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Schierbauer J, Sanfilippo S, Grothoff A, Fehr U, Wachsmuth N, Voit T, Zimmermann P, Moser O. Effect of Fluid Intake on Acute Changes in Plasma Volume: A Randomized Controlled Crossover Pilot Trial. Metabolites 2024; 14:263. [PMID: 38786740 PMCID: PMC11123201 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14050263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Plasma volume (PV) undergoes constant and dynamic changes, leading to a large intra-day variability in healthy individuals. Hydration is known to induce PV changes; however, the response to the intake of osmotically different fluids is still not fully understood. In a randomized controlled crossover trial, 18 healthy individuals (10 females) orally received an individual amount of an isotonic sodium-chloride (ISO), Ringer (RIN), or glucose (GLU) solution. Hemoglobin mass (Hbmass) was determined with the optimized carbon monoxide re-breathing method. Fluid-induced changes in PV were subsequently calculated based on capillary hemoglobin concentration ([Hb]) and hematocrit (Hct) before and then every 10 minutes until 120 min (t0-120) after the fluid intake and compared to a control trial arm (CON), where no fluid was administered. Within GLU and CON trial arms, no statistically significant differences from baseline until t120 were found (p > 0.05). In the ISO trial arm, PV was significantly increased at t70 (+138 mL, p = 0.01), t80 (+191 mL, p < 0.01), and t110 (+182 mL, p = 0.01) when compared to t0. Moreover, PV in the ISO trial arm was significantly higher at t70 (p = 0.02), t110 (p = 0.04), and t120 (p = 0.01) when compared to the same time points in the CON trial arm. Within the RIN trial arm, PV was significantly higher between t70 and t90 (+183 mL, p = 0.01) and between t110 (+194 mL, p = 0.03) and t120 (+186 mL, p < 0.01) when compared to t0. These results demonstrated that fluids with a higher content of osmotically active particles lead to acute hemodilution, which is associated with a decrease in [Hb] and Hct. These findings underpin the importance of the hydration state on PV and especially on PV constituent levels in healthy individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janis Schierbauer
- Division of Exercise Physiology and Metabolism, Bayreuth Centre of Sport Science, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany; (S.S.); (A.G.); (U.F.); (N.W.); (T.V.); (P.Z.); (O.M.)
| | - Sabrina Sanfilippo
- Division of Exercise Physiology and Metabolism, Bayreuth Centre of Sport Science, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany; (S.S.); (A.G.); (U.F.); (N.W.); (T.V.); (P.Z.); (O.M.)
| | - Auguste Grothoff
- Division of Exercise Physiology and Metabolism, Bayreuth Centre of Sport Science, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany; (S.S.); (A.G.); (U.F.); (N.W.); (T.V.); (P.Z.); (O.M.)
| | - Ulrich Fehr
- Division of Exercise Physiology and Metabolism, Bayreuth Centre of Sport Science, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany; (S.S.); (A.G.); (U.F.); (N.W.); (T.V.); (P.Z.); (O.M.)
| | - Nadine Wachsmuth
- Division of Exercise Physiology and Metabolism, Bayreuth Centre of Sport Science, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany; (S.S.); (A.G.); (U.F.); (N.W.); (T.V.); (P.Z.); (O.M.)
| | - Thomas Voit
- Division of Exercise Physiology and Metabolism, Bayreuth Centre of Sport Science, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany; (S.S.); (A.G.); (U.F.); (N.W.); (T.V.); (P.Z.); (O.M.)
| | - Paul Zimmermann
- Division of Exercise Physiology and Metabolism, Bayreuth Centre of Sport Science, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany; (S.S.); (A.G.); (U.F.); (N.W.); (T.V.); (P.Z.); (O.M.)
| | - Othmar Moser
- Division of Exercise Physiology and Metabolism, Bayreuth Centre of Sport Science, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany; (S.S.); (A.G.); (U.F.); (N.W.); (T.V.); (P.Z.); (O.M.)
