Yu Guan
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - James Frith
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Dennis Lendrem
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Victoria Macrae
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Iain McKinnon
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Cumbria, Northumberland, Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust, Gosforth, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | | | | | - Mark R Baker
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - John Paul Taylor
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Stuart Watson
- Cumbria, Northumberland, Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust, Gosforth, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Peter Gallagher
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Andrew Blamire
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Julia Newton
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Wan-Fai Ng
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre & NIHR Newcastle Clinical Research Facility, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
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Chaplin E, McCarthy J, Ali S, Marshall-Tate K, Xenitidis K, Harvey D, Childs J, Srivastava S, McKinnon I, Robinson L, Allely CS, Hardy S, Tolchard B, Forrester A. Severe mental illness, common mental disorders, and neurodevelopmental conditions amongst 9088 lower court attendees in London, UK. BMC Psychiatry 2022; 22:551. [PMID: 35962427 PMCID: PMC9373383 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-022-04150-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Court Mental Health Liaison and Diversion Services (CMHLDS) have developed in some countries as a response to the over-representation of mental illness and other vulnerabilities amongst defendants presenting to criminal justice (or correctional) systems. This study examined the characteristics and rates of mental disorder of 9088 defendants referred to CMHLDS. METHOD The study analysed service level data, obtained from the National Health Service's mental health data set, to examine characteristics relating to gender, ethnicity and comorbidity of common mental and neurodevelopmental disorders at five CMHLDS across London between September 2015 and April 2017. RESULTS The sample included 7186 males (79.1%) and 1719 females (18.9%), the gender of 183 (2%) were not recorded. Of those referred, 6616 (72.8%) presented with an identifiable mental disorder and 503 (5.5%) with a neurodevelopmental disorder (NDD). Significantly higher rates of schizophrenia were reported amongst Black defendants (n = 681; 37.2%) and Asian defendants (n = 315; 29%), while higher rates of depression were found amongst White defendants (n = 1007; 22.1%). Substance misuse was reported amongst 2813 defendants (31%), and alcohol misuse amongst 2111 (23.2%), with significantly high rates of substance and alcohol misuse amongst defendants presenting with schizophrenia or personality disorder. CONCLUSIONS This is one of the largest studies to examine mental health needs and vulnerabilities amongst defendants presenting to CMHLDS. It will enable an improved understanding of the required service designs and resources required to manage the healthcare pathways for people attending CMHLDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eddie Chaplin
- Institute of Health and Social Care, London South Bank University, London, UK.
| | - Jane McCarthy
- grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764University of Auckland, New Zealand & Visiting Senior Lecturer, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Salma Ali
- grid.4756.00000 0001 2112 2291Institute of Health and Social Care, London South Bank University, London, UK
| | - Karina Marshall-Tate
- grid.4756.00000 0001 2112 2291Institute of Health and Social Care, London South Bank University, London, UK ,South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | | | - Denise Harvey
- grid.4756.00000 0001 2112 2291Institute of Health and Social Care, London South Bank University, London, UK
| | - Jessica Childs
- grid.4756.00000 0001 2112 2291Institute of Health and Social Care, London South Bank University, London, UK ,Together for Mental Wellbeing, London, UK
| | | | - Iain McKinnon
- grid.1006.70000 0001 0462 7212Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Louise Robinson
- grid.5379.80000000121662407Manchester University, Manchester, UK
| | - Clare S. Allely
- grid.8752.80000 0004 0460 5971Reader in Forensic Psychology at the University of Salford, Manchester, UK ,grid.8761.80000 0000 9919 9582Affiliate member of the Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre at Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden ,grid.8756.c0000 0001 2193 314XHonorary Research Fellow in the College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences affiliated to the Institute of Health and Wellbeing at the University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Sally Hardy
- grid.8273.e0000 0001 1092 7967University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Barry Tolchard
- grid.26597.3f0000 0001 2325 1783Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
| | - Andrew Forrester
- grid.5600.30000 0001 0807 5670Forensic Psychiatry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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McKinnon I, Moore J, Lyall A, Forrester A. Screening for mental disorders in police custody settings. BJPsych advances 2022. [DOI: 10.1192/bja.2022.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY
Mental disorders are overrepresented in the criminal justice system, and this applies equally to police custody. These environments are complex and often pressured, and the acuity of the situation, combined with underlying mental disorders, comorbid medical problems and substance misuse, can lead to behavioural disturbance and increased psychiatric risk. Police custody may also present an opportunity to identify and signpost people with mental disorders and vulnerabilities who are ordinarily hard to reach by standard health services. This article considers the purposes of mental health screening of detainees in police custody. It gives an overview of research into screening for a range of psychiatric disorders and vulnerabilities (including substance misuse and traumatic brain injury) and summarises data on deaths in and immediately following release from custody. Given the inadequacy of statutory screening procedures in some jurisdictions, the authors offer a pragmatic evidence-based protocol to guide screening for mental disorders in custody detainees.
