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Testa A, Jackson DB, Del Toro J, Karbeah J, Nagata JM, Ganson KT. Sexual orientation and experiences with police contact in Canada. Ann Epidemiol 2024; 91:85-90. [PMID: 38070693 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2023.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the relationship between sexual orientation and police contact-including police contact with intrusion (i.e., use of intrusive verbal or physical force) and police contact with harassment (i.e., actions making one feel inferior based on appearance, identity, or demographic background)-among a national sample in Canada. METHODS Logistic and multinomial logistic regression were used to assess the association between sexual orientation and experiences with police contact among a sample of 940 persons ages 16-30 across Canada. RESULTS Compared to heterosexual participants, persons identifying as bisexual were significantly more likely to report having any police contact in the past 12 months (OR = 1.72, 95% CI = 1.09, 2.70). Bisexual (RRR = 3.45, 95% CI = 1. 83, 6.50) and queer, questioning, and other (RRR = 2.33, 95% CI = 1.15, 4.73) identifying participants were more likely to report having experienced police contact with harassment relative to no police contact, compared to heterosexual individuals. CONCLUSIONS The current study provides the first analysis of the relationship between sexual minority identity and experiences with adverse police contact in Canada, revealing higher levels of police contact and police contact with harassment, especially among bisexual and queer, questioning, other individuals. Findings suggest that sexual minority persons in Canada experience potentially harmful police contact at elevated rates, which may have significant ramifications for health and traumatic stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Testa
- Department of Management, Policy and Community Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Dylan B Jackson
- Department of Population, Family, and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Juan Del Toro
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - J'Mag Karbeah
- Division of Health Policy Management, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jason M Nagata
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kyle T Ganson
- Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Clemenzi-Allen AA, Hebert J, Reid MA, Mains T, Hammer H, Gandhi M, Pratt L, Wesson P. Interruptions in HIV and Behavioral Health Care for Criminal-Legal Involved People Living with HIV Following Implementation of Decarceration and Shelter in Place in San Francisco, California. AIDS Behav 2024; 28:1093-1103. [PMID: 38060113 PMCID: PMC10896806 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-023-04221-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Decarceration policies, enacted for SARS-CoV-2 mitigation in carceral settings, potentially exacerbated barriers to care for people living with HIV (PWH) with criminal legal involvement (CLI) during Shelter-in-Place (SIP) by limiting opportunities for engagement in provisions of HIV and behavioral health care. We compared health care engagement for PWH with CLI in San Francisco, California before and after decarceration and SIP using interrupted time series analyses. Administrative data identified PWH booked at the San Francisco County Jail with at least one clinic encounter from 01/01/2018-03/31/2020 within the municipal health care network. Monthly proportions of HIV, substance use, psychiatric and acute care encounters before (05/01/2019-02/29/2020) and after (03/01/2020-12/31/2020) SIP and decarceration were compared using Generalized Estimating Equation (GEE) log-binomial and logistic regression models, clustering on the patient-level. Of 436 patients, mean age was 43 years (standard-deviation 11); 88% cisgender-male; 39% white, 66% homeless; 67% had trimorbidity by Elixhauser score (medical comorbidity, psychotic disorder or depression, and substance use disorder). Clinical encounters immediately dropped following SIP for HIV (aOR = 0.77; 95% CI: 0.67, 0.90) and substance use visits (aRR = 0.83; 95% CI: 0.70, 0.99) and declined in subsequent months. Differential reductions in clinical encounters were seen among Black/African Americans (aRR = 0.93; 95% CI: 0.88, 0.99) and people experiencing homelessness (aRR = 0.92; 95% CI: 0.87, 0.98). Significant reductions in care were observed for PWH with CLI during the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly among Black/African Americans and people experiencing homelessness. Strategies to End the HIV Epidemic must improve engagement across diverse care settings to improve outcomes for this key population.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Asa Clemenzi-Allen
- San Francisco Department of Public Health, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Division of HIV, Infection Diseases and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, USA.
- , 798 Brannan St, San Francisco, CA, 94103, USA.
| | - Jillian Hebert
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Michael Alistair Reid
- Division of HIV, Infection Diseases and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Tyler Mains
- San Francisco Department of Public Health, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hali Hammer
- San Francisco Department of Public Health, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Monica Gandhi
- Division of HIV, Infection Diseases and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Lisa Pratt
- San Francisco Department of Public Health, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Paul Wesson
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, USA
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Nishith P, Huang J, Tsai J, Morse GA, Dell NA, Murphy A, Mueser KT. The Relationship Between Serious Mental Illness and Criminal Offending in Persons Experiencing Homelessness: The Role of Substance Use Disorder. Psychiatr Q 2023; 94:645-653. [PMID: 37750980 DOI: 10.1007/s11126-023-10054-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Individuals who live with mental illness are encumbered by related risk factors that increase the probability of legal involvement. The goal was to determine how homelessness and substance use disorder are intervening factors in the relationship between symptoms of serious mental illness (SMI) and criminal offending. A sample of 210 chronically homeless adults receiving SAMHSA-funded outreach and psychiatric rehabilitation services between 2014 and 2016 was recruited in a study of interventions to address housing in homeless persons with a SMI. Participants were interviewed and data collected were analyzed using structural equation modeling. Statistical analysis showed that homelessness severity mediated the relationship between SMI symptom severity and criminal offenses committed in the past 30 days in participants with a substance use disorder but not in those with no substance use diagnosis. Results show that homelessness and substance use are important to address to possibly alter trajectories for criminal justice involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi Nishith
- Places for People, Inc, 1001 Lynch Street, St. Louis, MO, 63118, USA.
