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Qu Y, Park SH, Dallas DC. The Role of Bovine Kappa-Casein Glycomacropeptide in Modulating the Microbiome and Inflammatory Responses of Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Nutrients 2023; 15:3991. [PMID: 37764775 PMCID: PMC10538225 DOI: 10.3390/nu15183991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common gastrointestinal disorder marked by chronic abdominal pain, bloating, and irregular bowel habits. Effective treatments are still actively sought. Kappa-casein glycomacropeptide (GMP), a milk-derived peptide, holds promise because it can modulate the gut microbiome, immune responses, gut motility, and barrier functions, as well as binding toxins. These properties align with the recognized pathophysiological aspects of IBS, including gut microbiota imbalances, immune system dysregulation, and altered gut barrier functions. This review delves into GMP's role in regulating the gut microbiome, accentuating its influence on bacterial populations and its potential to promote beneficial bacteria while inhibiting pathogenic varieties. It further investigates the gut microbial shifts observed in IBS patients and contemplates GMP's potential for restoring microbial equilibrium and overall gut health. The anti-inflammatory attributes of GMP, especially its impact on vital inflammatory markers and capacity to temper the low-grade inflammation present in IBS are also discussed. In addition, this review delves into current research on GMP's effects on gut motility and barrier integrity and examines the changes in gut motility and barrier function observed in IBS sufferers. The overarching goal is to assess the potential clinical utility of GMP in IBS management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyao Qu
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; (Y.Q.); (S.H.P.)
- Nutrition Program, College of Health, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Si Hong Park
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; (Y.Q.); (S.H.P.)
| | - David C. Dallas
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; (Y.Q.); (S.H.P.)
- Nutrition Program, College of Health, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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LMWP (S3-3) from the Larvae of Musca domestica Alleviate D-IBS by Adjusting the Gut Microbiota. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27144517. [PMID: 35889391 PMCID: PMC9324334 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27144517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Diarrhea-based Irritable Bowel Syndrome (D-IBS) and diarrhea are both associated with ecological imbalance of the gut microbiota. Low Molecular Weight Peptides (LMWP) from the larvae of Musca domestica have been shown to be effective in the treatment of diarrhea and regulation of gut microbiota. Meanwhile, the single polypeptide S3-3 was successfully isolated and identified from LMWP in our previous studies. It remains unclear exactly whether and how LMWP (S3-3) alleviate D-IBS through regulating gut microbiota. We evaluated the gut microbiota and pharmacology to determine the regulation of gut microbiota structure and the alleviating effect on D-IBS through LMWP (S3-3). The rates of loose stools, abdominal withdrawal reflex (AWR) and intestinal tract motility results revealed that LMWP (S3-3) from the larvae of Musca domestica had a regulating effect against diarrhea, visceral hypersensitivity and gastrointestinal (GI) dysfunction in D-IBS model mice. Additionally, 16S rRNA gene sequencing was utilized to examine the gut microbiota, which suggests that LMWP induce structural changes in the gut microbiota and alter the levels of the following gut microbiota: Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria and Verrucomicrobia. LMWP putatively functioned through regulating 5-HT, SERT, 5-HT2AR, 5-HT3AR and 5-HT4R according to the results of ELISA, qRT-PCR and IHC. The findings of this study will contribute to further understanding how LMWP (S3-3) attenuate the effects of D-IBS on diarrhea, visceral hypersensitivity and GI dysfunction.
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Yang Z, Sun F, Liao H, Zhang Z, Dou Z, Xing Q, Hu J, Huang X, Bao Z. Genome-wide association study reveals genetic variations associated with ocean acidification resilience in Yesso scallop Patinopecten yessoensis. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 240:105963. [PMID: 34547702 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2021.105963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ocean acidification (OA), which refers to a gradual decrease in seawater pH due to the absorption of atmospheric carbon dioxide, profoundly affects the growth, development and survival of bivalves. Relatively limited studies have assessed the resilience of bivalve to OA. In the present study, Patinopecten yessoensis, an economically and ecologically significant species, were exposed to low pH (pH = 7.5) for 4 weeks. Forty-seven scallops that died in the first week were considered pH-sensitive population, and 20 that were alive at the end of the experiment were considered pH-tolerant population. A genome-wide association study was conducted to identify the genomic loci associated the resilience of P. yessoensis to OA. Twenty-one single nucleotide polymorphisms were significantly associated with resilience, which were distributed in 11 linkage groups. Within the linkage disequilibrium block region (± 300 kb) surrounding the 21 SNPs, 193 candidate genes were successfully identified. Particularly, five associated SNPs were directly located on five genes, including SP24, CFDH, 5HTR3, HSDL1 and ZFP346. The GO enrichment and KEGG pathway analyses showed that the molecular response of P. yessoensis to OA mainly involved neural signal transmission, energy metabolism and redox reaction. Candidate genes were expressed during larval development and in adult tissues. Furthermore, the expression of 30 candidate genes changed significantly under low pH stress in the mantle. Our results reveal certain SNPs and candidate genes that could elucidate the different responses of P. yessoensis to OA. The genetic variations indicated molecular resilience in P. yessoensis populations, which may enable adaptation to future acidification stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zujing Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Fanhua Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Huan Liao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China; College of Animal Biotechnology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Zhengrui Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Zheng Dou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Qiang Xing
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Jingjie Hu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China; Laboratory of Tropical Marine Germplasm Resources and Breeding Engineering, Sanya Oceanographic Institution, Ocean University of China, Sanya, China
| | - Xiaoting Huang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.