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Wolstenholme N, McKinnon I, Lloyd AJ. Factors that influence psychiatric trainees' choice of higher training specialty: mixed-methods study. BJPsych Bull 2022; 47:171-177. [PMID: 35040424 DOI: 10.1192/bjb.2021.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS AND METHOD Factors influencing trainees' decisions about choosing and remaining in higher training subspecialties have not been widely researched. We administered telephone questionnaires to higher specialist trainees in the north-east of England to ascertain what influences these decisions. Thematic analysis was employed to develop overall constructs. RESULTS Twenty-seven trainees were interviewed, resulting in six overall constructs. These were: supervisory experiences; perceived work-life balance; career prospects; training and working environments; interest in the chosen subspecialty; and previous experience within the chosen subspecialty. Most trainees interviewed felt they had made the right specialty choice. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS This study demonstrates the particular importance of exposure to a specialty and perceptions of the supervisory experience in determining trainees' choices of, and decisions to remain in, a particular psychiatric specialty. Factors highlighted in this study must inform training, recruitment and workforce planning in order to bolster the recruitment and retention of trainees into higher specialty training.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Iain McKinnon
- Cumbria, Northumberland, Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust, Morpeth, UK.,Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Adrian J Lloyd
- Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Cumbria, Northumberland, Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Health Education England, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Wild G, Alder R, Weich S, McKinnon I, Keown P. The Penrose hypothesis in the second half of the 20th century: investigating the relationship between psychiatric bed numbers and the prison population in England between 1960 and 2018-2019. Br J Psychiatry 2021; 220:1-7. [PMID: 35049470 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.2021.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND NHS Psychiatric beds comprise mental illness and intellectual disability beds. Penrose hypothesised that the number of psychiatric in-patients was inversely related to prison population size. AIMS To ascertain whether the Penrose hypothesis held true in England between 1960 and 2018-2019. METHOD A time-series analysis explored the association between total prison population and NHS psychiatric beds; this was also tested for the male and female prison populations, using non-psychiatric beds as a comparator. Associations were explored with time lags of up to 20 years. Linear regression was conducted to estimate the size of the effect of bed closures. RESULTS NHS psychiatric beds decreased 93% and the prison population increased 208%. A strong (r =-0.96) and highly significant negative correlation between these changes was found. Annual reduction in psychiatric bed numbers was associated with an increase in prison population, strongest at a lag of 10 years. The closure of mental illness and intellectual disability beds was associated with increases in female prisoners 10 years later. The only significant explanatory variable for the increase in male prison population was intellectual disability bed reduction. CONCLUSIONS The Penrose hypothesis held true between 1960 and 2018-2019 in England: psychiatric bed closures were associated with increases in prison population up to 10 years later. For every 100 psychiatric beds closed, there were 36 more prisoners 10 years later: 3 more female prisoners and 33 more male prisoners. Our results suggest that the dramatic increase in the female prison population may relate to the closure of NHS beds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ross Alder
- School of Psychology, Newcastle University, UK
| | - Scott Weich
- School of Health and Related Research, Sheffield University, UK
| | - Iain McKinnon
- Academic Psychiatry Wolfson Research Centre, Newcastle University, UK; and Cumbria Northumberland Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Patrick Keown
- Academic Psychiatry Wolfson Research Centre, Newcastle University, UK; and Cumbria Northumberland Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust, UK
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Chaplin E, McCarthy J, Marshall-Tate K, Ali S, Xenitidis K, Childs J, Harvey D, McKinnon I, Robinson L, Hardy S, Srivastava S, Allely CS, Tolchard B, Forrester A. Evaluation of a liaison and diversion Court Mental Health Service for defendants with neurodevelopmental disorders. Res Dev Disabil 2021; 119:104103. [PMID: 34628339 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2021.104103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