| | - Jin Huang
- School of Social Work, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, United States
| | - Jack Tsai
- School of Public Health, UTHealth Science Center at Houston, Houston, USA
| | - Gary A Morse
- Places for People, Inc, 1001 Lynch Street, St. Louis, MO, 63118, USA
| | - Nathaniel A Dell
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, United States
| | - Allison Murphy
- Places for People, Inc, 1001 Lynch Street, St. Louis, MO, 63118, USA
| | - Kim T Mueser
- Department of Community Psychiatry Rehabilitation, Boston University, Boston, USA
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Labriola MM, Sobol D, Sims H, Holliday SB. Implementation and Outcome Evaluation of LA DOOR: A Proposition 47-Funded Program in Los Angeles: Cohort 2 Final Evaluation Report. Rand Health Q 2023; 10:4. [PMID: 37720070 PMCID: PMC10501826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
The Los Angeles Diversion, Outreach, and Opportunities for Recovery (LA DOOR) program is a Proposition 47-funded program designed by the Los Angeles City Attorney's Office (LACA) to provide a comprehensive, health-focused, preventative approach that proactively engages individuals at elevated risk of returning to LACA on a new misdemeanor offense related to substance use, mental illness, or homelessness. This study documents the findings of a process and outcome evaluation of Cohort 2 of the LA DOOR program, covering services provided from January 2020 through February 2023. The goal of this evaluation is to better understand how the LA DOOR program was implemented and examine the effect of the program on various outcomes. This study describes an overview of the program, evaluation methods, the logic model that guided the evaluation, findings from stakeholder interviews and client focus groups, and analyses of program data. Qualitative interviews and focus groups revealed key strengths and challenges of the program and focused on specific challenges of operating during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Analyses of quantitative data describe the population of clients who are receiving LA DOOR services, the needs of that population, and the services provided. Together, these findings shed light on opportunities for future program implementation and evaluation. Interested stakeholders of this report include LACA, the California Board of State and Community Corrections, and the City of Los Angeles, as well as other entities that provide supportive services to criminal justice populations or that might be interested in implementing a similar program.
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Hunter SB, Scherling A, Cefalu M, McBain RK. Just in Reach Pay for Success: Impact Evaluation and Cost Analysis of a Permanent Supportive Housing Program. Rand Health Q 2023; 10:5. [PMID: 37200822 PMCID: PMC10187556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Discharging individuals from jails and prisons who may be poorly equipped for independent living-such as those with a history of chronic health conditions, including serious mental illness-is likely to reinforce a pattern of homelessness and recidivism. Permanent supportive housing (PSH)-which combines a long-term housing subsidy with supportive services-has been proposed as a mechanism to intervene directly on this relationship between housing and health. In Los Angeles County, jail has become a default housing and services provider to unhoused individuals with serious mental health issues. In 2017, the county initiated the Just in Reach Pay for Success (JIR PFS) project, which provided PSH as an alternative to jail for individuals with a history of homelessness and chronic behavioral or physical health conditions. The authors of this study assessed whether the project led to changes in use of several county services, including justice, health, and homeless services. The authors examined changes in county service use, before and after incarceration, by JIR PFS participants and a comparison control group and found that use of jail services was significantly reduced after JIR PFS PSH placement, while the use of mental health and other services increased. The researchers assess that the net cost of the program is highly uncertain but that it may pay for itself in terms of reducing the use of other county services and therefore provide a cost-neutral means of addressing homelessness among individuals with chronic health conditions involved with the justice system in Los Angeles County.