- Interdisciplinary Metabolic Medicine Trials Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
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Schierbauer J, Ficher S, Zimmermann P, Wachsmuth NB, Schmidt WFJ. Cardiac stroke volume in females and its correlation to blood volume and cardiac dimensions. Front Physiol 2022; 13:895805. [PMID: 36237526 PMCID: PMC9551173 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.895805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to continuously determine the stroke volume (SV) and blood volume (BV) during incremental exercise to evaluate the individual SV course and to correlate both variables across different exercise intensities. Twenty-six females with heterogeneous endurance capacities performed an incremental cycle ergometer test to continuously determine the oxygen uptake (V̇O2), cardiac output (Q̇) and changes in BV. Q̇ was determined by impedance cardiography and resting cardiac dimensions by 2D echocardiography. Hemoglobin mass and BV were determined using a carbon monoxide-rebreathing method. V̇O2max ranged from 32 to 62 mL·kg−1·min−1. Q̇max and SVmax ranged from 16.4 to 31.6 L·min−1 and 90–170 mL, respectively. The SV significantly increased from rest to 40% and from 40% to 80% V̇O2max. Changes in SV from rest to 40% V̇O2max were negatively (r = −0.40, p = 0.05), between 40% and 80% positively correlated with BV (r = 0.45, p < 0.05). At each exercise intensity, the SV was significantly correlated with the BV and the cardiac dimensions, i.e., left ventricular muscle mass (LVMM) and end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD). The BV decreased by 280 ± 115 mL (5.7%, p = 0.001) until maximum exercise. We found no correlation between the changes in BV and the changes in SV between each exercise intensity. The hemoglobin concentration [Hb] increased by 0.8 ± 0.3 g·dL−1, the capillary oxygen saturation (ScO2) decreased by 4.0% (p < 0.001). As a result, the calculated arterial oxygen content significantly increased (18.5 ± 1.0 vs. 18.9 ± 1.0 mL·dL−1, p = 0.001). A 1 L higher BV at V̇O2max was associated with a higher SVmax of 16.2 mL (r = 0.63, p < 0.001) and Q̇max of 2.5 L·min−1 (r = 0.56, p < 0.01). In conclusion, the SV strongly correlates with the cardiac dimensions, which might be the result of adaptations to an increased volume load. The positive effect of a high BV on SV is particularly noticeable at high and severe intensity exercise. The theoretically expected reduction in V̇O2max due to lower SV as a consequence of reduced BV is apparently compensated by the increased arterial oxygen content due to a higher [Hb].
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Affiliation(s)
- Janis Schierbauer
- Division of Exercise Physiology and Metabolism, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
- Department of Sports Medicine/Sports Physiology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
- *Correspondence: Janis Schierbauer,
| | - Sandra Ficher
- Department of Sports Medicine/Sports Physiology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Paul Zimmermann
- Division of Exercise Physiology and Metabolism, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
- Department of Cardiology, Klinikum Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany
| | - Nadine B. Wachsmuth
- Division of Exercise Physiology and Metabolism, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
- Department of Sports Medicine/Sports Physiology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Walter F. J. Schmidt
- Department of Sports Medicine/Sports Physiology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
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Philp CP, Pitchford NW, Visentin DC, Kitic CM, Fell JW, Buchheit M, Minson CT, Gregory JR, Watson G. Can ten days of heat acclimation training improve temperate-condition rowing performance in national-level rowers? PLoS One 2022; 17:e0273909. [PMID: 36048867 PMCID: PMC9436058 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0273909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated whether heat acclimation (HA) could improve rowing performance in temperate conditions in national-level rowers. Using a parallel-group design, eleven rowers (3 female, 8 male, age: 21±3 years, height: 182.3±6.8cm, mass: 79.2±9.0kg, V˙O2peak: 61.4±5.1ml·kg·min-1) completed either a HA intervention (HEAT, n = 5) or acted as controls (CON, n = 6). The intervention replaced usual cross-training sessions and consisted of an hour of submaximal cycling or rowing ergometry in either 34±0°C for HEAT or 14±1°C for CON daily over two five-day blocks (10 sessions total), separated by 72h. Participants performed the ‘10+4’ test that consists of 10-min submaximal rowing and a 4-min time-trial (TT) in temperate conditions (20±0°C) before and after the intervention. Heat acclimation following the 10-session intervention was evidenced by large significant (p<0.05) decreases in maximum tympanic temperature (d = -1.68) and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) (d = -2.26), and a large significant increase in sweat loss (d = 0.91). Large non-significant (p>0.05) decreases were seen in average tympanic temperature (d = -3.08) and average heart rate (d = -1.53) in HEAT from session 2 to session 10 of the intervention. Furthermore, a large significant increase was seen in plasma volume (d = 3.74), with large significant decreases in haemoglobin concentration (d = -1.78) and hematocrit (d = -12.9). Following the intervention, large non-significant increases in respiratory exchange ratio (d = 0.87) and blood lactate (d = 1.40) as well as a large non-significant decrease in RPE (d = -1.23) were seen in HEAT during the 10-min submaximal rowing. A large significant decrease in peak heart rate (d = -2.27), as well as a large non-significant decrease in relative V˙O2peak (d = -0.90) and large non-significant increases in respiratory exchange ratio (d = 1.18), blood lactate concentration (d = 1.25) and power output (d = 0.96) were seen in HEAT during the 4-min TT. This study suggests that a 10-session HA intervention may elicit HA in national-level rowers, with potential to improve 4-min TT performance in temperate conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calvin P. Philp