| | - Zhenmin Bao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China; Laboratory of Tropical Marine Germplasm Resources and Breeding Engineering, Sanya Oceanographic Institution, Ocean University of China, Sanya, China
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4
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Liu YW, Wang YP, Yen HF, Liu PY, Tzeng WJ, Tsai CF, Lin HC, Lee FY, Jeng OJ, Lu CL, Tsai YC. Lactobacillus plantarum PS128 Ameliorated Visceral Hypersensitivity in Rats Through the Gut-Brain Axis. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2021; 12:980-993. [PMID: 31691208 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-019-09595-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common functional gastrointestinal disorder characterized by abdominal pain and alterations in bowel habits. Current treatments for IBS are unsatisfactory due to its multifactorial pathogenesis involving the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Lactobacillus plantarum PS128 (PS128) was reported to exhibit neuromodulatory activity which may be beneficial for improving IBS. This study aimed to investigate the effect of PS128 on visceral hypersensitivity (VH) and the gut-brain axis using a 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP)-induced VH rat model without colonic inflammation induction, mimicking the characteristics of IBS. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were administered with PS128 (109 CFU in 0.2 mL saline/rat/day) or saline (0.2 mL saline/rat/day) for 14 days. Colorectal distension (CRD) with simultaneous electromyography recording was performed 30 min before and 30 min after the 5-HTP injection. Levels of neuropeptides and neurotrophins were analyzed. PS128 significantly reduced VH induced by the 5-HTP injection and CRD. Neurotransmitter protein levels, substance P, CGRP, BDNF, and NGF, were decreased in the dorsal root ganglion but increased in the spinal cord in response to the 5-HTP injection; PS128 reversed these changes. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis was modulated by PS128 with decreased corticosterone concentration in serum and the expression of mineralocorticoid receptors in the amygdala. Oral administration of PS128 inhibited 5-HTP-induced VH during CRD. The ameliorative effect on VH suggests the potential application of PS128 for IBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Wenn Liu
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Linong St., Beitou Dist., Taipei, 11221, Taiwan.,Microbiome Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Linong St., Beitou Dist., Taipei, 11221, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Po Wang
- Endoscopy Center for Diagnosis and Treatment, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 201, Sec. 2, Shipai Rd., Beitou Dist., Taipei, 11217, Taiwan.,Institute of Brain Science, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Linong St., Beitou Dist., Taipei, 11221, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Linong St., Beitou Dist., Taipei, 11221, Taiwan
| | - Hsu-Fang Yen
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Linong St., Beitou Dist., Taipei, 11221, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Yi Liu
- Institute of Brain Science, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Linong St., Beitou Dist., Taipei, 11221, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Jian Tzeng
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Linong St., Beitou Dist., Taipei, 11221, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Fen Tsai
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Linong St., Beitou Dist., Taipei, 11221, Taiwan.,Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 201, Sec. 2, Shipai Rd., Beitou Dist., Taipei, 11217, Taiwan
| | - Han-Chieh Lin
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Linong St., Beitou Dist., Taipei, 11221, Taiwan.,Division of Gastroenterology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 201, Sec. 2, Shipai Rd., Beitou Dist., Taipei, 11217, Taiwan
| | - Fa-Yauh Lee
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Linong St., Beitou Dist., Taipei, 11221, Taiwan.,Division of Gastroenterology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 201, Sec. 2, Shipai Rd., Beitou Dist., Taipei, 11217, Taiwan
| | | | - Ching-Liang Lu
- Endoscopy Center for Diagnosis and Treatment, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 201, Sec. 2, Shipai Rd., Beitou Dist., Taipei, 11217, Taiwan. .,Institute of Brain Science, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Linong St., Beitou Dist., Taipei, 11221, Taiwan. .,School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Linong St., Beitou Dist., Taipei, 11221, Taiwan. .,Division of Gastroenterology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 201, Sec. 2, Shipai Rd., Beitou Dist., Taipei, 11217, Taiwan.
| | - Ying-Chieh Tsai
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Linong St., Beitou Dist., Taipei, 11221, Taiwan. .,Microbiome Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Linong St., Beitou Dist., Taipei, 11221, Taiwan.
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5
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Jin B, Singh R, Ha SE, Zogg H, Park PJ, Ro S. Pathophysiological mechanisms underlying gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with COVID-19. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:2341-2352. [PMID: 34040326 PMCID: PMC8130047 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i19.2341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms, such as diarrhea, abdominal pain, vomiting, and anorexia, are frequently observed in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, the pathophysiological mechanisms connecting these GI symptoms to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections remain elusive. Previous studies indicate that the entry of SARS-CoV-2 into intestinal cells leads to downregulation of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors resulting in impaired barrier function. While intestinal ACE2 functions as a chaperone for the amino acid transporter B0AT1, the B0AT1/ACE2 complex within the intestinal epithelium acts as a regulator of gut microbiota composition and function. Alternations to the B0AT1/ACE2 complex lead to microbial dysbiosis through increased local and systemic immune responses. Previous studies have also suggested that altered serotonin metabolism may be the underlying cause of GI disorders involving diarrhea. The findings of elevated plasma serotonin levels and high fecal calprotectin in COVID-19 patients with diarrhea indicate that the viral infection evokes a systemic inflammatory response that specifically involves the GI. Interestingly, the elevated proinflammatory cytokines correlate with elevated serotonin and fecal calprotectin levels further supporting the evidence of GI inflammation, a hallmark of functional GI disorders. Moreover, the finding that rectal swabs of COVID-19 patients remain positive for SARS-CoV-2 even after the nasopharynx clears the virus, suggests that viral replication and shedding from the GI tract may be more robust than that of the respiratory tract, further indicating fecal-oral transmission as another important route of viral spread. This review summarized the evidence for pathophysiological mechanisms (impaired barrier function, gut inflammation, altered serotonin metabolism and gut microbiota dysbiosis) underlying the GI symptoms in patients with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byungchang Jin
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557, United States
| | - Rajan Singh
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557, United States
| | - Se Eun Ha
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557, United States
| | - Hannah Zogg
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557, United States
| | - Paul J Park
- Department of Medicine, Renown Health, Reno, NV 89557, United States
| | - Seungil Ro
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557, United States
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6
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Pretorius L, Smith C. The trace aminergic system: a gender-sensitive therapeutic target for IBS? J Biomed Sci 2020; 27:95. [PMID: 32981524 PMCID: PMC7520957 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-020-00688-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to a lack of specific or sensitive biomarkers, drug discovery advances have been limited for individuals suffering from irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). While current therapies provide symptomatic relief, inflammation itself is relatively neglected, despite the presence of chronic immune activation and innate immune system dysfunction. Moreover, considering the microgenderome concept, gender is a significant aetiological risk factor. We believe that we have pinpointed a "missing link" that connects gender, dysbiosis, diet, and inflammation in the context of IBS, which may be manipulated as therapeutic target. The trace aminergic system is conveniently positioned at the interface of the gut microbiome, dietary nutrients and by-products, and mucosal immunity. Almost all leukocyte populations express trace amine associated receptors and significant amounts of trace amines originate from both food and the gut microbiota. Additionally, although IBS-specific data are sparse, existing data supports an interpretation in favour of a gender dependence in trace aminergic signalling. As such, trace aminergic signalling may be altered by fluctuations of especially female reproductive hormones. Utilizing a multidisciplinary approach, this review discusses potential mechanisms of actions, which include hyperreactivity of the immune system and aberrant serotonin signalling, and links outcomes to the symptomology clinically prevalent in IBS. Taken together, it is feasible that the additional level of regulation by the trace aminergic system in IBS has been overlooked, until now. As such, we suggest that components of the trace aminergic system be considered targets for future therapeutic action, with the specific focus of reducing oxidative stress and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesha Pretorius
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch Private Bag X1, Stellenbosch, 7062, South Africa
| | - Carine Smith
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch Private Bag X1, Stellenbosch, 7062, South Africa.
