1
|
Pott LL, Hagemann S, Reis H, Lorenz K, Bracht T, Herold T, Skryabin BV, Megger DA, Kälsch J, Weber F, Sitek B, Baba HA. Eukaryotic elongation factor 2 is a prognostic marker and its kinase a potential therapeutic target in HCC. Oncotarget 2017; 8:11950-11962. [PMID: 28060762 PMCID: PMC5355317 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma is a cancer with increasing incidence and largely refractory to current anticancer drugs. Since Sorafenib, a multikinase inhibitor has shown modest efficacy in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma additional treatments are highly needed. Protein phosphorylation via kinases is an important post-translational modification to regulate cell homeostasis including proliferation and apoptosis. Therefore kinases are valuable targets in cancer therapy. To this end we performed 2D differential gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry analysis of phosphoprotein-enriched lysates of tumor and corresponding non-tumorous liver samples to detect differentially abundant phosphoproteins to screen for novel kinases as potential drug targets. We identified 34 differentially abundant proteins in phosphoprotein enriched lysates. Expression and distribution of the candidate protein eEF2 and its phosphorylated isoform was validated immunohistochemically on 78 hepatocellular carcinoma and non-tumorous tissue samples. Validation showed that total eEF2 and phosphorylated eEF2 at threonine 56 are prognostic markers for overall survival of HCC-patients. The activity of the regulating eEF2 kinase, compared between tumor and non-tumorous tissue lysates by in vitro kinase assays, is more than four times higher in tumor tissues. Functional analyzes regarding eEF2 kinase were performed in JHH5 cells with CRISPR/Cas9 mediated eEF2 kinase knock out. Proliferation and growth is decreased in eEF2 kinase knock out cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leona L Pott
- Institute of Pathology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Medizinisches Proteom-Center, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Sascha Hagemann
- Institute of Pathology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Henning Reis
- Institute of Pathology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Kristina Lorenz
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany.,Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften -ISAS-e.V., Dortmund, Germany.,West German Heart and Vascular Center, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Thilo Bracht
- Medizinisches Proteom-Center, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Thomas Herold
- Institute of Pathology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Boris V Skryabin
- Transgenic Animal and Genetic Engineering Models (TRAM), Westphalian Wilhelms University, Muenster, Germany
| | - Dominik A Megger
- Medizinisches Proteom-Center, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Julia Kälsch
- Institute of Pathology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Frank Weber
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Barbara Sitek
- Medizinisches Proteom-Center, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Hideo A Baba
- Institute of Pathology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Phosphoproteomics Reveals HMGA1, a CK2 Substrate, as a Drug-Resistant Target in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44021. [PMID: 28290473 PMCID: PMC5349541 DOI: 10.1038/srep44021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have demonstrated good efficacy in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients harboring EGFR mutations, most patients develop intrinsic and acquired resistance. We quantitatively profiled the phosphoproteome and proteome of drug-sensitive and drug-resistant NSCLC cells under gefitinib treatment. The construction of a dose-dependent responsive kinase-substrate network of 1548 phosphoproteins and 3834 proteins revealed CK2-centric modules as the dominant core network for the potential gefitinib resistance-associated proteins. CK2 knockdown decreased cell survival in gefitinib-resistant NSCLCs. Using motif analysis to identify the CK2 core sub-network, we verified that elevated phosphorylation level of a CK2 substrate, HMGA1 was a critical node contributing to EGFR-TKI resistance in NSCLC cell. Both HMGA1 knockdown or mutation of the CK2 phosphorylation site, S102, of HMGA1 reinforced the efficacy of gefitinib in resistant NSCLC cells through reactivation of the downstream signaling of EGFR. Our results delineate the TKI resistance-associated kinase-substrate network, suggesting a potential therapeutic strategy for overcoming TKI-induced resistance in NSCLC.