- Sport Performance Optimisation Research Team, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Nathan W. Pitchford
- Sport Performance Optimisation Research Team, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Denis C. Visentin
- Sport Performance Optimisation Research Team, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Cecilia M. Kitic
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - James W. Fell
- Sport Performance Optimisation Research Team, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Martin Buchheit
- French National Institute of Sport (INSEP), Laboratory of Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), Paris, France
- Institute for Health & Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- HIIT Science, Revelstoke, BC, Canada
- Kitman Labs, Performance Research Intelligence Initiative, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Christopher T. Minson
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, United States of America
| | - John R. Gregory
- Sports Performance Unit, Tasmanian Institute of Sport, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Greig Watson
- Sport Performance Optimisation Research Team, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
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Izem O, Mourot L, Tordi N, Grandperrin A, Obert P, Rupp T, Nottin S. Key role of left ventricular untwisting in endurance cyclists at onset of exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2021; 131:1565-1574. [PMID: 34590909 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00907.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The rise in oxygen consumption during the transition from rest to exercise is faster in those who are endurance-trained than those who have sedentary lifestyles, partly due to a more efficient cardiac response. However, data regarding this acute cardiac response in trained individuals are limited to heart rate (HR), stroke volume, and cardiac output. Considering this, we compared cardiac kinetics, including left ventricular (LV) strains and twist/untwist mechanics, between endurance-trained cyclists and their sedentary counterparts. Twenty young, male, trained cyclists and 23 untrained participants aged 18-25 yr performed five similar constant workload exercises on a cyclo-ergometer (target HR: 130 beats/min). During each session, LV myocardial diastolic and systolic linear strains, as well as torsional mechanics, were assessed using speckle-tracking echocardiography. Cardiac function was evaluated every 15 s during the first minute and every 30 s thereafter, until 240 s. Stroke volume increased during the first 30-45 s in both groups but to a significantly greater extent in trained cyclists (31% vs. 24%). Systolic parameters were similar in both groups. Transmitral peak filling velocity and peak filling rate responded faster to exercise and with greater amplitude in trained cyclists. Left ventricular filling pressure was lower in the former, whereas LV relaxation was greater but only at the base of the left ventricle. Basal rotation and peak untwisting rate responded faster and to a greater extent in the cyclists. This study provides new mechanical insights into the key role of LV untwisting in the more efficient acute cardiac response of endurance-trained athletes at onset of exercise.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Our study assessed for the first time, to our knowledge, the kinetics of left ventricular function during the transition from rest to constant-load exercise in endurance-trained subjects. We observed a faster cardiac response in cyclists characterized by a faster response of cardiac output, left ventricular transmitral filling, basal rotation, and untwisting. This study highlighted the key role of left ventricular twisting mechanics in the more efficient acute cardiac response of endurance-trained athletes at onset of exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laurent Mourot
- University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France.,Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Nicolas Tordi
- University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | | | | | - Thomas Rupp
- LIBM, Inter-university Laboratory of Human Movement Science, University Savoie Mont Blanc, Chambéry, France
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Schierbauer J, Hoffmeister T, Treff G, Wachsmuth NB, Schmidt WFJ. Effect of Exercise-Induced Reductions in Blood Volume on Cardiac Output and Oxygen Transport Capacity. Front Physiol 2021; 12:679232. [PMID: 34135772 PMCID: PMC8201095 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.679232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We wanted to demonstrate the relationship between blood volume, cardiac size, cardiac output and maximum oxygen uptake (V.O2max) and to quantify blood volume shifts during exercise and their impact on oxygen transport. Twenty-four healthy, non-smoking, heterogeneously trained male participants (27 ± 4.6 years) performed incremental cycle ergometer tests to determine V.O2max and changes in blood volume and cardiac output. Cardiac output was determined by an inert gas rebreathing procedure. Heart dimensions were