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7
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Najjar SA, Davis BM, Albers KM. Epithelial-Neuronal Communication in the Colon: Implications for Visceral Pain. Trends Neurosci 2020; 43:170-181. [PMID: 31983457 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2019.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Visceral hypersensitivity and pain result, at least in part, from increased excitability of primary afferents that innervate the colon. In addition to intrinsic changes in these neurons, emerging evidence indicates that changes in lining epithelial cells may also contribute to increased excitability. Here we review recent studies on how colon epithelial cells communicate directly with colon afferents. Specifically, anatomical studies revealed specialized synaptic connections between epithelial cells and nerve fibers and studies using optogenetic activation of the epithelium showed initiation of pain-like responses. We review the possible mechanisms of epithelial-neuronal communication and provide an overview of the possible neurotransmitters and receptors involved. Understanding the biology of this interface and how it changes in pathological conditions may provide new treatments for visceral pain conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Najjar
- Center for Neuroscience at the University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research and Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Brian M Davis
- Center for Neuroscience at the University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research and Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kathryn M Albers
- Center for Neuroscience at the University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research and Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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8
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Hodo TW, de Aquino MTP, Shimamoto A, Shanker A. Critical Neurotransmitters in the Neuroimmune Network. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1869. [PMID: 32973771 PMCID: PMC7472989 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune cells rely on cell-cell communication to specify and fine-tune their responses. They express an extensive network of cell communication modes, including a vast repertoire of cell surface and transmembrane receptors and ligands, membrane vesicles, junctions, ligand and voltage-gated ion channels, and transporters. During a crosstalk between the nervous system and the immune system these modes of cellular communication and the downstream signal transduction events are influenced by neurotransmitters present in the local tissue environments in an autocrine or paracrine fashion. Neurotransmitters thus influence innate and adaptive immune responses. In addition, immune cells send signals to the brain through cytokines, and are present in the brain to influence neural responses. Altered communication between the nervous and immune systems is emerging as a common feature in neurodegenerative and immunopathological diseases. Here, we present the mechanistic frameworks of immunostimulatory and immunosuppressive effects critical neurotransmitters - dopamine (3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine), serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine), substance P (trifluoroacetate salt powder), and L-glutamate - exert on lymphocytes and non-lymphoid immune cells. Furthermore, we discuss the possible roles neurotransmitter-driven neuroimmune networks play in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders, autoimmune diseases, cancer, and outline potential clinical implications of balancing neuroimmune crosstalk by therapeutic modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Wesley Hodo
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Meharry Medical College School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Meharry Medical College School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States.,School of Graduate Studies and Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Maria Teresa Prudente de Aquino
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Meharry Medical College School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Akiko Shimamoto
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Meharry Medical College School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Anil Shanker
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Meharry Medical College School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States.,School of Graduate Studies and Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, United States.,Host-Tumor Interactions Research Program, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States.,Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States.,Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
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9
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Mota CMD. A new role for serotonin: the 5-HT 3 receptor in bladder afferent hypersensitivity. J Physiol 2019; 598:23-24. [PMID: 31715639 DOI: 10.1113/jp279094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa M D Mota
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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10
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Explosive Vomiting Associated with Proximal Colonic Distention during a Difficult Propofol-Assisted Colonoscopy. Case Rep Anesthesiol 2019; 2019:6960493. [PMID: 31392065 PMCID: PMC6662496 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6960493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a case of explosive vomiting associated with the extensive manipulation of the proximal colon during a difficult colonoscopy procedure. The cause of vomiting in this case may have been multifactorial; however, proximal colonic distention was the most likely factor because the onset of vomiting coincided with proximal colonic manipulation and happened without any prodromal signs, coughing, and airway obstruction. Propofol, the sedative most commonly administered to the patient during colonoscopy, allows for a deep state of sedation, and consequently extensive colonic distention and scope manipulation. Colonic distention may lead to a higher risk of vomiting. We reviewed the neurocircuitry associated with vomiting and discussed why proximal colonic distention may increase the risk of vomiting. We emphasize vigilance during the manipulation of the proximal colon because vomiting increases the potential for aspiration pneumonitis and pneumonia in patients under deep propofol sedation with attenuated airway responses.