AIM Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD) may present as neuropsychiatric problems as well as impairments of motor, cognitive, social and communication functioning. This study describes the introduction of a specialist service with expertise in NDD into an existing court mental health liaison and diversion service to determine if the service would impact on the health needs or disposal outcomes of defendants. METHODS We examined referrals of defendants with NDD disorders over 30-months at a London Magistrates' Court. The pre-existing Court Mental Health (CMH) service was enhanced to provide additional expertise and hereafter referred to as the CMH + NDD Service. Baseline data including gender, ethnicity, remands and the rates of mental disorders was collected from the CMH Service using the existing minimum mental health service dataset. This was compared with data collected from the CMH + NDD Service. RESULTS We found the following rates of NDD 9.5 % (n = 43) for the CMH service, and 9.5 % (n = 79) for the CMH + NDD service. Although overall the rates were the same the number of defendants with a single NDD diagnosis was increased in the CMH + NDD service with ADHD 10 %, ASD and ID 4% higher, the rates of comorbid NDD decreased in the CMH + NDD service compared to baseline. Specific disorders such as depression were recorded at higher rates for NDD defendants in both phases, however, this did not reach significance. In contrast, schizophrenia and delusional disorders, alcohol and substance use were observed at much higher in the non-NDD defendants during both phases of the study. The rates of diagnosis of schizophrenia and delusional disorders increased for the NDD group within the CMH + NDD service. Following the first court appearance, there was a 10 % reduction in custodial remands for defendants with NDD who were seen by the CMH + NDD service (34.2 %, n = 25 in the CMH + NDD service vs 43.8 %, n = 14 in the CMH service). CONCLUSION The study found it is possible to successfully integrate practitioners with expertise of NDD into existing liaison and diversion services. This service enhancement demonstrated modest evidence of service effectiveness, including an increase in the detection of comorbid mental illness and a reduction in custodial remands for defendants with NDD. Further work needs to be completed to examine how this model can be rolled out across multiple courts and in particular, a cost-benefit analysis is required to understand whether an approach involving a cluster of Courts, as opposed to a single site is the most effective approach for this group of defendants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eddie Chaplin
- London South Bank University Institute of Health and Social Care, United Kingdom.
| | - Jane McCarthy
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Karina Marshall-Tate
- London South Bank University Institute of Health and Social Care, United Kingdom; South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom
| | - Salma Ali
- Newcastle University, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jessica Childs
- London South Bank University Institute of Health and Social Care, United Kingdom
| | - Denise Harvey
- London South Bank University Institute of Health and Social Care, United Kingdom
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Wigham S, McKinnon I, Reid K, Milton D, Lingam R, Rodgers J. Questionnaires used in complex trauma intervention evaluations and consideration of their utility for autistic adults with mild intellectual disability: A systematic review. Res Dev Disabil 2021; 117:104039. [PMID: 34314952 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2021.104039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Research suggests some trauma symptoms e.g. avoidance are difficult to recognise in autistic people with intellectual disability while arousal/emotional and interpersonal difficulties may be useful signals. This review aims to (i) identify questionnaires used in general population complex trauma interventions to measure emotional and interpersonal difficulty and (ii) evaluate their psychometric properties to inform selection of a potential measure/s for use and/or adaptation for autistic people with mild intellectual disability and trauma related mental health conditions. METHODS Stage 1: we searched Medline, Cinahl, Embase and PsycInfo for general population and clinical complex trauma intervention studies. Stage 2: we used a search filter in Embase to identify psychometric evaluations of relevant questionnaires used in Stage 1 studies and assessed these with the COnsensus based Standards for the selection of health based Measurement Instruments (COSMIN) checklist. RESULTS five studies were identified in Stage 1 utilising three measures of emotion dysregulation and interpersonal difficulties. Thirty-three articles on their psychometric properties were identified in Stage 2. Strongest psychometric evidence was found for the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ) and Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS). CONCLUSIONS Evaluating content validity/acceptability of the ERQ and DERS for autistic people with mild intellectual disability and trauma-related mental health conditions are useful next steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Wigham
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, NE1 4LP, United Kingdom.