determined by 3D echocardiography. Blood volume and hemoglobin mass were determined by using the optimized CO-rebreathing method. The V.O2max ranged between 47.5 and 74.1 mL⋅kg–1⋅min–1. Heart volume ranged between 7.7 and 17.9 mL⋅kg–1 and maximum cardiac output ranged between 252 and 434 mL⋅kg–1⋅min–1. The mean blood volume decreased by 8% (567 ± 187 mL, p = 0.001) until maximum exercise, leading to an increase in [Hb] by 1.3 ± 0.4 g⋅dL–1 while peripheral oxygen saturation decreased by 6.1 ± 2.4%. There were close correlations between resting blood volume and heart volume (r = 0.73, p = 0.002), maximum blood volume and maximum cardiac output (r = 0.68, p = 0.001), and maximum cardiac output and V.O2max (r = 0.76, p < 0.001). An increase in maximum blood volume by 1,000 mL was associated with an increase in maximum stroke volume by 25 mL and in maximum cardiac output by 3.5 L⋅min–1. In conclusion, blood volume markedly decreased until maximal exhaustion, potentially affecting the stroke volume response during exercise. Simultaneously, hemoconcentrations maintained the arterial oxygen content and compensated for the potential loss in maximum cardiac output. Therefore, a large blood volume at rest is an important factor for achieving a high cardiac output during exercise and blood volume shifts compensate for the decrease in peripheral oxygen saturation, thereby maintaining a high arteriovenous oxygen difference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janis Schierbauer
- Department of Sports Medicine/Sports Physiology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany.,Department of Exercise Physiology and Metabolism, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Torben Hoffmeister
- Department of Sports Medicine/Sports Physiology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany.,Institute of Applied Training Science, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gunnar Treff
- Division of Sports and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Nadine B Wachsmuth
- Department of Sports Medicine/Sports Physiology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany.,Department of Exercise Physiology and Metabolism, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Walter F J Schmidt
- Department of Sports Medicine/Sports Physiology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
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Beaumont AJ, Grace FM, Richards JC, Campbell AK, Sculthorpe NF. Aerobic Training Protects Cardiac Function During Advancing Age: A Meta-Analysis of Four Decades of Controlled Studies. Sports Med 2020; 49:199-219. [PMID: 30374946 PMCID: PMC6513799 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-018-1004-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Background In contrast to younger athletes, there is comparatively less literature examining cardiac structure and function in older athletes. However, a progressive accumulation of studies during the past four decades offers a body of literature worthy of systematic scrutiny. Objectives We conducted a systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression of controlled echocardiography studies comparing left ventricular (LV) structure and function in aerobically trained older athletes (> 45 years) with age-matched untrained controls, in addition to investigating the influence of chronological age. Methods Electronic databases were searched from inception to January 2018 before conducting a random-effects meta-analysis to calculate pooled differences in means, effect size and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Study heterogeneity was reported using Cochran’s Q and I2 statistic. Results Overall, 32 studies (644 athletes; 582 controls) were included. Athletes had greater LV end-diastolic diameter (3.65 mm, 95% CI 2.66–4.64), interventricular septal thickness (1.23 mm, 95% CI 0.85–1.60), posterior wall thickness (1.20 mm, 95% CI 0.83–1.56), LV mass (72 g, 95% CI 46–98), LV mass index (28.17 g·m2, 95% CI 19.84–36.49) and stroke volume (13.59 mL, 95% CI 7.20–19.98) (all p < 0.01). Athletes had superior global diastolic function [ratio of early (E) to late (A) mitral inflow velocity (E/A) 0.18, 95% CI 0.13–0.24, p < 0.01; ratio of early (e′) to late (a′) diastolic annular tissue velocity (e′/a′) 0.23, 95% CI 0.06–0.40, p = 0.01], lower A (−8.20 cm·s−1, 95% CI −11.90 to −4.51, p < 0.01) and a′ (−0.72 cm·s−1, 95% CI −1.31 to −0.12, p = 0.02), and more rapid e′ (0.96 cm·s−1, 95% CI 0.05–1.86, p = 0.04). Meta-regression for chronological age identified that athlete–control differences, in the main, are maintained during advancing age. Conclusions Athletic older men have larger cardiac dimensions and enjoy more favourable cardiac function than healthy, non-athletic counterparts. Notably, the athlete groups maintain these effects during chronological ageing. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s40279-018-1004-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Beaumont
- School of Health and Life Science, Institute of Clinical Exercise and Health Science, University of the West of Scotland, Glasgow, UK
| | - Fergal M Grace
- Human Movement and Sports Science Group, Faculty of Health, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, VIC, Australia
| | - Joanna C Richards
- School of Sport Science and Physical Activity, Institute of Sport and Physical Activity Research, University of Bedfordshire, Bedford, UK
| | - Amy K Campbell
- School of Health and Life Science, Institute of Clinical Exercise and Health Science, University of the West of Scotland, Glasgow, UK
| | - Nicholas F Sculthorpe
- School of Health and Life Science, Institute of Clinical Exercise and Health Science, University of the West of Scotland, Glasgow, UK.