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11
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Jin M, Son M. DA-9701 (Motilitone): A Multi-Targeting Botanical Drug for the Treatment of Functional Dyspepsia. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19124035. [PMID: 30551633 PMCID: PMC6321359 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19124035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional dyspepsia (FD) is the most common functional gastrointestinal disorder (FGID). FD is characterized by bothersome symptoms such as postprandial fullness, early satiety, and epigastric pain or burning sensations in the upper abdomen. The complexity and heterogeneity of FD pathophysiology, which involves multiple mechanisms, make both treatment and new drug development for FD difficult. Current medicines for FD targeting a single pathway have failed to show satisfactory efficacy and safety. On the other hand, multicomponent herbal medicines that act on multiple targets may be a promising alternative treatment for FD. DA-9701 (Motilitone), a botanical drug consisting of Corydalis Tuber and Pharbitidis Semen, has been prescribed for FD since it was launched in Korea in 2011. It has multiple mechanisms of action such as prokinetic effects, fundus relaxation, and visceral analgesia, which are mediated by dopamine D2 and several serotonin receptors involved in gastrointestinal (GI) functions. In clinical studies, DA-9701 has been found to be beneficial for improvement of FD symptoms and GI functions in FD patients, while showing better safety compared to that associated with conventional medicines. In this review, we provide updated information on the pharmacological effects, safety, and clinical results of DA-9701 for the treatment of FGIDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirim Jin
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Korea.
- Department of Health Science and Technology, GAIHST, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Korea.
| | - Miwon Son
- Research Center & Phytotherapeutics Group, Viromed, Co. Ltd., Seoul 08826, Korea.
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12
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Führer M, Hammer J. Lack of an Effect of Gastric Capsaicin on the Rectal Component of the Gastrocolonic Response. Dig Dis Sci 2017; 62:3542-3549. [PMID: 29086328 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-017-4822-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Luminal capsaicin induces local and distant reflexes in the upper gastrointestinal tract and stimulates lower gastrointestinal symptoms in susceptible persons. We aimed to evaluate the effect of gastric capsaicin on rectal motor function and sensation. METHODS Eighteen healthy volunteers participated twice, at least 1 week apart, in this double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study. Participants swallowed a gastric tube for capsaicin or saline infusion. A barostat tube was placed in the rectum to measure rectal tone before and during gastric capsaicin (40 µg/ml, 2.5 ml/min) or placebo infusion and to conduct distension experiments before and after gastric infusions. Gastric infusions were terminated after 60 min or when epigastric discomfort occurred. Differences in rectal tone, compliance, and sensitivity between gastric placebo and gastric capsaicin were determined. RESULTS On both study days, basal rectal volumes, compliance, and sensitivity parameters were comparable (NS) before gastric infusions. Gastric capsaicin infusion induced epigastric discomfort that necessitated termination of infusion after 29.6 ± 12.3 min (saline: 54.7 ± 8.9 min; p < 0.01). Rectal tone, aggregate perception scores, and rectal compliance did not differ between placebo and capsaicin trials (p > 0.05). Rectal tone increased significantly only when capsaicin induced epigastric discomfort (p < 0.05). The reproducibility of the barostat trial was acceptable with significant correlations of volumes, pressures (< 0.05; r 2 from 0.41 to 0.55), rectal compliance (p < 0.01; r 2 = 0.44), and aggregate perception scores (p values all < 0.05; r 2 from 0.44 to 0.0.65) between the two barostat trials. CONCLUSION Gastric perfusion with capsaicin does not directly influence rectal physiology through a reflex arc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Führer
- Abteilung für Gastroenterologie und Hepatologie, Universitätsklinik für Innere Medizin 3, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johann Hammer
- Abteilung für Gastroenterologie und Hepatologie, Universitätsklinik für Innere Medizin 3, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria. .,Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, The University of Queensland, Herston, Brisbane, QLD, 4029, Australia.
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Hagbom M, Novak D, Ekström M, Khalid Y, Andersson M, Lindh M, Nordgren J, Svensson L. Ondansetron treatment reduces rotavirus symptoms-A randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled trial. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186824. [PMID: 29077725 PMCID: PMC5659648 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rotavirus and norovirus cause acute gastroenteritis with severe diarrhoea and vomiting, symptoms that may lead to severe dehydration and death. The objective of this randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled study was to investigate whether ondansetron, a serotonin receptor antagonist could attenuate rotavirus- and norovirus-induced vomiting and diarrhoea, which would facilitate oral rehydration and possibly accelerate recovery and reduce need for hospitalization. Methods Children with acute gastroenteritis, aged 6 months to 16 years where enrolled (n = 104) and randomized to one single oral dose (0.15mg/kg) of ondansetron (n = 52) or placebo (n = 52). The number of diarrhoea and vomiting episodes during the 24 hours following treatment was reported as well as the number of days with symptoms. Pathogens in faeces were diagnosed by real-time PCR. Outcome parameters were analyzed for rotavirus- and norovirus-positive children. Results One dose of oral ondansetron reduced duration of rotavirus clinical symptoms (p = 0.014), with a median of two days. Furthermore, ondansetron reduced diarrhea episodes, most pronounced in children that had been sick for more than 3 days before treatment (p = 0.028). Conclusion Ondansetron may be a beneficial treatment for children with rotavirus gastroenteritis. Trial registration European Clinical Trial Database EudraCT 2011-005700-15.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Hagbom
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Molecular Virology, Medical Faculty, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Daniel Novak
- Sahlgrenska University Hospital, The Queen Silvia Children’s Hospital, The Emergency Department, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Malin Ekström
- Sahlgrenska University Hospital, The Queen Silvia Children’s Hospital, The Emergency Department, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Younis Khalid
- Sahlgrenska University Hospital, The Queen Silvia Children’s Hospital, The Emergency Department, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Maria Andersson
- Department of Infectious Diseases/Section of Clinical Virology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Magnus Lindh
- Department of Infectious Diseases/Section of Clinical Virology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Johan Nordgren
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Molecular Virology, Medical Faculty, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Lennart Svensson
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Molecular Virology, Medical Faculty, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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14
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Immunoregulatory effect of mast cells influenced by microbes in neurodegenerative diseases. Brain Behav Immun 2017; 65:68-89. [PMID: 28676349 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
When related to central nervous system (CNS) health and disease, brain mast cells (MCs) can be a source of either beneficial or deleterious signals acting on neural cells. We review the current state of knowledge about molecular interactions between MCs and glia in neurodegenerative diseases such as Multiple Sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, Epilepsy. We also discuss the influence on MC actions evoked by the host microbiota, which has a profound effect on the host immune system, inducing important consequences in neurodegenerative disorders. Gut dysbiosis, reduced intestinal motility and increased intestinal permeability, that allow bacterial products to circulate and pass through the blood-brain barrier, are associated with neurodegenerative disease. There are differences between the microbiota of neurologic patients and healthy controls. Distinguishing between cause and effect is a challenging task, and the molecular mechanisms whereby remote gut microbiota can alter the brain have not been fully elucidated. Nevertheless, modulation of the microbiota and MC activation have been shown to promote neuroprotection. We review this new information contributing to a greater understanding of MC-microbiota-neural cells interactions modulating the brain, behavior and neurodegenerative processes.