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Arriagada I. "This is where I belong:" a narrative study of professional commitment to a new criminal justice agency. Crime Law Soc Change 2023; 79:505-530. [PMID: 36815947 PMCID: PMC9919740 DOI: 10.1007/s10611-023-10080-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Scholars of penal change have established a rich theoretical understanding of the macro- and meso- level processes that explain the emergence, diffusion, and success of penal developments. Similarly enthusiastic examinations of the agentic aspects of professional commitment to criminal justice institutions are necessary to better understand the relationship between micro-level individual processes and the endurance and success of penal projects. The present study builds on existing analyses of cause lawyering and indigent criminal defense to examine the personal narratives of penitentiary defenders, lawyers working for the Unit of Penitentiary Defense, a novel Chilean public agency that offers legal assistance and enables convicted prisoners to file grievances and report rights violations before criminal courts. By drawing on 45 in-depth semi-structured interviews, I analyze the ways in which these attorneys incorporate biographical experiences and life events into coherent stories that both support and construct their professional identity as legal aid lawyers despite adverse working conditions. Four narratives are prevalent in their accounts: identification, privilege, calling, and admiration. These narratives demonstrate that criminal justice professionals engage in meaning-making processes through the creation of biographical accounts that tie personal and professional self-understandings together. The contribution of the article is thus twofold: it situates the role of individual agency in the development of penal projects and provides a novel explanation as to how legal aid lawyers become personally and professionally invested in indigent defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Arriagada
- Department of Sociology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN USA
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Chaplin E, McCarthy J, Ali S, Marshall-Tate K, Xenitidis K, Harvey D, Childs J, Srivastava S, McKinnon I, Robinson L, Allely CS, Hardy S, Tolchard B, Forrester A. Severe mental illness, common mental disorders, and neurodevelopmental conditions amongst 9088 lower court attendees in London, UK. BMC Psychiatry 2022; 22:551. [PMID: 35962427 PMCID: PMC9373383 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-022-04150-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Court Mental Health Liaison and Diversion Services (CMHLDS) have developed in some countries as a response to the over-representation of mental illness and other vulnerabilities amongst defendants presenting to criminal justice (or correctional) systems. This study examined the characteristics and rates of mental disorder of 9088 defendants referred to CMHLDS. METHOD The study analysed service level data, obtained from the National Health Service's mental health data set, to examine characteristics relating to gender, ethnicity and comorbidity of common mental and neurodevelopmental disorders at five CMHLDS across London between September 2015 and April 2017. RESULTS The sample included 7186 males (79.1%) and 1719 females (18.9%), the gender of 183 (2%) were not recorded. Of those referred, 6616 (72.8%) presented with an identifiable mental disorder and 503 (5.5%) with a neurodevelopmental disorder (NDD). Significantly higher rates of schizophrenia were reported amongst Black defendants (n = 681; 37.2%) and Asian defendants (n = 315; 29%), while higher rates of depression were found amongst White defendants (n = 1007; 22.1%). Substance misuse was reported amongst 2813 defendants (31%), and alcohol misuse amongst 2111 (23.2%), with significantly high rates of substance and alcohol misuse amongst defendants presenting with schizophrenia or personality disorder. CONCLUSIONS This is one of the largest studies to examine mental health needs and vulnerabilities amongst defendants presenting to CMHLDS. It will enable an improved understanding of the required service designs and resources required to manage the healthcare pathways for people attending CMHLDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eddie Chaplin
- Institute of Health and Social Care, London South Bank University, London, UK.
| | - Jane McCarthy
- grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764University of Auckland, New Zealand & Visiting Senior Lecturer, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Salma Ali
- grid.4756.00000 0001 2112 2291Institute of Health and Social Care, London South Bank University, London, UK
| | - Karina Marshall-Tate
- grid.4756.00000 0001 2112 2291Institute of Health and Social Care, London South Bank University, London, UK ,South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | | | - Denise Harvey
- grid.4756.00000 0001 2112 2291Institute of Health and Social Care, London South Bank University, London, UK
| | - Jessica Childs
- grid.4756.00000 0001 2112 2291Institute of Health and Social Care, London South Bank University, London, UK ,Together for Mental Wellbeing, London, UK
| | | | - Iain McKinnon
- grid.1006.70000 0001 0462 7212Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Louise Robinson
- grid.5379.80000000121662407Manchester University, Manchester, UK
| | - Clare S. Allely
- grid.8752.80000 0004 0460 5971Reader in Forensic Psychology at the University of Salford, Manchester, UK ,grid.8761.80000 0000 9919 9582Affiliate member of the Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre at Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden ,grid.8756.c0000 0001 2193 314XHonorary Research Fellow in the College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences affiliated to the Institute of Health and Wellbeing at the University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Sally Hardy
- grid.8273.e0000 0001 1092 7967University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Barry Tolchard
- grid.26597.3f0000 0001 2325 1783Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
| | - Andrew Forrester
- grid.5600.30000 0001 0807 5670Forensic Psychiatry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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Labriola MM, Sobol D, Holliday SB, Sims H. Final Evaluation of LA DOOR: Proposition 47 Grant Program. Rand Health Q 2022; 9:13. [PMID: 36238013 PMCID: PMC9519108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The Los Angeles Diversion, Outreach, and Opportunities for Recovery program (LA DOOR) was designed by the Los Angeles City Attorney's Office (LACA) to provide a comprehensive, health-focused, preventative approach that proactively engages individuals at elevated risk of returning to LACA on a new misdemeanor offense related to substance use, mental illness, or homelessness. LA DOOR was funded through the grant program of Proposition 47. Programs funded through Proposition 47 are intended to serve individuals with a history of criminal justice involvement and mental health issues or substance use disorders and to offer mental health services, substance use disorder treatment, and diversion programs for justice-involved individuals. Grant-funded projects such as LA DOOR are required to be evaluated to understand how they are being implemented and whether they are achieving their intended outcomes. The formal evaluation of the program is being conducted by the RAND Corporation and its subcontractor, KH Consulting Group. This final evaluation summarizes the authors' findings from a process and outcome evaluation of Cohort 1 of LA DOOR, which provided services from July 2018 to March 2021. Interested stakeholders of this research include LACA, the California Board of State and Community Corrections, the City of Los Angeles, and other jurisdictions that provide supportive services to criminal justice populations or might be interested in implementing a similar program.