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Gmada N, Al-Hadabi B, Haj Sassi R, Abdel Samia B, Bouhlel E. Relationship between oxygen pulse and arteriovenous oxygen difference in healthy subjects: Effect of exercise intensity. Sci Sports 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2019.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Runacres A, Mackintosh KA, McNarry MA. The effect of constant-intensity endurance training and high-intensity interval training on aerobic and anaerobic parameters in youth. J Sports Sci 2019; 37:2492-2498. [PMID: 31319760 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2019.1644890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) and Constant-Intensity Endurance Training (CIET) improves peak oxygen uptake (V̇O2) similarly in adults; but in children this remains unclear, as does the influence of maturity. METHODS Thirty-seven boys formed three groups: HIIT (football; n = 14; 14.3 ± 3.1 years), CIET (distance runners; n = 12; 13.1 ± 2.5 years) and a control (CON) group (n = 11; 13.7 ± 3.2 years). Peak V̇O2 and gas exchange threshold (GET) were determined from a ramp test and anaerobic performance using a 30 m sprint pre-and-post a three-month training cycle. RESULTS The HIIT groups peak V̇O2 was significantly higher than the CON group pre (peak V̇O2: 2.54 ± 0.63 l·min-1 vs 2.03 ± 0.53 l·min-1, d = 0.88; GET: 1.41 ± 0.26 l·min-1 vs 1.13 ± 0.29 l·min-1, d = 1.02) and post-training (peak V̇O2: 2.63 ± 0.73 l·min-1 vs 2.08 ± 0.64 l·min-1, d = 0.80; GET: 1.32 ± 0.33 l·min-1 vs 1.15 ± 0.38 l·min-1, d = 0.48). All groups showed a similar magnitude of change during the training (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION HIIT was not superior to CIET for improving aerobic or anaerobic parameters in adolescents. Secondly, pre- and post-pubertal participants demonstrated similar trainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Runacres
- College of Engineering, Swansea University , Wales , UK
| | | | - M A McNarry
- College of Engineering, Swansea University , Wales , UK
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Zhang Y, Fan X, Qi L, Xu L, Du C. Comparison of central hemodynamic parameters for young basketball athletes and control group. Acta Cardiol 2017; 73:1-7. [PMID: 29283315 DOI: 10.1080/00015385.2017.1421123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long-term exercise training may have negative effects on cardiovascular functions. Measurement and calculation of central hemodynamic parameters can comprehensively evaluate the cardiovascular functions. This study aims to compare the central hemodynamics between young basketball athletes and matched controls. METHODS Total 19 young long-term trained male basketball athletes and 17 matched male recreationally active controls participated. The central hemodynamic parameters such as central blood pressure, pulse pressure, heart rate (HR), augmentation index normalised to 75 bpm (AIx@HR75), augmentation index (AIx), ejection duration (ED), sub-endocardial viability ratio (SEVR) were measured, and total peripheral resistance (TPR), stroke volume (SV) and cardiac output (CO) were calculated. Non-parameter tests and t-test were used to analyse the central hemodynamic parameters between athletes and controls. RESULTS HR (56 ± 5 bpm versus 79 ± 9 bpm, p < .001), AIx@HR75 (-8 ± 10% versus -1 ± 10%, p < .05), ED (28 ± 2% versus 36 ± 3%, p < .001) and TPR (0.004 ± 0.006 mmHg s/mL versus 0.012 ± 0.006 mmHg s/mL, p < .001) were significantly lower in basketball athletes compared to the controls. SEVR (231 ± 32% versus 159 ± 21%, p < .001) and SV (154 ± 50 mL versus 101 ± 43 mL, p < .01) were significantly higher in basketball athletes than those in the controls. However, there were no significant differences in central blood pressure, pulse pressure, AIx and CO between them. CONCLUSIONS There is no negative effect on central hemodynamics in young basketball athletes after long-term exercise training. The young basketball athletes have a higher myocardial perfusion, higher efficiency of blood supply, stronger vascular functions and better balance of myocardial oxygen of supply and demand than the controls in this central hemodynamic parameters analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahui Zhang
- a Sino-Dutch Biomedical and Information Engineering School , Northeastern University , Shenyang , Liaoning , China
| | - Xiaobing Fan
- b Department of Radiology , University of Chicago , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Lin Qi
- a Sino-Dutch Biomedical and Information Engineering School , Northeastern University , Shenyang , Liaoning , China
| | - Lisheng Xu
- a Sino-Dutch Biomedical and Information Engineering School , Northeastern University , Shenyang , Liaoning , China
- c Key Laboratory of Medical Image Computing , Ministry of Education , Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Chenglin Du
- d Department of Physical Education , Northeastern University , Shenyang , Liaoning Province , China