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15
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Linan-Rico A, Ochoa-Cortes F, Beyder A, Soghomonyan S, Zuleta-Alarcon A, Coppola V, Christofi FL. Mechanosensory Signaling in Enterochromaffin Cells and 5-HT Release: Potential Implications for Gut Inflammation. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:564. [PMID: 28066160 PMCID: PMC5165017 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterochromaffin (EC) cells synthesize 95% of the body 5-HT and release 5-HT in response to mechanical or chemical stimulation. EC cell 5-HT has physiological effects on gut motility, secretion and visceral sensation. Abnormal regulation of 5-HT occurs in gastrointestinal disorders and Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD) where 5-HT may represent a key player in the pathogenesis of intestinal inflammation. The focus of this review is on mechanism(s) involved in EC cell "mechanosensation" and critical gaps in our knowledge for future research. Much of our knowledge and concepts are from a human BON cell model of EC, although more recent work has included other cell lines, native EC cells from mouse and human and intact mucosa. EC cells are "mechanosensors" that respond to physical forces generated during peristaltic activity by translating the mechanical stimulus (MS) into an intracellular biochemical response leading to 5-HT and ATP release. The emerging picture of mechanosensation includes Piezo 2 channels, caveolin-rich microdomains, and tight regulation of 5-HT release by purines. The "purinergic hypothesis" is that MS releases purines to act in an autocrine/paracrine manner to activate excitatory (P2Y1, P2Y4, P2Y6, and A2A/A2B) or inhibitory (P2Y12, A1, and A3) receptors to regulate 5-HT release. MS activates a P2Y1/Gαq/PLC/IP3-IP3R/SERCA Ca2+signaling pathway, an A2A/A2B-Gs/AC/cAMP-PKA signaling pathway, an ATP-gated P2X3 channel, and an inhibitory P2Y12-Gi/o/AC-cAMP pathway. In human IBD, P2X3 is down regulated and A2B is up regulated in EC cells, but the pathophysiological consequences of abnormal mechanosensory or purinergic 5-HT signaling remain unknown. EC cell mechanosensation remains poorly understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andromeda Linan-Rico
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wexner Medical Center at Ohio State UniversityColumbus, OH, USA; CONACYT-Centro Universitario de Investigaciones Biomedicas, University of ColimaColima, Mexico
| | - Fernando Ochoa-Cortes
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wexner Medical Center at Ohio State University Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Arthur Beyder
- Enteric Neuroscience Program, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Suren Soghomonyan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wexner Medical Center at Ohio State University Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Alix Zuleta-Alarcon
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wexner Medical Center at Ohio State University Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Vincenzo Coppola
- SBS-Cancer Biology and Genetics, Ohio State University Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Fievos L Christofi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wexner Medical Center at Ohio State University Columbus, OH, USA
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16
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Lee MY. Clinical Relevance of Serotonin Receptor Splice Variant Distribution in Human Colon. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2015; 21:303-6. [PMID: 26130626 PMCID: PMC4496895 DOI: 10.5056/jnm15093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 06/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Moon Young Lee
- Correspondence: Moon Young Lee, MD, PhD, Department of Physiology, Wonkwang Digestive Disease Research Institute and Institute of Wonkwang Medical Science, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 570-749, Korea, Tel: +82-63-850-6774, Fax: +82-63-852-6108, E-mail:
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17
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Wlodarska M, Kostic AD, Xavier RJ. An integrative view of microbiome-host interactions in inflammatory bowel diseases. Cell Host Microbe 2015; 17:577-91. [PMID: 25974300 PMCID: PMC4498258 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2015.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal microbiota, which is composed of bacteria, viruses, and micro-eukaryotes, acts as an accessory organ system with distinct functions along the intestinal tract that are critical for health. This review focuses on how the microbiota drives intestinal disease through alterations in microbial community architecture, disruption of the mucosal barrier, modulation of innate and adaptive immunity, and dysfunction of the enteric nervous system. Inflammatory bowel disease is used as a model system to understand these microbial-driven pathologies, but the knowledge gained in this space is extended to less-well-studied intestinal diseases that may also have an important microbial component, including environmental enteropathy and chronic colitis-associated colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Wlodarska
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Aleksandar D Kostic
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ramnik J Xavier
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Gastrointestinal Unit and Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Center for Microbiome Informatics and Therapeutics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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Gallegos-Perez JL, Limon A, Reyes-Ruiz JM, Alshanqeeti AS, Aljohi MA, Miledi R. Analysis of free ACh and 5-HT in milk from four different species and their bioactivity on 5-HT(3) and nACh receptors. Food Funct 2015; 5:1489-94. [PMID: 24820623 DOI: 10.1039/c3fo60458f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Milk is one of the most beneficial aliments and is highly recommended in normal conditions; however, in certain disorders, like irritable bowel syndrome, cow milk and dairy products worsen the gastric symptoms and their use is not recommended. Among the most recognized milk-induced gatrointestinal symptoms are abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting, which are processes controlled by cholinergic and serotonergic transmission. Whether the presence of bioavailable ACh and 5-HT in milk may contribute to normal peristalsis, or to the developing of these symptoms, is not known. In this work we attempt to determine whether the content of free ACh and 5-HT is of physiological significance in milk from four different species: cow (bovine), goat, camel and human. Liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used to identify and quantify free ACh and 5-HT in milk, and activation of the serotonergic and cholinergic ionotropic receptors was investigated using electrophysiological experiments. Our principal hypothesis was that milk from these four species had sufficient free ACh and 5-HT to activate their correspondent receptors expressed in a heterologous system. Our results showed a more complex picture, in which free ACh and 5-HT and their ability to activate cholinergic and serotonergic receptors are not correlated. This work is a first step to elucidate whether 5-HT and ACh, at the concentrations present in the milk, can be associated to a direct function in the GI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose-Luis Gallegos-Perez