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9
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Nunes EV, Scodes JM, Pavlicova M, Lee JD, Novo P, Campbell ANC, Rotrosen J. Sublingual Buprenorphine-Naloxone Compared With Injection Naltrexone for Opioid Use Disorder: Potential Utility of Patient Characteristics in Guiding Choice of Treatment. Am J Psychiatry 2021; 178:660-671. [PMID: 34170188 PMCID: PMC11061873 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2020.20060816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Sublingual buprenorphine-naloxone and extended-release injection naltrexone are effective treatments, with distinct mechanisms, for opioid use disorder. The authors examined whether patients' demographic and clinical characteristics were associated with better response to one medication or the other. METHODS In a multisite 24-week randomized comparative-effectiveness trial of assignment to buprenorphine-naloxone (N=287) compared with extended-release naltrexone (N=283) comprising inpatients planning to initiate medication treatment for opioid use disorder, 50 demographic and clinical characteristics were examined as moderators of the effect of medication assignment on relapse to regular opioid use and failure to initiate medication. Moderator-by-medication interactions were estimated using logistic regression with correction for multiple testing. RESULTS In the intent-to-treat sample, patients who reported being homeless had a lower relapse rate if they were assigned to receive extended-release naltrexone (51.6%) compared with buprenorphine-naloxone (70.4%) (odds ratio=0.45, 95% CI=0.22, 0.90); patients who were not homeless had a higher relapse rate if they were assigned to extended-release naltrexone (70.9%) compared with buprenorphine-naloxone (53.1%) (odds ratio=2.15, 95% CI=1.44, 3.21). In the subsample of patients who initiated medication, the interaction was not significant, with a similar pattern of lower relapse with extended-release naltrexone (41.4%) compared with buprenorphine (68.6%) among homeless patients (odds ratio=0.32, 95% CI=0.15, 0.68) but less difference among those not homeless (extended-release naltrexone, 57.2%; buprenorphine, 52.0%; odds ratio=1.24, 95% CI=0.80, 1.90). For failure to initiate medication, moderators were stated preference for medication (failure was less likely if the patient was assigned to the medication preferred), parole and probation status (fewer failures with extended-release naltrexone for those on parole or probation), and presence of pain and timing of randomization (more failure with extended-release naltrexone for patients endorsing moderate to severe pain and randomized early while still undergoing medically managed withdrawal). CONCLUSIONS Among patients with opioid use disorder admitted to inpatient treatment, homelessness, parole and probation status, medication preference, and factors likely to influence tolerability of medication initiation may be important in matching patients to buprenorphine or extended-release naltrexone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward V Nunes
- New York State Psychiatric Institute and Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (Nunes, Scodes, Campbell); Department of Biostatistics, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York (Pavlicova); and New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York (Lee, Novo, Rotrosen)
| | - Jennifer M Scodes
- New York State Psychiatric Institute and Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (Nunes, Scodes, Campbell); Department of Biostatistics, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York (Pavlicova); and New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York (Lee, Novo, Rotrosen)
| | - Martina Pavlicova
- New York State Psychiatric Institute and Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (Nunes, Scodes, Campbell); Department of Biostatistics, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York (Pavlicova); and New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York (Lee, Novo, Rotrosen)
| | - Joshua D Lee
- New York State Psychiatric Institute and Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (Nunes, Scodes, Campbell); Department of Biostatistics, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York (Pavlicova); and New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York (Lee, Novo, Rotrosen)
| | - Patricia Novo
- New York State Psychiatric Institute and Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (Nunes, Scodes, Campbell); Department of Biostatistics, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York (Pavlicova); and New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York (Lee, Novo, Rotrosen)
| | - Aimee N C Campbell
- New York State Psychiatric Institute and Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (Nunes, Scodes, Campbell); Department of Biostatistics, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York (Pavlicova); and New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York (Lee, Novo, Rotrosen)
| | - John Rotrosen
- New York State Psychiatric Institute and Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (Nunes, Scodes, Campbell); Department of Biostatistics, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York (Pavlicova); and New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York (Lee, Novo, Rotrosen)
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Testa A, Jackson DB, Boccio C. Incarceration exposure and electronic cigarette use during pregnancy: Findings from the pregnancy risk assessment monitoring system, 2016-2018. Prev Med 2021; 143:106375. [PMID: 33321122 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2020.106375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Smoking during pregnancy is a serious public health concern that poses risks for maternal and infant health. Considering the rise of electronic cigarette use in recent years, there is also growing concern about electronic cigarette use during pregnancy. Recent research has begun to explore correlates of electronic cigarette use among pregnant women. While research has revealed a strong connection between incarceration and smoking, scholars have yet to examine the connection between a woman's exposure to incarceration in the year prior to birth - either personally or vicariously through her husband or partner - and prenatal electronic cigarette use. The current study uses data from 74,554 recent mothers from the 2016-2018 Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System. Logistic regression and multinomial logistic regression models were used to assess the association between incarceration exposure and electronic cigarette use. The findings indicate a robust association between incarceration exposure and electronic cigarette use during pregnancy. Specifically, analyses demonstrate that incarceration-exposed women were approximately 2.7 times (AOR = 2.699, 95% CI = 1.939, 3.755) as likely to use electronic cigarettes after adjusting for a host of demographic, economic, health, and pregnancy related characteristics. Additional analyses reveal this association remains after accounting for conventional cigarette use during pregnancy. Considering the potential harmful health ramifications for electronic cigarette use during pregnancy, these findings suggest a need for interventions targeting electronic cigarette use among incarceration-exposed populations and point to electronic cigarette use among pregnant women in particular as an important area of focus for both criminal justice and public health practitioners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Testa
- University of Texas at San Antonio, United States of America.