| | - Iain McKinnon
- Cumbria, Northumberland, Tyne & Wear NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Population Health Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Wolfson Research Centre, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE4 5PL, United Kingdom
| | - Keith Reid
- Cumbria, Northumberland, Tyne & Wear NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Northumbria University Health and Life Sciences, United Kingdom
| | - Damian Milton
- Tizard Centre, Department of Social Policy, Sociology and Social Research, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
| | - Ravi Lingam
- Cumbria, Northumberland, Tyne & Wear NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom
| | - Jacqui Rodgers
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, NE1 4LP, United Kingdom
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Dudley B, Ostrowski M, Ciausu V, Ince C, McKinnon I. Revisiting vitamin D status and supplementation for in-patients with intellectual and developmental disability in the North of England, UK. BJPsych Bull 2021; 46:1-7. [PMID: 34002690 PMCID: PMC9768500 DOI: 10.1192/bjb.2021.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS AND METHOD To re-evaluate vitamin D testing and supplementation among in-patients with intellectual and developmental disability (IDD) and examine any correlates with physical health conditions, including COVID-19. Records of all in-patients between January 2019 and July 2020 (n = 78) were examined for 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) level, ward area, supplementation status, test seasonality, medication and health status. RESULTS The mean 25(OH)D level for supplemented (800 IU/day) patients was 75 nmol/L (s.d. = 20), compared with 40 nmol/L (s.d. = 19) in the non-supplemented group (P < 0.001). Thirty-eight percent of those who were in-patients during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic developed symptoms, but the small sample size could not establish vitamin D levels as a predictor of outcome. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS Vitamin D (800 IU/day) supplementation is effective but the adequacy of the nationally recommended dose of 400 IU/day is unclear. Links to COVID-19 merit further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany Dudley
- Cumbria, Northumberland Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust, Morpeth, UK
| | - Marcin Ostrowski
- Cumbria, Northumberland Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust, Morpeth, UK
| | - Vlad Ciausu
- Cumbria, Northumberland Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust, Morpeth, UK
| | - Chris Ince
- Cumbria, Northumberland Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust, Morpeth, UK
| | - Iain McKinnon
- Cumbria, Northumberland Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust, Morpeth, UK
- Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Samele C, McKinnon I, Brown P, Srivastava S, Arnold A, Hallett N, Forrester A. The prevalence of mental illness and unmet needs of police custody detainees. Crim Behav Ment Health 2021; 31:80-95. [PMID: 33818834 DOI: 10.1002/cbm.2193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Internationally, there is evidence of high rates of mental disorders amongst police custody detainees but this literature is limited, and there has been little research into the unmet needs of police detainees in the UK, or elsewhere. Such research could support better focussed interventions for improving health and recidivism outcomes. AIM To examine psychiatric and developmental morbidity amongst police detainees, and ascertain differences in need between morbidity categories. METHOD We used a cross-sectional study design and interviewed a 40% sample of people entering police custody in one South London police station over a 2-week period. A series of standardised measures was administered to screen for the presence of mental illness, general health and social care needs. RESULTS A cohort of 134 people was generated, of whom nearly one-third (39, 29%) had current mental illness (major depression and/or psychosis); more had a lifetime diagnosis (54, 40%). Just under a fifth met the threshold for post-traumatic stress disorder (11, 8%). Clinically relevant alcohol or daily cannabis use affected about one quarter of the sample. Twenty-one percent (or 28) screened positive for personality disorder, 11% (or 15) for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and 4% (6) for intellectual disability. Nearly one-fifth (24, 18%) were at risk for suicide. Those with psychosis, and those deemed at risk for suicide, had the highest levels of unmet need and, indeed, overall need. The most frequent unmet need was for accommodation. CONCLUSION Our findings not only confirm high rates of mental health problems amongst police detainees but also demonstrate their high risk of suicide and high levels of unmet need, especially as regards accommodation. This underscores the need to provide mental health services in police stations, to help identify and resolve these issues at this early stage in the criminal justice system. Extending accommodation capacity to help some arrestees may help to save lives and interrupt cycling through the criminal justice system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Samele
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Science, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Informed Thinking, London, UK
| | - Iain McKinnon
- Cumbria, Northumberland, Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust, Northgate Hospital, Morpeth and Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Penelope Brown
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Science, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London and South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | | | | | | | - Andrew Forrester