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, 2205 McGaugh Hall, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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Collebrusco L, Lombardini R. What about OMT and nutrition for managing the irritable bowel syndrome? An overview and treatment plan. Explore (NY) 2014; 10:309-18. [PMID: 25224307 DOI: 10.1016/j.explore.2014.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A chronic continuous or intermittent gastrointestinal tract dysfunction, the irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), appears to be due to dysregulation of brain-gut-microbiota communication. Furthermore, the "microbiota" greatly impacts the bi-directional brain-gut axis communication. This article describes IBS in relation to similar diseases, presents the background to osteopathy, and proposes osteopathic manipulative treatment (OMT) to manage IBS. In IBS, OMT focuses on the nervous and circulatory systems, spine, viscera, and thoracic and pelvic diaphragms in order to restore homeostatic balance, normalize autonomic activity in the intestine, promote lymphatic flow, and address somatic dysfunction. Lymphatic and venous congestion are treated by the lymphatic pump techniques and stimulation of Chapman׳s reflex points. A simple treatment plan designed to lessen chronic pain and inflammation in IBS is presented based on current evidence-based literature. Since food itself, food allergies, and intolerance could contribute to symptom onset or even cause IBS, this article also provides dietary modifications to consider for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Collebrusco
- Rehabilitation Unit, National Health Service of Umbria, Perugia, Italy
| | - Rita Lombardini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, "S. Maria della Misericordia" Hospital, Loc. S. Andrea delle Fratte, Perugia 06156, Italy.
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20
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Wangler MF, Gonzaga-Jauregui C, Gambin T, Penney S, Moss T, Chopra A, Probst FJ, Xia F, Yang Y, Werlin S, Eglite I, Kornejeva L, Bacino CA, Baldridge D, Neul J, Lehman EL, Larson A, Beuten J, Muzny DM, Jhangiani S, Gibbs RA, Lupski JR, Beaudet A. Heterozygous de novo and inherited mutations in the smooth muscle actin (ACTG2) gene underlie megacystis-microcolon-intestinal hypoperistalsis syndrome. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004258. [PMID: 24676022 PMCID: PMC3967950 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Megacystis-microcolon-intestinal hypoperistalsis syndrome (MMIHS) is a rare disorder of enteric smooth muscle function affecting the intestine and bladder. Patients with this severe phenotype are dependent on total parenteral nutrition and urinary catheterization. The cause of this syndrome has remained a mystery since Berdon's initial description in 1976. No genes have been clearly linked to MMIHS. We used whole-exome sequencing for gene discovery followed by targeted Sanger sequencing in a cohort of patients with MMIHS and intestinal pseudo-obstruction. We identified heterozygous ACTG2 missense variants in 15 unrelated subjects, ten being apparent de novo mutations. Ten unique variants were detected, of which six affected CpG dinucleotides and resulted in missense mutations at arginine residues, perhaps related to biased usage of CpG containing codons within actin genes. We also found some of the same heterozygous mutations that we observed as apparent de novo mutations in MMIHS segregating in families with intestinal pseudo-obstruction, suggesting that ACTG2 is responsible for a spectrum of smooth muscle disease. ACTG2 encodes γ2 enteric actin and is the first gene to be clearly associated with MMIHS, suggesting an important role for contractile proteins in enteric smooth muscle disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F. Wangler
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Claudia Gonzaga-Jauregui
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Tomasz Gambin
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Institute of Computer Science, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Samantha Penney
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Timothy Moss
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Atul Chopra
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Frank J. Probst
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Fan Xia
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Yaping Yang
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Steven Werlin
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Ieva Eglite
- Children's Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia
| | | | - Carlos A. Bacino
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Dustin Baldridge
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jeff Neul
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Efrat Lev Lehman
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Austin Larson
- Department of Genetics, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Joke Beuten
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Donna M. Muzny
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Shalini Jhangiani
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | | | - Richard A. Gibbs
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - James R. Lupski
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Arthur Beaudet
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States of America
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Qian Y, Zhao X, Song JLE, Zhu K, Sun P, Li GJ, Wang R, Kan JQ. Inhibitory effects of resistant starch (RS3) as a carrier for stachyose on dextran sulfate sodium-induced ulcerative colitis in C57BL/6 mice. Exp Ther Med 2013; 6:1312-1316. [PMID: 24223664 PMCID: PMC3820662 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2013.1280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the effects of resistant starch 3 (RS3) as a carrier for stachyose on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in C57BL/6 mice. RS3 microspheres carrying stachyose (RS3 + stachyose) were produced and evaluated as a potentially improved colitis therapy for this study. The body weights of the mice treated with RS3 + stachyose were higher compared with those of DSS-treated control mice. RS3 + stachyose reduced the levels of the serum pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α to a greater extent compared with the same concentration of stachyose combined with ordinary starch (stachyose + starch). Histopathological examination of sections of colon tissues showed that the RS3 + stachyose group recovered well from colitis; however, the tissue sections of the stachyose + starch group presented necrosis to a more serious degree. These results suggest that stachyose with an RS3 carrier has better preventative effects on colitis than stachyose alone in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Qian
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715; ; Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Na'an, Chongqing 400067, P.R. China
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22
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Morais TC, Lopes SC, Carvalho KMMB, Arruda BR, de Souza FTC, Trevisan MTS, Rao VS, Santos FA. Mangiferin, a natural xanthone, accelerates gastrointestinal transit in mice involving cholinergic mechanism. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18:3207-14. [PMID: 22783044 PMCID: PMC3391757 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i25.3207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Revised: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 05/06/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the effects of mangiferin on gastrointestinal transit (GIT) in normal and constipated mice, together with the possible mechanism.