| | | | - Cashen Boccio
- University of Texas at San Antonio, United States of America
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Abstract
Data from 25 large U.S. cities is assembled to estimate the impact of the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic on crime. There is a widespread immediate drop in both criminal incidents and arrests most heavily pronounced among drug crimes, theft, residential burglaries, and most violent crimes. The decline appears to precede stay-at-home orders, and arrests follow a similar pattern as reports. There is no decline in homicides and shootings, and an increase in non-residential burglary and car theft in most cities, suggesting that criminal activity was displaced to locations with fewer people. Pittsburgh, New York City, San Francisco, Philadelphia, Washington DC and Chicago each saw overall crime drops of at least 35%. Evidence from police-initiated reports and geographic variation in crime change suggests that most of the observed changes are not due to changes in crime reporting.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Abrams
- University of Pennsylvania Law School and Wharton, United States
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12
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Timko C, Chatav Schonbrun Y, Anderson B, Johnson JE, Stein M. Perceived Substance Use Norms Among Jailed Women with Alcohol Use Disorders. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2020; 44:1834-1841. [PMID: 32876998 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Social norms regarding substance use predict substance use behaviors. In a sample of jailed women with alcohol use disorders (AUDs), we compared (i) jailed women's perceptions of the US women population's rates of substance use, with US women's actual rates of substance use; (ii) jailed women's perceived rates of substance use by US women, with their perceptions of use by their own friends; and (iii) US women's actual rates of substance use, with observed sample substance use rates. METHODS Participants were 205 jailed women who met criteria for an AUD. We used the 1-sample or dependent-samples t-test to make the comparisons. RESULTS Participants overestimated US women's rates of substance use and incarceration rates. They perceived their friends' substance use as less common than US women's. The jailed women reported higher rates of their own substance use than actual rates by US women. In addition, jailed women self-reported less cannabis use, but more alcohol and cocaine use and cigarette smoking, than they perceived their friends to have used. The more women perceived their friends as drinking, the less they had a goal to drink less or abstain from drinking postincarceration; in contrast, perceptions of US women's drinking were not related to personal goals for drinking. CONCLUSIONS Interventions that correct misperceptions about substance use norms may have utility for jailed women with AUDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Timko
- From the, Center for Innovation to Implementation (CT), VA Palo Alto Health Care System and Stanford University School of Medicine, Menlo Park, California, USA
| | - Yael Chatav Schonbrun
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (YCS), Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.,Behavioral Medicine and Addictions Research (YCS, BA, MS), Butler Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Bradley Anderson
- Behavioral Medicine and Addictions Research (YCS, BA, MS), Butler Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Jennifer E Johnson
- Division of Public Health (JEJ), College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Flint, Michigan, USA
| | - Michael Stein
- Behavioral Medicine and Addictions Research (YCS, BA, MS), Butler Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.,Department of Health Law, Policy, & Management (MS), Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Boston University School of Public Health (MS), Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Ibañez GE, Algarin A, Jaber R, Ayala DV, Martin SS, O’Connell DJ. Gender, age, and ethnic differences in offending behavior among Hispanic/Latino criminal justice clients. J Ethn Crim Justice 2019; 17:339-360. [PMID: 32127785 PMCID: PMC7053219 DOI: 10.1080/15377938.2019.1661058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Hispanic/Latinos are disproportionately represented in the criminal justice system. Using convenience sampling, the present study examined the lifetime and recent offending behavior of Hispanic/Latinos involved in community corrections in Miami, Florida. Descriptive statistics and multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted. Participants were mostly male (59.7%), less than 40 years old (84.1%), and almost half were of Cuban descent (48.5%). Women were less likely to manufacture or sell drugs than men (AOR=.42, p<.03), and more likely to report recent prostitution (AOR=7.34, p< .001) and stealing from houses or shops (AOR=2.68, p<.01). Central Americans were less likely to report alcohol and drug related offenses than Cubans. Findings suggest that criminality among Hispanic/Latinos may vary by gender and by sub-groups. Prevention programs should be tailored accordingly.