Collapse
|
3
|
Powell KL, Stephens AS, Ralph SJ. Development of a potent melanoma vaccine capable of stimulating CD8(+) T-cells independently of dendritic cells in a mouse model. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2015; 64:861-72. [PMID: 25893808 PMCID: PMC11028525 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-015-1695-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
At present, there are no vaccines approved for the prevention or treatment of malignant melanoma, despite the amount of time and resources that has been invested. In this study, we aimed to develop a self-contained vaccine capable of directly stimulating anticancer CD8(+) T-cell immune responses. To achieve this, three whole-cell melanoma vaccines were developed expressing 4-1BBL or B7.1 T-cell co-stimulatory molecules individually or in combination. The ability of engineered vaccine cell lines to stimulate potent anticancer immune responses in C57BL/6 mice was assessed. Mice vaccinated with cells overexpressing both 4-1BBL and B7.1 (B16-F10-4-1BBL-B7.1-IFNγ/β anticancer vaccine) displayed the greatest increases in CD8(+) T-cell populations (1.9-fold increase versus control within spleens), which were efficiently activated following antigenic stimulation, resulting in a 10.7-fold increase in cancer cell cytotoxicity relative to control. The enhanced immune responses in B16-F10-4-1BBL-B7.1-IFNγ/β-vaccinated mice translated into highly efficient rejection of live tumour burdens and conferred long-term protection against repeated tumour challenges, which were likely due to enhanced effector memory T-cell populations. Similar results were observed when dendritic cell (DC)-deficient LTα(-/-) mice were treated with the B16-F10-4-1BBL-B7.1-IFNγ/β anticancer vaccine, suggesting that the vaccine can directly stimulate CD8(+) T-cell responses in the context of severely reduced DCs. This study shows that the B16-F10-4-1BBL-B7.1-IFNγ/β anticancer vaccine acted as a highly effective antigen-presenting cell and is likely to be able to directly stimulate CD8(+) T-cells, without requiring co-stimulatory signals from either CD4(+) T-cells or DCs, and warrants translation of this technology into the clinical setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katie L Powell
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia,
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yu S, Wang F, Fan L, Wei Y, Li H, Sun Y, Yang A, Jin B, Song C, Yang K. BAP31, a promising target for the immunotherapy of malignant melanomas. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2015; 34:36. [PMID: 25903101 PMCID: PMC4405826 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-015-0153-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Malignant melanoma's (MM) incidence is rising faster than that of any other cancer in the US and the overall survival at 5 years is less than 10%. B cell associated protein 31 (BAP31) is overexpressed in most MMs and might be a promising target for immunotherapy of this disease. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Firstly, we investigated the expression profiles of human BAP31 (hBAP31) and mouse BAP31 (mBAP31) in human and mouse normal tissues, respectively. The expression level of hBAP31 in human MMs and mBAP31 in B16 melanoma cells was also analyzed. Then we constructed novel mBAP31 DNA vaccines and tested there ability to stimulate mBAP31-specific immune responses and antitumor immunity in B16 melanoma-bearing mice. RESULTS For the first time, we found that protein expression of hBAP31 were dramatically upregulated in human MMs when compared with human normal tissues. Predominant protein expression of mBAP31 was found in mouse B16 melanoma cells but not in mouse important organs. When mice were immunized with mBAP31 DNA vaccines, strong cellular response to mBAP31 was observed in the vaccinated mice. CTLs isolated from immunized mice could effectively kill mBAP31-positive target mouse B16 melanoma tumor cells in vitro and vaccination with mBAP31 DNA vaccines had potent anti-tumor activity in therapeutic model using B16 melanoma cells. CONCLUSIONS These are the first data supporting a vaccine targeting BAP31 that is capable of inducing effective immunity against BAP31-expressing MMs and will be applicable to human MMs and hBAP31 DNA vaccine warrants investigation in human clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaojuan Yu
- Department of Immunology, Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, People Republic of China. .,Department of Cardiology, First Hospital of Xi,an, 30 Fenxiang, Xi'an, 710003, People Republic of China.
| | - Fuli Wang
- Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital, 125 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, People Republic of China.
| | - Li Fan
- Department of Immunology, Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, People Republic of China. .,Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, People Republic of China.
| | - Yuying Wei
- Department of Immunology, Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, People Republic of China.
| | - Haitao Li
- Department of Immunology, Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, People Republic of China.
| | - Yuanjie Sun
- Department of Immunology, Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, People Republic of China.
| | - Angang Yang
- Department of Immunology, Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, People Republic of China.
| | - Boquan Jin
- Department of Immunology, Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, People Republic of China.
| | - Chaojun Song
- Department of Immunology, Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, People Republic of China.