METHODS: Intragastrically-administered charcoal meal was used to measure GIT in overnight starved Swiss mice. In the first experiments, mangiferin (3 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg, 30 mg/kg, and 100 mg/kg, po) or tegaserod (1 mg/kg, ip) were administered 30 min before the charcoal meal to study their effects on normal transit. In the second series, mangiferin (30 mg/kg) was tested on delayed GIT induced by several different pharmacological agonists (morphine, clonidine, capsaicin) or antagonists (ondansetron, verapamil, and atropine) whereas in the third series, mangiferin (30 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg) or tegaserod (1 mg/kg) were tested on 6 h fecal pellets outputted by freely fed mice. The ratio of wet to dry weight was calculated and used as a marker of fecal water content.
RESULTS: Mangiferin administered orally significantly (P < 0.05) accelerated GIT at 30 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg (89% and 93%, respectively), similarly to 5-hydroxytryptamine4 (5-HT4) agonist tegaserod (81%) when compared to vehicle-treated control (63%). Co-administered mangiferin (30 mg/kg) totally reversed the inhibitory effect of opioid agonist morphine, 5-HT3-receptor antagonist ondansetron and transient receptor potential vanilloid-1 receptor agonist capsaicin on GIT, but only to a partial extent with the GIT-delay induced by α2-adrenoceptor agonist clonidine, and calcium antagonist verapamil. However, co-administered atropine completely blocked the stimulant effect of mangiferin on GIT, suggesting the involvement of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor activation. Although mangiferin significantly enhanced the 6 h fecal output at higher doses (245.5 ± 10.43 mg vs 161.9 ± 10.82 mg and 227.1 ± 20.11 mg vs 161.9 ± 10.82 mg of vehicle-treated control, at 30 and 100 mg/kg, P < 0.05, respectively), the effect of tegaserod was more potent (297.4 ± 7.42 mg vs 161.9 ± 10.82 mg of vehicle-treated control, P < 0.05). Unlike tegaserod, which showed an enhanced water content in fecal pellets (59.20% ± 1.09% vs 51.44% ± 1.19% of control, P < 0.05), mangiferin evidenced no such effect, indicating that it has only a motor and not a secretomotor effect.
CONCLUSION: Our data indicate the prokinetic action of mangiferin. It can stimulate the normal GIT and also overcome the drug-induced transit delay, via a cholinergic physiological mechanism.
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Machu TK. Therapeutics of 5-HT3 receptor antagonists: current uses and future directions. Pharmacol Ther 2011; 130:338-47. [PMID: 21356241 PMCID: PMC3103470 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2011.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2011] [Accepted: 02/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The 5-Hydroxytryptamine3 (5-HT3) receptor is a member of the cys-loop family of ligand gated ion channels, of which the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor is the prototype. All other 5-HT receptors identified to date are metabotropic receptors. The 5-HT3 receptor is present in the central and peripheral nervous systems, as well as a number of non-nervous tissues. As an ion channel that is permeable to the cations, Na(+), K(+), and Ca(2+), the 5-HT3 receptor mediates fast depolarizing responses in pre- and post-synaptic neurons. As such, 5-HT3 receptor antagonists that are used clinically block afferent and efferent synaptic transmission. The most well established physiological roles of the 5-HT3 receptor are to coordinate emesis and regulate gastrointestinal motility. Currently marketed 5-HT3 receptor antagonists are indicated for the treatment of chemotherapy, radiation, and anesthesia-induced nausea and vomiting, as well as irritable bowel syndrome. Other therapeutic uses that have been explored include pain and drug addiction. The 5-HT3 receptor is one of a number of receptors that play a role in mediating nausea and vomiting, and as such, 5-HT3 receptor antagonists demonstrate the greatest anti-emetic efficacy when administered in combination with other drug classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina K Machu
- Dept. of Medical Education and Dept. of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd. Fort Worth, TX 76107-2699, USA.
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Hayes DJ, Greenshaw AJ. 5-HT receptors and reward-related behaviour: a review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2011; 35:1419-49. [PMID: 21402098 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2010] [Revised: 03/03/2011] [Accepted: 03/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The brain's serotonin (5-HT) system is key in the regulation of reward-related behaviours, from eating and drinking to sexual activity. The complexity of studying this system is due, in part, to the fact that 5-HT acts at many receptor subtypes throughout the brain. The recent development of drugs with greater selectivity for individual receptor subtypes has allowed for rapid advancements in our understanding of this system. Use of these drugs in combination with animal models entailing selective reward measures (i.e. intracranial self-stimulation, drug self-administration, conditioned place preference) have resulted in a greater understanding of the pharmacology of reward-related processing and behaviour (particularly regarding drugs of abuse). The putative roles of each 5-HT receptor subtype in the pharmacology of reward are outlined and discussed here. It is concluded that the actions of 5-HT in reward are receptor subtype-dependent (and thus should not be generalized) and that all studied subtypes appear to have a unique profile which is determined by content (e.g. receptor function, localization - both throughout the brain and within the synapse) and context (e.g. type of behavioural paradigm, type of drug). Given evidence of altered reward-related processing and serotonergic function in numerous neuropsychiatric disorders, such as depression, schizophrenia, and addiction, a clearer understanding of the role of 5-HT receptor subtypes in this context may lead to improved drug development and therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dave J Hayes
- Centre for Neuroscience, 513 HMRC, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2S2, Canada.