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Finlay AK, Binswanger I, Timko C, Rosenthal J, Clark S, Blue-Howells J, McGuire J, Hagedorn H, Wong J, Van Campen J, Harris AHS. Receipt of Pharmacotherapy for Alcohol Use Disorder by Male Justice-Involved U.S. Veterans Health Administration Patients. Crim Justice Policy Rev 2018; 29:875-890. [PMID: 30393426 PMCID: PMC4852381 DOI: 10.1177/0887403416644011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study examined whether, among Veterans Health Administration (VHA) patients, veterans with recent or current justice involvement have equal receipt of pharmacotherapy for alcohol use disorder compared to veterans with no justice involvement. Using national VHA records, we calculated the overall and facility rates of receipt as the number of patients who received pharmacotherapy for alcohol use disorder divided by the number of patients diagnosed with an alcohol use disorder. Using a mixed-effects logistic regression model, we tested whether justice involvement was associated with pharmacotherapy receipt. Male veterans with jail/court involvement had significantly higher odds of receiving pharmacotherapy for alcohol use disorder compared to other male veterans. Justice-involved veterans had equal or better receipt of pharmacotherapy for alcohol use disorder compared to veterans with no justice involvement. Pharmacotherapy rates are low overall, suggesting that more work can be done to connect veterans to these medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea K Finlay
- Center for Innovation to Implementation (Ci2i), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, 795 Willow Road (152-MPD), Menlo Park, CA 94025
- Department of Medicine and Division of General Medical Disciplines, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, S-102, Stanford, CA 94305-5110
| | - Ingrid Binswanger
- Kaiser Permanente Institute for Health Research, 10065 E Harvard Ave., Suite 300, Denver, CO 80231
- Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, E. 17 Ave., Aurora, CO 80204, USA
| | - Christine Timko
- Center for Innovation to Implementation (Ci2i), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, 795 Willow Road (152-MPD), Menlo Park, CA 94025
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 401 Quarry Road, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Joel Rosenthal
- Veterans Justice Programs, Department of Veterans Affairs, 795 Willow Road (152-MPD), Menlo Park, CA 94025
| | - Sean Clark
- Veterans Justice Programs, Department of Veterans Affairs, 2250 Leestown Road, Lexington, KY 40511
| | - Jessica Blue-Howells
- Veterans Justice Programs, Department of Veterans Affairs, Greater Los Angeles Health Care System - West LA Campus, Los Angeles, CA 90073
| | - Jim McGuire
- Veterans Justice Programs, Department of Veterans Affairs, Greater Los Angeles Health Care System - West LA Campus, Los Angeles, CA 90073
| | - Hildi Hagedorn
- Center for Chronic Disease Outcomes Research, Minneapolis VA Health Care System, One Veterans Drive, Minneapolis, MN 55417
| | - Jessie Wong
- Center for Innovation to Implementation (Ci2i), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, 795 Willow Road (152-MPD), Menlo Park, CA 94025
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 401 Quarry Road, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - James Van Campen
- Center for Innovation to Implementation (Ci2i), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, 795 Willow Road (152-MPD), Menlo Park, CA 94025
| | - Alex H S Harris
- Center for Innovation to Implementation (Ci2i), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, 795 Willow Road (152-MPD), Menlo Park, CA 94025
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15
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Prendergast M, Welsh WN, Stein L, Lehman W, Melnick G, Warda U, Shafer M, Ulaszek W, Rodis E, Abdel-Salam S, Duvall J. Influence of Organizational Characteristics on Success in Implementing Process Improvement Goals in Correctional Treatment Settings. J Behav Health Serv Res 2017; 44:625-646. [PMID: 27520366 PMCID: PMC5303686 DOI: 10.1007/s11414-016-9531-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Although research indicates that organizational characteristics substantially influence the adoption and use of evidence-based practices (EBPs), there has been little empirical research on organizational factors most likely to influence successful implementation of EBPs, particularly in criminal justice settings. This study examined organizational characteristics related to the success of change teams in achieving improvements in assessment and case-planning procedures for persons leaving correctional settings and receiving community services. In this evaluation of the Organizational Process Improvement Intervention (OPII), part of the National Institute on Drug Abuse's (NIDA's) Criminal Justice Drug Abuse Treatment Studies (CJDATS) cooperative, 21 sites were randomized to an early-start or a delayed-start condition. For this analysis, data from both conditions were combined. Agencies with fewer program needs, good communication, adequate staffing levels, good supervision, positive attitude toward rehabilitation, and higher institutional capacity for change were better able to implement planned changes in assessment and case-planning procedures. Such agencies may be better candidates for implementation improvement strategies, whereas other agencies could benefit from pre-intervention efforts aimed at strengthening these characteristics before attempting to improve assessment procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Gerald Melnick
- National Development and Research Institutes, New York City, USA
| | - Umme Warda