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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Keown P, McKenna D, Murphy H, McKinnon I. Offenders with mental disorders in prison and the courts: links to rates of civil detentions and the number of psychiatric beds in England - longitudinal data from 1984 to 2016. BJPsych Open 2019; 5:e93. [PMID: 31685069 PMCID: PMC6854357 DOI: 10.1192/bjo.2019.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Mental Health Act in England and Wales allows for two types of detention in hospital: civil and forensic detentions. An association between the closure of mental illness beds and a rise in civil detentions has been reported. AIMS To examine changes in the rate of court orders and transfer from prison to hospital for treatment, and explore associations with civil involuntary detentions, psychiatric bed numbers and the prison population. METHOD Secondary analysis of routinely collected data with lagged time series analysis. We focused on two main types of forensic detentions in National Health Service (NHS) hospitals and private units: prison transfers and court treatment orders in England from 1984 to 2016. NHS bed numbers only were available. RESULTS There was an association between the number of psychiatric beds and the number of prison transfers. This was strongest at a time lag of 2 years with the change in psychiatric beds occurring first. There was an association between the rate of civil detentions and the rate of court orders. This was strongest at a time lag of 3 years. Linear regression indicated that 135 fewer psychiatric beds were associated with one additional transfer from prison to hospital; and as the rate of civil detentions increased by 72, the rate of court treatment orders fell by one. CONCLUSIONS The closure of psychiatric beds was associated with an increase in transfers from prison to hospital for treatment. The increase in civil detentions was associated with a reduction in the rate of courts detaining to hospital individuals who had offended. DECLARATION OF INTEREST None.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Keown
- Associate Medical Director, NTW NHS Foundation Trust; and Honorary Senior Clinical Lecturer, Newcastle University, UK
| | | | | | - Iain McKinnon
- Consultant Psychiatrist, NTW NHS Foundation Trust; and Honorary Senior Clinical Lecturer, Newcastle University, UK
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Concerns have been raised about the increase in the use of involuntary detentions under the Mental Health Act in England over a number of years, and whether this merits consideration of legislative change.AimsTo investigate changes in the rate of detentions under Part II (civil) and Part III (forensic) sections of the Mental Health Act in England between 1984 and 2016. METHOD Retrospective analysis of data on involuntary detentions from the National Archives and NHS Digital. Rates per 100 000 population were calculated with percentage changes. The odds of being formally admitted to a National Health Service hospital compared with a private hospital were calculated for each year. RESULTS Rates of detention have at least trebled since the 1980s and doubled since the 1990s. This has been because of a rise in Part II (civil) sections. Although the overall rate of detentions under Part III (forensic) sections did not rise, transfers from prison increased and detentions by the courts reduced. The odds of being detained in a private hospital increased fivefold. CONCLUSIONS The move to community-based mental health services in England has paradoxically led to an increase in the number of people being detained in hospital each year, and in particular an inexorable rise in involuntary admissions. This is likely to be partly because of improved case finding with an increased focus on treatment and risk management, and partly because of changes in legislation. An increasing proportion of this government-funded care is being provided by private hospitals.Declaration of interestNone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Keown
- Academic Psychiatry, Campus for Ageing & Vitality,Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University,UK
| | - Hannah Murphy
- Academic Psychiatry, Campus for Ageing & Vitality,Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University,UK
| | - Dannielle McKenna
- Academic Psychiatry, Campus for Ageing & Vitality,Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University,UK
| | - Iain McKinnon
- Academic Psychiatry, Campus for Ageing & Vitality,Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University,UK
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McKinnon I, Finch T. Contextualising health screening risk assessments in police custody suites - qualitative evaluation from the HELP-PC study in London, UK. BMC Public Health 2018; 18:393. [PMID: 29566649 PMCID: PMC5863839 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-018-5271-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the UK, police custody officers have a responsibility to screen for health morbidity and vulnerability among detainees. This study aimed to develop an understanding of the barriers to performing effective health screening in police custody suites, understand the impact of screening tools on practice within the custody suite, and to identify factors that could hinder or facilitate the future implementation of a new screening intervention in this environment. Methods A qualitative study was conducted alongside a quantitative evaluation of a novel screening tool. Qualitative methods included observation of the custody environment, semi-structured interviews with police staff, and elicitation of comments from detainees about their experiences of screening. Data were analysed inductively using thematic analysis. Normalization Process Theory (NPT) was used to inform data collection and as a framework for higher level analysis of findings. Results Five overall constructs were identified that develop understanding of the integration of health screening within custody: the workability of risk assessment screening tools; the effect of the custody environment and the people therein; shifts in professional roles and interrelationships amongst staff; cultural responses to risk and liability in police work; how infrastructure, knowledge and skills can impact on detainee safety. Conclusions Health and risk assessment screening in police custody is a complex and demanding activity which extends beyond the delivery of a screening tool. Professional roles, the demanding environment and police culture impact on the overall process. Recommendations for improved integration of health and risk assessment screening in wider police custody practice are proposed. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12889-018-5271-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain McKinnon
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE4 5PT, UK. .,Northumberland Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust, Morpeth, NE61 3BP, UK.