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Friedrich M, Grady SE, Wall GC. Effects of antidepressants in patients with irritable bowel syndrome and comorbid depression. Clin Ther 2010; 32:1221-33. [PMID: 20678672 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2010.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional gastrointestinal disorder that affects up to 15% of community dwelling individuals. Psychiatric comorbidities, particularly symptoms of major depressive disorder (MDD), occur in up to 90% of patients with IBS. OBJECTIVE This article reviews the available literature on the use of antidepressants for both IBS and psychiatric depressive symptoms in patients with IBS. METHODS MEDLINE and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (both, 1980-May 2010) were searched for English-language publications that involved antidepressant treatment of MDD in patients with IBS. The search terms were depression, irritable, bowel, treatment, and functional. The reference lists of key articles were searched for additional pertinent articles. Randomized controlled trials published in the past 10 years were given priority. RESULTS Of 46 articles identified by the literature search, 11 were included in the review: 4 studies of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), 4 of tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), 1 comparing an SSRI and a TCA, 1 of the serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor duloxetine, and a case report involving the tetracyclic antidepressant mirtazapine. Most of the identified studies excluded patients with a diagnosis of depression and/or anxiety. No controlled studies were identified in which the primary outcome was objective assessment of MDD symptoms in patients with IBS. Two of the SSRI studies, one of citalopram and the other of paroxetine, reported approximately 50% improvement in IBS symptoms (both studies, P = 0.01); the study of paroxetine reported a 30% improvement in scores on the Beck Depression Inventory (P = 0.01). The 2 studies of fluoxetine found no statistically significant benefit on IBS symptoms. TCAs were reported to have benefits on IBS symptoms, predominantly diarrhea. Only one of the TCA studies examined and found a significant improvement in depressive symptoms with desipramine 150 mg/d (P = 0.025). Both the open-label study of duloxetine and the case report involving mirtazapine found improvements in IBS and psychiatric symptoms. CONCLUSIONS The evidence for the benefit of antidepressant treatment in patients with IBS and comorbid depression was limited and contradictory. Some anti-depressants may help symptoms of IBS, although whether the same drugs and doses are associated with improvements in concomitant depressive symptoms remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Kyung Jung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ewha Medical Research Institute, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Grundmann O, Yoon SL. Irritable bowel syndrome: epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment: an update for health-care practitioners. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010; 25:691-9. [PMID: 20074154 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2009.06120.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), a chronic gastrointestinal disorder, affects from 3-20% of the US population, depending on sociocultural and comorbid factors. IBS is characterized by a symptom complex of abdominal pain and abnormal bowel habits that present as diarrhea or constipation, and general physical weakness in the absence of abnormal morphological, histological or inflammatory markers. The main diagnostic Rome III criteria as established by international professional organizations are based on exclusion criteria and the occurrence and rate of symptoms. Because the pathophysiology and causes of IBS are poorly understood, treatment approaches are mainly focused on symptom management to maintain everyday functioning and improve quality of life for persons with IBS. The mainstay of intervention is pharmacological treatment with antispasmodics and antidiarrheals for diarrhea, prokinetics and high-fiber diets for constipation, and supportive therapy with low-dose antidepressants to normalize gastrointestinal motility. Other interventions include lifestyle and dietary changes, psychotherapy, herbal therapies and acupuncture. The purpose of this review is to critically assess benefits and risks of current treatment approaches as well as promising complementary and alternative therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Grundmann
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida, FL 32610, USA.
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HEREDIA DANTEJ, DICKSON EAMONNJ, BAYGUINOV PETERO, HENNIG GRANTW, SMITH TERENCEK. Localized release of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) by a fecal pellet regulates migrating motor complexes in murine colon. Gastroenterology 2009; 136:1328-38. [PMID: 19138686 PMCID: PMC2982771 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2008.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2008] [Revised: 11/25/2008] [Accepted: 12/04/2008] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The colonic migrating motor complex (CMMC) is a motor pattern that regulates the movement of fecal matter through a rhythmic sequence of electrical activity and/or contractions along the large bowel. CMMCs have largely been studied in empty preparations; we investigated whether local reflexes generated by a fecal pellet modify the CMMC to initiate propulsive activity. METHODS Recordings of CMMCs were made from the isolated murine large bowel, with or without a fecal pellet. Transducers were placed along the colon to record muscle tension and propulsive force on the pellet and microelectrodes were used to record electrical activity from either side of a fecal pellet, circular muscle cells oral and anal of a pellet, and in colons without the mucosa. RESULTS Spontaneous CMMCs propagated in both an oral or anal direction. When a pellet was inserted, CMMCs increased in frequency and propagated anally, exerting propulsive force on the pellet. The amplitude of slow waves increased during the CMMC. Localized mucosal stimulation/circumferential stretch evoked a CMMC, regardless of stimulus strength. The serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine-3) receptor antagonist ondansetron reduced the amplitude of the CMMC, the propulsive force on the pellet, and the response to mucosal stroking, but increased the apparent conduction velocity of the CMMC. Removing the mucosa abolished spontaneous CMMCs, which still could be evoked by electrical stimulation. CONCLUSIONS The fecal pellet activates local mucosal reflexes, which release serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) from enterochromaffin cells, and stretch reflexes that determine the site of origin and propagation of the CMMC, facilitating propulsion.
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