- University of California, Los Angeles, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND In the past 30 years the rate of increase in incarceration for females who abuse substances has outpaced that of men. Women have increased health and economic disparities, and face barriers to economic mobility, increasing their risk of returning to the criminal justice system. Past research suggests that there is a positive relationship between living in Oxford House and employment wages, yet the impact of having a criminal history on this relationship was unknown. METHOD This study used a nationwide sample of 136 women living in Oxford Houses in a regression analysis with length of stay in Oxford House predicting employment wages, and moderated by criminal history. RESULTS There was a positive relationship between length of stay and wages. Criminal history modified the association between length of stay and wages, and length of stay had a significantly greater impact on wages for women with criminal convictions. IMPLICATIONS The findings provide a contribution to alcohol and drug abuse and economic literature by identifying a setting that decreases economic disparities for formerly incarcerated women. Results can inform future policy, research, and the development of gender sensitive aftercare programs that address the needs of women, assisting transitioning women in reentering mainstream society, and increasing their chances of obtaining and retaining employment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Callahan
- DePaul University, Center for Community Research, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Leonard A Jason
- DePaul University, Center for Community Research, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - LaVome Robinson
- DePaul University, Center for Community Research, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Abstract
As a group, jail-involved individuals, which we define here as people with a history of arrest and jail admission in the recent past, carry a heavy illness burden, with high rates of infectious and chronic disease as well as mental illness and substance use. Because these people have tended to also be uninsured, jail frequently has been their only regular source of health care. Three thousand three hundred local and county jails processed 11.6 million admissions during the twelve-month period ending midyear 2012. The Urban Institute estimated as much as 30 percent of some local corrections budgets is allocated to inmate health care services. This investment is largely lost when people are released back into the community, where they typically do not get treatment. For people with untreated substance use or mental illness, this issue reaches beyond public health, because without treatment, these people are at heightened risk of cycling into and out of jail for low-level, nonviolent offenses. This article offers eight policy recommendations to build a continuum of care that will ensure that jail-involved people get the care they need, regardless of where they reside. With the expansion of Medicaid eligibility under the Affordable Care Act, there is now a critical opportunity to bring the jail-involved population into the mainstream health care system, which benefits the health care and criminal justice systems and society at large.
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18
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Patel K, Boutwell A, Brockmann BW, Rich JD. Integrating correctional and community health care for formerly incarcerated people who are eligible for Medicaid. Health Aff (Millwood) 2016; 33:468-73. [PMID: 24590947 DOI: 10.1377/hlthaff.2013.1164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Under the Affordable Care Act, up to thirteen million adults have the opportunity to obtain health insurance through an expansion of the Medicaid program. A great deal of effort is currently being devoted to eligibility verification, outreach, and enrollment. We look beyond these important first-phase challenges to consider what people who are transitioning back to the community after incarceration need to receive effective care. It will be possible to deliver cost-effective, high-quality care to this population only if assistance is coordinated between the correctional facility and the community, and across diverse treatment and support organizations in the community. This article discusses several examples of successful coordination of care for formerly incarcerated people, such as Project Bridge and the Community Partnerships and Supportive Services for HIV-Infected People Leaving Jail (COMPASS) program in Rhode Island and the Transitions Clinic program that operates in ten US cities. To promote broader adoption of successful models, we offer four policy recommendations for overcoming barriers to integrating individuals into sustained, community-based care following their release from incarceration.
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Finlay AK, Harris AH, Rosenthal J, Blue-Howells J, Clark S, McGuire J, Timko C, Frayne SM, Smelson D, Oliva E, Binswanger I. Receipt of pharmacotherapy for opioid use disorder by justice-involved U.S. Veterans Health Administration patients. Drug Alcohol Depend 2016; 160:222-6. [PMID: 26832998 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pharmacotherapy - methadone, buprenorphine, or naltrexone - is an evidence-based treatment for opioid use disorder, but little is known about receipt of these medications among veterans involved in the justice system. The current study examines receipt of pharmacotherapy for opioid use disorder among veterans with a history of justice involvement at U.S. Veterans Health Administration (VHA) facilities compared to veterans with no justice involvement. METHODS Using national VHA clinical and pharmacy records, we conducted a retrospective cohort study of veterans with an opioid use disorder diagnosis in fiscal year 2012. Using a mixed-effects logistic regression model, we examined receipt of pharmacotherapy in the 1-year period following diagnosis as a function of justice involvement, adjusting for patient and facility characteristics. RESULTS The 1-year rate of receipt for pharmacotherapy for opioid use disorder was 27% for prison-involved veterans, 34% for jail/court-involved veterans, and 33% for veterans not justice-involved. Compared to veterans not justice-involved, those prison-involved had 0.75 lower adjusted odds (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.65-0.87) of receiving pharmacotherapy whereas jail/court-involved veterans did not have significantly different adjusted odds. CONCLUSIONS Targeted efforts to improve receipt of pharmacotherapy for opioid use disorder among veterans exiting prison is needed as they have lower odds of receiving these medications.