| | - Tracy Finch
- Department of Nursing, Midwifery and Health, Northumbria University, Coach Lane Campus West, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE7 7XA, UK
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McKinnon I, Lewis T, Mehta N, Imrit S, Thorp J, Ince C. Vitamin D in patients with intellectual and developmental disability in secure in-patient services in the North of England, UK. BJPsych Bull 2018; 42:24-29. [PMID: 29388522 PMCID: PMC6001870 DOI: 10.1192/bjb.2017.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Aims and method To assess the benefits of the introduction of routine vitamin D serum sampling for all patients admitted to a secure in-patient hospital in the North of England providing medium security, low security and rehabilitation services for offenders with intellectual and developmental disability. The vitamin D levels of 100 patients were analysed at baseline. Those with insufficient or deficient levels were offered treatment and retested after 1 year. Vitamin D levels were analysed in the context of level of security, seasonality of test and co-prescription of psychotropic medications. RESULTS Eighty-three per cent of patients had suboptimal vitamin D levels at initial test (41% deficient and 42% insufficient). This was seen among established patients and new admissions. Regression analysis of baseline vitamin D levels revealed no differences for levels of security, seasonality, whether patients were taking antipsychotic or anticonvulsant medication, or length of stay. Patients with deficiency or insufficiency were all offered supplementation. Those who opted in had significantly higher vitamin D levels at follow-up, compared with those who declined treatment. Clinical implications Established and newly admitted patients in our secure mental health services had substantial levels of vitamin D insufficiency. In the light of the morbidities that are associated with deficient vitamin D levels, routine screening and the offer of supplementation is advisable. Declaration of interest None.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain McKinnon
- Secure Services,Northumberland Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust,UK
| | - Thomas Lewis
- Older People's Community Treatment Team,Northumberland Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust,UK
| | - Naomi Mehta
- Learning Disability (CAMHS),Tees Esk and Wear Valleys NHS Foundation Trust,UK
| | - Shahed Imrit
- Secure Services,Northumberland Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust,UK
| | - Julie Thorp
- Secure Services,Northumberland Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust,UK
| | - Chris Ince
- Autism Services,Northumberland Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust,UK
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McKinnon I, Srivastava S, Kaler G, Grubin D. Screening for psychiatric morbidity in police custody: results
from the HELP-PC project. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1192/pb.bp.112.041608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Aims and methodTo ascertain the efficacy of custody health screening for mental
disorders. We assessed a sample of detainees for the presence of mental
disorders and the need for an appropriate adult. The assessments were
carried out using pragmatic interviews and examinations supported by
structured tools. Where possible, we attributed a probable clinical
diagnosis based on the information available to us. The need for an
appropriate adult was judged based on this information and capacity
assessments.ResultsExisting screening procedures missed a quarter of cases of severe mental
illness and moderate depression; they also failed to detect about a half
of those at risk of alcohol withdrawal and 70% of those at risk of
withdrawal from crack cocaine. The need for an appropriate adult was not
recognised in more than half of cases.Clinical implicationsConsideration should be given to modifying police screening procedures
for mental and associated disorders so that detainees receive the
appropriate attention.