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Nikooie R. Determination of Anaerobic Threshold by Monitoring the O2 Pulse Changes in Endurance Cyclists. J Strength Cond Res 2015; 30:1700-7. [PMID: 26554552 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the validity of anaerobic threshold (AnT)-equivalent to the second turn point for lactate (LTP2)-estimation using the O2 pulse changes in highly trained endurance cyclists who do not show heart rate deflection point (HRDP) during incremental testing. Sixteen endurance cyclists (age, 24.8 ± 4.7 years) and fifteen active men (age, 24.8 ± 3.7 years) performed an incremental cycling test to exhaustion. Pulmonary oxygen uptake (V[Combining Dot Above]O2) and other hemodynamic variables, heart rate, and blood lactate concentration were measured continuously throughout the test. O2 pulse anaerobic threshold (O2 pulse-AnT) was defined as the second turn point in O2 pulse-workload curve. LTP2 was considered as gold standard assessment of AnT and was applied to confirm the validity of O2 pulse-AnT. Intraclass correlation coefficients and the Bland-Altman method were used to determine the relationship and agreement between the O2 corresponding to LTP2 and O2 pulse-AnT, respectively. The active men and 68.7% of the endurance cyclists showed HRDP, whereas all subjects showed O2 pulse-AnT during incremental testing. In both groups, the values for V[Combining Dot Above]O2 corresponding to LTP2 were not significantly different from the V[Combining Dot Above]O2 at O2 pulse-AnT. The V[Combining Dot Above]O2 at LTP2 and O2 pulse-AnT were highly correlated (endurance cyclists: R = 0.68; standard error of estimate [SEE] = 3.74 ml·kg·min and active men: R = 0.58; SEE = 2.91 ml·kg·min) and Bland-Altman plot revealed the limit of agreement of O2 at LTP2 and O2 pulse-AnT differences between 5.1 and 8.6 ml·kg·min (95% CI). In summary, results of this study showed that the second turn point in the O2 pulse-workload curve occurs around LTP2. Therefore, using O2 pulse-AnT is recommended for the noninvasive determination of AnT in highly trained endurance cyclists who do not show HRDP during incremental exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohollah Nikooie
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Science, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
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Sugiura Kojima M, Noda A, Miyata S, Kojima J, Hara Y, Minoshima M, Murohara T. The Effect of Habitual Physical Training on Left Ventricular Function During Exercise Assessed by Three-Dimensional Echocardiography. Echocardiography 2015; 32:1670-5. [PMID: 25817077 DOI: 10.1111/echo.12934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stroke volume (SV) in trained athletes continuously increases with progressive exercise intensity. We studied whether physical training affected left ventricle (LV) function response to exercise using 3D echocardiography and tissue Doppler imaging (TDI). METHODS Eleven male university athletes and 12 male university nonathletes were enrolled in this study. After baseline data were collected, subjects performed a symptom-limited supine bicycle ergometer exercise test. Initial workload was 25 Watts (W) and increased 25 W every 3 minutes. At rest and every exercise stage, LV end-systolic and diastolic volume index (LVEDVI and LVESVI), SV index (SVI), cardiac index (CI), LV ejection fraction (LVEF), and early lateral mitral flow velocity (Ea) were evaluated. Heart rate (HR), and systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP) were continuously recorded. RESULTS Nonathletes showed a slow increase in CI, and SVI reached a plateau value at a HR of 90 beats per minute (bpm). In contrast, CI and SVI increased progressively and continuously in athletes. Both CI and SVI were significantly higher in athletes than in nonathletes at HRs of 100, 110, and 120 bpm. LVEDVI kept increasing in athletes while it plateaued in nonathletes. In contrast, LVESV decreased continuously during exercise in both groups. There was no significant difference in LVEF, Ea, SBP, or DBP at rest and during exercise between the two groups. CONCLUSION LV responses to exercise in athletes were different from those of in nonathletes; thus, habitual physical training may play an important role in the increase in both SVI and CI in young individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Akiko Noda
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chubu University, Kasugai, Japan
| | - Seiko Miyata
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chubu University, Kasugai, Japan
| | - Jun Kojima
- Nagoya University School of Health Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yuki Hara
- Nagoya University School of Health Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
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12
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McNarry MA, Mackintosh KA, Stoedefalke K. Longitudinal investigation of training status and cardiopulmonary responses in pre- and early-pubertal children. Eur J Appl Physiol 2014; 114:1573-80. [PMID: 24770727 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-014-2890-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The presence of a maturational threshold that modulates children's physiological responses to exercise training continues to be debated, not least due to a lack of longitudinal evidence to address this question. The purpose of this study was to investigate the interaction between swim-training status and maturity in nineteen trained (T, 10 ± 1 years, -2.4 ± 1.9 years pre-peak height velocity, 8 boys) and fifteen untrained (UT, 10 ± 1 years, -2.3 ± 0.9 years pre-peak height velocity, 5 boys) children, at three annual measurements. METHODS In addition to pulmonary gas exchange measurements, stroke volume (SV) and cardiac output ([Formula: see text]) were estimated by thoracic bioelectrical impedance during incremental ramp exercise. RESULTS