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20
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Mitchell SG, Gryczynski J, Kelly SM, O’Grady KE, Jaffe JH, Olsen YK, Schwartz RP. Treatment Outcomes of African American Buprenorphine Patients by Parole and Probation Status. J Drug Issues 2014; 44:69-82. [PMID: 25364037 PMCID: PMC4214068 DOI: 10.1177/0022042613491106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This secondary analysis compared outcomes of African-American adults newly-admitted to buprenorphine treatment who were on parole and probation to patients who were not under criminal justice supervision. Buprenorphine patients (N=300) were randomly assigned to receive either Intensive Outpatient Treatment (IOP) or Standard Outpatient Treatment (OP) treatment and were assessed at baseline, 3- and 6-months. There were no differences between groups in treatment retention. Among probationers/parolees, IOP was associated with lower 3-month treatment retention compared to OP, but among participants not on probation/parole the relationship was reversed (p=.004). Both conditions showed significant declines in heroin and cocaine use, illegal activity, and in meeting DSM-IV criteria for opioid and cocaine dependence. Probationers/parolees reported lower frequency of illegal activities at 3-months compared to non-probationers/parolees (p=.007). Buprenorphine treatment should be made more widely available to individuals on parole/probation as they respond as well to treatment as patients not supervised by the criminal justice system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kevin E. O’Grady
- University of Maryland, College Park, Department of Psychology College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - Jerome H. Jaffe
- Friends Research Institute, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
| | - Yngvild K. Olsen
- Institutes for Behavior Resources REACH Health Services, Baltimore, Maryland 21218 USA
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Finlay AK, Smelson D, Sawh L, McGuire J, Rosenthal J, Blue-Howells J, Timko C, Binswanger I, Frayne SM, Blodgett JC, Bowe T, Clark SC, Harris AHS. U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs Veterans Justice Outreach Program: Connecting Justice-Involved Veterans with Mental Health and Substance Use Disorder Treatment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 27. [PMID: 32180665 DOI: 10.1177/0887403414562601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The Veterans Justice Outreach (VJO) program of the U.S. Veterans Health Administration has a primary mission of linking military veterans in jails, courts, or in contact with law enforcement to mental health and substance use disorder treatment. National data of veterans with VJO contact were used to describe demographic characteristics, and mental health and substance use disorder diagnoses and treatment use and test correlates of treatment entry and engagement using multi-level logistic regression models. Of the 37,542 VJO veterans, treatment entry was associated with being homeless and having a mental health disorder or both a mental health and a substance use disorder versus a substance use disorder only. Being American Indian/Alaskan Native was associated with lower odds of treatment entry. Engagement was associated with female gender, older age, Asian race, urban residence, and homeless status. Increased utilization of substance use disorder treatment, especially pharmacotherapy, is an important quality improvement target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea K Finlay
- Veteran Affairs Substance Use Disorder Quality Enhancement Research Initiative, Department of Veterans Affairs.,Center for Innovation to Implementation, VA Palo Alto Health Care System.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine
| | - David Smelson
- National Center on Homelessness Among Veterans, Edith Nourse Rogers Memorial Veterans Hospital.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School
| | - Leon Sawh
- National Center on Homelessness Among Veterans, Edith Nourse Rogers Memorial Veterans Hospital.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School.,School of Criminology and Justice Studies, University of Massachusetts Lowell
| | - Jim McGuire
- Veterans Justice Programs, Department of Veterans Affairs
| | - Joel Rosenthal
- Veterans Justice Programs, Department of Veterans Affairs
| | | | - Christine Timko
- Center for Innovation to Implementation, VA Palo Alto Health Care System.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine
| | | | - Susan M Frayne
- Center for Innovation to Implementation, VA Palo Alto Health Care System.,Women's Health Service, Medical Service, VA Palo Alto Health Care System.,Division of General Medical Disciplines, Stanford University School of Medicine
| | - Janet C Blodgett
- Center for Innovation to Implementation, VA Palo Alto Health Care System
| | - Tom Bowe
- Veteran Affairs Substance Use Disorder Quality Enhancement Research Initiative, Department of Veterans Affairs
| | - Sean C Clark
- Veterans Justice Programs, Department of Veterans Affairs
| | - Alex H S Harris
- Veteran Affairs Substance Use Disorder Quality Enhancement Research Initiative, Department of Veterans Affairs.,Center for Innovation to Implementation, VA Palo Alto Health Care System
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