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Addison M, Stockdale K, McGovern R, McGovern W, McKinnon I, Crowe L, Hogan L, Kaner E. Exploring the intersections between novel psychoactive substances (NPS) and other substance use in a police custody suite setting in the north east of England. Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/09687637.2017.1378620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Addison
- Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Kelly Stockdale
- School of Psychological and Social Sciences, York St John University, North Yorkshire, York, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Ruth McGovern
- Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - William McGovern
- School of Social Work and Communities, Northumbria University, Allendale House, Coach Lane Campus (West), Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Iain McKinnon
- Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
- Northumberland Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Lisa Crowe
- Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Lisa Hogan
- Northumbria Police, Newcastle City Centre Police Station, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Eileen Kaner
- Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
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Taylor JL, McKinnon I, Thorpe I, Gillmer BT. The impact of transforming care on the care and safety of patients with intellectual disabilities and forensic needs. BJPsych Bull 2017; 41:205-208. [PMID: 28811914 PMCID: PMC5537574 DOI: 10.1192/pb.bp.116.055095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
NHS England recently published a national plan to develop community services for people with intellectual disabilities and autism who display challenging behaviour by using resources from the closure of a large number of hospital beds. An ambitious timescale has been set to implement this plan. The bed closure programme is moving ahead rapidly, but there has been little progress in developing community services to support it. This paper discusses the impact of the gap between policy and practice on the care and safety of patients with intellectual disabilities and forensic needs who form a distinct subgroup of the target population and are being disproportionately affected by this government policy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ian Thorpe
- Northumberland, Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust, UK
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Keown P, French J, Gibson G, Newton E, Cull S, Brown P, Parry J, Lyons D, McKinnon I. Too much detention? Street Triage and detentions under Section 136 Mental Health Act in the North-East of England: a descriptive study of the effects of a Street Triage intervention. BMJ Open 2016; 6:e011837. [PMID: 27872112 PMCID: PMC5129089 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-011837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe the impact of Street Triage (ST) on the number and rate of Section 136 Mental Health Act (S136) detentions in one NHS Mental Health and Disability Trust (Northumberland, Tyne and Wear (NTW)). DESIGN Comparative descriptive study of numbers and rates of S136 detentions prior to and following the introduction of ST in NTW. More detailed data were obtained from one local authority in the NTW area. SETTING NTW, a secondary care NHS Foundation Trust providing mental health and disability services in the north-east of England, in conjunction with Northumbria Police Service. PARTICIPANTS People being detained under S136 Mental Health Act (MHA). Routine data on S136 detentions and ST interventions were obtained from NTW, Northumbria Police, Sunderland Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and Sunderland Local Authority. INTERVENTIONS Introduction of a ST service in NTW. The main outcome measures were routinely collected data on the number and rate of ST interventions as well as patterns of the numbers and rates of S136 detentions. These were collected retrospectively. RESULTS The annual rate of S136 detentions reduced by 56% in the first year of ST (from 59.8 per 100 000 population to 26.4 per 100 000). There was a linear relationship between the rate of ST in each locality and the reduction in rate of S136 detentions. There were 1623 ST contacts in the first 3 localities to have a ST service during its first year; there were also 403 fewer S136 detentions. Data from Sunderland indicate a 78% reduction in S136 use and a significant reduction in the number and proportion of adult admissions that originated from S136 detentions. CONCLUSIONS There is evidence to support the hypothesis that ST decreases the rate of s136 detention. When operating across the whole of NTW, ST resulted in 50 fewer S136 detentions a month, which represents a substantial reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Keown
- Northumberland, Tyne andWear NHS Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Jo French
- Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | | | - Eddy Newton
- Northumberland, Tyne andWear NHS Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | | | - Paul Brown
- Northumberland, Tyne andWear NHS Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Jo Parry
- Northumberland, Tyne andWear NHS Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Diana Lyons
- Northumberland, Tyne andWear NHS Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Iain McKinnon
- Northumberland, Tyne andWear NHS Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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McKinnon I, Grubin D. Health screening in police custody. J Forensic Leg Med 2010; 17:209-12. [PMID: 20382357 DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2010.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2009] [Revised: 10/26/2009] [Accepted: 02/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There have been few previous studies on the health needs of police detainees. London's Metropolitan Police Service (MPS) uses health screening procedures which have not yet been evaluated. The objective of this study is to determine the extent of health problems and 'mental vulnerability' in detainees in police custody, and the efficacy of current health screening procedures. METHODS Custody records from five London Boroughs were reviewed. Prevalence data for health problems and mental vulnerability was obtained from the anonymised records of 307 detainees who were referred to the Forensic Medical Examiner (FME). Data were analysed for the identification of physical and psychiatric morbidity. RESULTS Injuries, epilepsy and asthma were the most common physical health problems noted. Drug and alcohol issues were also frequently encountered along with depression and self-harming behaviour and suicidal ideation. Morbidity was lower than that reported in other, interview based studies. Less than 2% of detainees were thought to require an Appropriate Adult to be present during police interview. CONCLUSIONS A significant amount of health morbidity is present among detainees in police custody. Our findings suggest that current police screening procedures detect only a proportion of this. Further research is warranted to evaluate the effectiveness of health screening in police custody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain McKinnon
- Department of Forensic Psychiatry, Bamburgh Clinic, St Nicholas Hospital, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University & Northumberland Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE3 3XT, UK.