At baseline and both subsequent measurement points, trained children had significantly (P < 0.05) higher peak oxygen uptake (year 1 T 1.75 ± 0.34 vs. UT 1.49 ± 0.22; year 2 T 2.01 ± 0.31 vs. UT 1.65 ± 0.08; year 3 T 2.07 ± 0.30 vs. UT 1.77 ± 0.16 l min(-1)) and [Formula: see text] (year 1 T 15.0 ± 2.9 vs. UT 13.2 ± 2.2; year 2 T 16.1 ± 2.8 vs. UT 13.8 ± 2.9; year 3 T 19.3 ± 4.4 vs. UT 16.0 ± 2.7 l min(-1)). Furthermore, the SV response pattern differed significantly with training status, demonstrating the conventional plateau in UT but a progressive increase in T. Multilevel modelling revealed that none of the measured pulmonary or cardiovascular parameters interacted with maturational status, and the magnitude of the difference between T and UT was similar, irrespective of maturational status. CONCLUSION The results of this novel longitudinal study challenge the notion that differences in training status in young people are only evident once a maturational threshold has been exceeded.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A McNarry
- College of Engineering, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK,
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McNarry M, Jones A. The influence of training status on the aerobic and anaerobic responses to exercise in children: A review. Eur J Sport Sci 2012; 14 Suppl 1:S57-68. [DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2011.643316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Stöhr EJ, González-Alonso J, Shave R. Left ventricular mechanical limitations to stroke volume in healthy humans during incremental exercise. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2011; 301:H478-87. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00314.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
During incremental exercise, stroke volume (SV) plateaus at 40–50% of maximal exercise capacity. In healthy individuals, left ventricular (LV) twist and untwisting (“LV twist mechanics”) contribute to the generation of SV at rest, but whether the plateau in SV during incremental exercise is related to a blunting in LV twist mechanics remains unknown. To test this hypothesis, nine healthy young males performed continuous and discontinuous incremental supine cycling exercise up to 90% peak power in a randomized order. During both exercise protocols, end-diastolic volume (EDV), end-systolic volume (ESV), and SV reached a plateau at submaximal exercise intensities while heart rate increased continuously. Similar to LV volumes, two-dimensional speckle tracking-derived LV twist and untwisting velocity increased gradually from rest (all P < 0.001) and then leveled off at submaximal intensities. During continuous exercise, LV twist mechanics were linearly related to ESV, SV, heart rate, and cardiac output (all P < 0.01) while the relationship with EDV was exponential. In diastole, the increase in apical untwisting was significantly larger than that of basal untwisting ( P < 0.01), emphasizing the importance of dynamic apical function. In conclusion, during incremental exercise, the plateau in LV twist mechanics and their close relationship with SV and cardiac output indicate a mechanical limitation in maximizing LV output during high exercise intensities. However, LV twist mechanics do not appear to be the sole factor limiting LV output, since EDV reaches its maximum before the plateau in LV twist mechanics, suggesting additional limitations in diastolic filling to the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J. Stöhr
- Centre for Sports Medicine and Human Performance, Brunel University, Uxbridge; and
| | - José González-Alonso
- Centre for Sports Medicine and Human Performance, Brunel University, Uxbridge; and
| | - Rob Shave
- Centre for Sports Medicine and Human Performance, Brunel University, Uxbridge; and
- Cardiff School of Sport, University of Wales Institute Cardiff, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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Oxidative stress and nitrite dynamics under maximal load in elite athletes: relation to sport type. Mol Cell Biochem 2011; 355:273-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-011-0864-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2011] [Accepted: 04/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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McNarry MA, Welsman JR, Jones AM. Influence of training and maturity status on the cardiopulmonary responses to ramp incremental cycle and upper body exercise in girls. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2011; 110:375-81. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00988.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been suggested that the potential for training to alter the physiological responses to exercise in children is related to a “maturational threshold”. To address this, we investigated the interaction of swim-training status and maturity on cardiovascular and metabolic responses to lower and upper body exercise. Twenty-one prepubertal [Pre: 11 trained (T), 10 untrained (UT)], 30 pubertal (Pub: 14 T, 16 UT), and 18 postpubertal (Post: 8 T, 10 UT) girls completed ramp incremental exercise on a cycle and an upper body ergometer. In addition to pulmonary gas exchange measurements, stroke volume and cardiac output were estimated by thoracic bioelectrical impedance, and muscle oxygenation status was assessed using near-infrared spectroscopy. All T girls had a higher peak O2 uptake during cycle (Pre: T 49 ± 5 vs. UT 40 ± 4; Pub: T 46 ± 5 vs. UT 36 ± 4; Post: T 48 ± 5 vs. UT 39 ± 8 ml·kg−1·min−1; all P < 0.05) and upper body exercise (Pre: T 37 ± 6 vs. UT 32 ± 5; Pub: T 36 ± 5 vs. UT 28 ± 5; Post: T 39 ± 3 vs. UT 28 ± 7 ml·kg−1·min−1; all P < 0.05). T girls also had a higher peak cardiac output during both modalities, and this reached significance in Pub (cycle: T 21 ± 3 vs. UT 18 ± 3; upper body: T 20 ± 4 vs. UT 15 ± 4 l/min; all P < 0.05) and Post girls (cycle: T 21 ± 4 vs. UT 17 ± 2; upper body: T 22 ± 3 vs. UT 18 ± 2 l/min; all P < 0.05). None of the measured pulmonary, cardiovascular, or metabolic parameters interacted with maturity, and the magnitude of the difference between T and UT girls was similar, irrespective of maturity stage. These results challenge the notion that differences in training status in young people are only evident once a maturational threshold has been exceeded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melitta A. McNarry
- School of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Joanne R. Welsman
- School of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew M. Jones
- School of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
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Oliveira RB, Myers J, Araújo CGSD. Long-term stability of the oxygen pulse curve during maximal exercise. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2011; 66:203-9. [PMID: 21484034 PMCID: PMC3061986 DOI: 10.1590/s1807-59322011000200004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2010] [Accepted: 10/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Exercise oxygen pulse (O₂ pulse), a surrogate for stroke volume and arteriovenous oxygen difference, has emerged as an important variable obtained during cardiopulmonary exercise testing. OBJECTIVES We hypothesized that the O₂ pulse curve pattern response to a maximal cycling ramp protocol exhibits a stable linear pattern in subjects reevaluated under the same clinical conditions. METHODS We retrospectively studied 100 adults (80 males), mean age at baseline of 59 + 12 years, who performed two cardiopulmonary exercise testings (median interval was 15 months), for clinical and/or exercise prescription reasons. The relative O₂ pulse was calculated by dividing its absolute value by body weight. Subjects were classified into quintiles of relative O₂ pulse. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing results and the O₂ pulse curve pattern, expressed by its slope and intercept, were compared among quintiles of relative O₂ pulse at both cardiopulmonary exercise testings. RESULTS After excluding the first minute of CPX (rest-exercise transition), the relative O₂ pulse curve exhibited a linear increase, as demonstrated by high coefficients of determination (R² from 0.75 to 0.90; p < 0.05 for all quintiles). Even though maximum oxygen uptake and relative O₂ pulse were significantly higher in the second cardiopulmonary exercise testing for each quintile of relative O₂ pulse (p < 0.05 for all comparisons), no differences were found when slopes and intercepts were compared between the first and second cardiopulmonary exercise testings (p > 0.05 for all comparisons; except for intercept in the 5th quintile). CONCLUSION Excluding the rest-exercise transition, the relative O₂ pulse exhibited a stable linear increase throughout maximal exercise in adults that were retested under same clinical conditions.
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Perim RR, Signorelli GR, Myers J, Arena R, de Araújo CGS. The slope of the oxygen pulse curve does not depend on the maximal heart rate in elite soccer players. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2011; 66:829-35. [PMID: 21789388 PMCID: PMC3109383 DOI: 10.1590/s1807-59322011000500020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2011] [Accepted: 04/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION It is unknown whether an extremely high heart rate can affect oxygen pulse profile during progressive maximal exercise in healthy subjects. OBJECTIVE Our aim was to compare relative oxygen pulse (adjusted for body weight) curves in athletes at their maximal heart rate during treadmill cardiopulmonary exercise testing. METHODS A total of 180 elite soccer players were categorized in quartiles according to their maximum heart rate values (n = 45). Oxygen consumption, maximum heart rate and relative oxygen pulse curves in the extreme quartiles, Q1 and Q4, were compared at intervals corresponding to 10% of the total duration of a cardiopulmonary exercise testing. RESULTS Oxygen consumption was similar among all subjects during cardiopulmonary exercise testing; however subjects in Q1 started to exhibit lower maximum heart rate values when 20% of the test was complete. Conversely, the relative oxygen pulse was higher in this group when cardiopulmonary exercise testing was 40% complete (p<.01). Although the slopes of the lines were similar (p = .25), the regression intercepts differed (p<.01) between Q1 and Q4. During the last two minutes of testing, a flat or decreasing oxygen pulse was identified in 20% of the soccer players, and this trend was similar between subjects in Q1 and Q4. CONCLUSION Relative oxygen pulse curve slopes, which serve as an indirect and non-invasive surrogate for stroke volume, suggest that the stroke volume is similar in young and aerobically fit subjects regardless of the maximum heart rate reached.
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