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Abstract
The objective of this study was to develop a method to measure the oxidation-reduction (redox) potential of hard cheeses such as cheddar and to investigate the impact on this parameter of measurement temperature, and factors associated with electrochemical cell design such as distance between reference and working electrodes and depth into the cheese of the platinum electrodes. For this purpose, a novel, self-sealing, platinum working electrode was constructed which was thin and flexible enough to be inserted directly into the cheese sample. A calomel electrode was used as the reference electrode and the circuit was completed with a 3 M KCl salt bridge. The physical orientation of electrodes, such as distance between reference electrode and working electrode, had a substantial effect on equilibrium time for redox potential measurement. The time required for redox potential to reach equilibrium was 2 d in cheddar cheese and the optimum distance between the platinum and calomel electrodes was 2.5 cm. The fastest equilibration time was obtained when the working electrode was inserted 5 or 6 cm into the cheese. Temperature also had an important effect on redox potential. The shortest time to reach equilibrium of potential was at room temperature (20 degrees C), but it was not practical to keep cheese at this temperature for a period of 2 d. Therefore, redox measurement at 12 degrees C was recommended in spite of the longer equilibration time compared with room temperature. The results of this study suggest that the novel platinum working electrode allows reproducible measurement of the oxidation-reduction potential of cheddar cheese.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Topcu
- Department of Food Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Hacettepe University, 06800 Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey
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Szyjanowicz PMJ, McKinnon I, Taylor NG, Gardiner J, Jarvis MC, Turner SR. The irregular xylem 2 mutant is an allele of korrigan that affects the secondary cell wall of Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant J 2004; 37:730-40. [PMID: 14871312 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2003.02000.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The irregular xylem 2 (irx2) mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana exhibits a cellulose deficiency in the secondary cell wall, which is brought about by a point mutation in the KORRIGAN (KOR) beta,1-4 endoglucanase (beta,1-4 EGase) gene. Measurement of the total crystalline cellulose in the inflorescence stem indicates that the irx2 mutant contains approximately 30% of the level present in the wild type (WT). Fourier-Transform Infra Red (FTIR) analysis, however, indicates that there is no decrease in cellulose in primary cell walls of the cortical and epidermal cells of the stem. KOR expression is correlated with cellulose synthesis and is highly expressed in cells synthesising a secondary cell wall. Co-precipitation experiments, using either an epitope-tagged form of KOR or IRX3 (AtCesA7), suggest that KOR is not an integral part of the cellulose synthase complex. These data are supported by immunolocalisation of KOR that suggests that KOR does not localise to sites of secondary cell wall deposition in the developing xylem. The defect in irx2 plant is consistent with a role for KOR in the later stages of secondary cell wall formation, suggesting a role in processing of the growing microfibrils or release of the cellulose synthase complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pio M J Szyjanowicz
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, 3.614 Stopford Building, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
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Abstract
A patient suffered profound anaphylactoid reaction during anaesthesia. Intradermal skin testing confirmed the clinical impression that gallamine caused the reaction. The method of testing is discussed. Previous reports of hypersensitivity to the drug are reviewed, and the use of adrenaline, antihistamines and corticosteroids in patient management are considered.
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