| | - Kun Yang
- Department of Immunology, Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, People Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kaufman KL, Mactier S, Armstrong NJ, Mallawaaratchy D, Byrne SN, Haydu LE, Jakrot V, Thompson JF, Mann GJ, Scolyer RA, Christopherson RI. Surface antigen profiles of leukocytes and melanoma cells in lymph node metastases are associated with survival in AJCC stage III melanoma patients. Clin Exp Metastasis 2014; 31:407-21. [PMID: 24435119 PMCID: PMC3973954 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-014-9636-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
There is an urgent need to identify more accurate prognostic biomarkers in melanoma patients, particularly in those with metastatic disease. This study aimed to identify melanoma and leukocyte surface antigens predictive of survival in a prospective series of AJCC stage IIIb/c melanoma patients (n = 29). Live cell suspensions were prepared from melanoma metastases within lymph nodes (LN). The suspensions were immuno-magnetically separated into CD45+ (leukocyte) and CD45− (non-hematopoietic, enriched melanoma cell) fractions. Surface antigens on CD45− and CD45+ cell populations were profiled using DotScan™ microarrays (Medsaic Pty. Ltd.) and showed differential abundance levels for 52 and 78 antigens respectively. Associations of the surface profiles with clinicopathologic and outcome data (median follow-up 35.4 months post LN resection) were sought using univariate (log-rank test) and multivariate (Wald’s test; modelled with patient’s age, gender and AJCC staging at LN recurrence) survival models. CD9 (p = 0.036), CD39 (p = 0.004) and CD55 (p = 0.005) on CD45+ leukocytes were independently associated with distant metastasis-free survival using multivariate analysis. Leukocytes with high CD39 levels were also significantly associated with increased overall survival (OS) in multivariate analysis (p = 0.016). LNs containing leukocytes expressing CD11b (p = 0.025), CD49d (p = 0.043) and CD79b (p = 0.044) were associated with reduced OS on univariate analysis. For enriched melanoma cells (CD45− cell populations), 11 surface antigens were significantly correlated with the disease-free interval (DFI) between diagnosis of culprit primary melanoma and LN metastasis resection. Nine antigens on CD45+ leukocytes also correlated with DFI. Following validation in independent datasets, surface markers identified here should enable more accurate determination of prognosis in stage III melanoma patients and provide better risk stratification of patients entering clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kimberley L Kaufman
- School of Molecular Bioscience, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
| | - Swetlana Mactier
- School of Molecular Bioscience, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Nicola J Armstrong
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia.,School of Mathematics and Statistics and Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | | | - Scott N Byrne
- Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.,Discipline of Dermatology, Bosch Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Sydney Medical School, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Lauren E Haydu
- Melanoma Institute Australia, North Sydney, NSW, 2060, Australia.,Discipline of Surgery, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Valerie Jakrot
- Melanoma Institute Australia, North Sydney, NSW, 2060, Australia
| | - John F Thompson
- Melanoma Institute Australia, North Sydney, NSW, 2060, Australia
| | - Graham J Mann
- Melanoma Institute Australia, North Sydney, NSW, 2060, Australia.,Westmead Institute of Cancer Research, The University of Sydney at Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | - Richard A Scolyer
- Melanoma Institute Australia, North Sydney, NSW, 2060, Australia.,Department of Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia.,Discipline of Pathology, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
Massive evidence suggests that genetic abnormalities contribute to the development of lung cancer. These molecular abnormalities may serve as diagnostic, prognostic and predictive biomarkers for this deadly disease. It is imperative to search these biomarkers in different tumorigenesis pathways so as to provide the most appropriate therapy for each individual patient with lung malignancy. Phosphoproteomics is a promising technology for the identification of biomarkers and novel therapeutic targets for cancer. Thousands of proteins interact via physical and chemical association. Moreover, some proteins can covalently modify other proteins post-translationally. These post-translational modifications ultimately give rise to the emergent functions of cells in sequence, space and time. Phosphoproteomics clinical researches imply the comprehensive analysis of the proteins that are expressed in cells or tissues and can be employed at different stages. In addition, understanding the functions of phosphorylated proteins requires the study of proteomes as linked systems rather than collections of individual protein molecules. In fact, proteomics approaches coupled with affinity chromatography strategies followed by mass spectrometry have been used to elucidate relevant biological questions. This article will discuss the relevant clues of post-translational modifications, phosphorylated proteins, and useful proteomics approaches to identify molecular cancer signatures. The recent progress in phosphoproteomics research in lung cancer will be also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena López
- Hospital Universitario Niño Jesús, Department of Oncohematology of Children, Madrid 28009, Spain; E-Mail:
| | - William C. S. Cho
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +852-295-854-41; Fax: +852-295-854-55
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Piérard GE. Cell proliferation in cutaneous malignant melanoma: relationship with neoplastic progression. ISRN DERMATOLOGY 2012; 2012:828146. [PMID: 22363864 PMCID: PMC3265211 DOI: 10.5402/2012/828146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The establishment of the diagnosis of cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM) always calls for histopathological confirmation. Further to the recognition of the CMM aspects, immunohistochemistry is helpful, in particular, in determining the size of the replicative compartment and the activity in each of the cell cycle phases (G(1), S, G(2), M). The involvement of cancer stem cells and transient amplifier cells in CMM genesis is beyond doubt. The proliferation activity is indicative of the neoplastic progression and is often related to the clinical growth rate of the neoplasm. It allows to distinguish high-risk CMM commonly showing a high growth rate, from those CMMs of lower malignancy associated with a more limited growth rate. The recruitment and progression of CMM cells in the cell cycle of proliferation depend on mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway and result from a loss of control normally involving a series of key regulatory cyclins. In addition, the apoptotic pathways potentially counteracting any excess in proliferative activity are out of the dependency of specific regulatory molecular mechanisms. Key molecular components involved in the deregulation of the growth fraction, the cell cycle phases of proliferation, and apoptosis are presently described in CMM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G. E. Piérard
- Department of Dermatopathology, University Hospital of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
Malignant melanoma (MM) micrometastases are basically seen in three locations inside the peritumoral dermis. They are localized (i) inside the interstitial sector of the dermal stroma; (ii) abutted to the external surface of the microvasculature; and (iii) more rarely present inside vascular channels. Single-cell and paucicellular micrometastases may be disclosed using immunohistochemistry even in the absence of larger microsatellites, which represent micronodular nests of metastatic cells. The presence of microsatellites is frequently tied to markers of MM aggressiveness including thickness and the Ki-67 index. Micrometastases may be present in the same conditions, but even as early as thin MM showing a small growth fraction. Microsatellites as well as micrometastases appear to predict locoregional extension and decreased relapse-free interval, but not distant metastasis and overall survival. These considerations have implications for patient care since patients with microsatellites and micrometastases are now included in the clinical stage III category of the disease. Their implication as a prognostic factor is not fully dependent on or linked to other markers of MM aggressiveness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pascale Quatresooz
- Department of Dermatopathology, University Hospital of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Neagu M, Constantin C, Tanase C. Immune-related biomarkers for diagnosis/prognosis and therapy monitoring of cutaneous melanoma. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2011; 10:897-919. [PMID: 20964610 DOI: 10.1586/erm.10.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Skin melanoma, a life-threatening disease, has a recently reported worldwide increase in incidence, despite primary prevention. Skin melanoma statistics emphasize the need for finding markers related to the immune response of the host. The mechanisms that are able to over-power the local immune surveillance comprise molecules that can be valuable markers for diagnosis and prognosis. This article summarizes the immune markers that can monitor the disease stage and evaluate the efficacy of therapeutic interventions. Recent data regarding immunotherapy are presented in the context of tumor escape from immune surveillance and the immune molecules that are both targets and a means of monitoring. Perspectives for developing immune interventions for skin melanoma management and the position of tissue or soluble immune markers as a diagnostic/prognostic panel are evaluated. State-of-the-art technology is emphasized for developing immune molecular signatures for a complex characterization of the patient's immunological status.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monica Neagu
- Victor Babes' National Institute of Pathology, 99-101 Splaiul Independentei, 050096 Bucharest, Romania.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zuleger CL, Macklin MD, Bostwick BL, Pei Q, Newton MA, Albertini MR. In vivo 6-thioguanine-resistant T cells from melanoma patients have public TCR and share TCR beta amino acid sequences with melanoma-reactive T cells. J Immunol Methods 2010; 365:76-86. [PMID: 21182840 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2010.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2010] [Revised: 12/01/2010] [Accepted: 12/13/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In vivo hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT)-deficient T cells (MT) from melanoma patients are enriched for T cells with in vivo clonal amplifications that traffic between blood and tumor tissues. Melanoma is thus a model cancer to test the hypothesis that in vivo MT from cancer patients can be used as immunological probes for immunogenic tumor antigens. MT were obtained by 6-thioguanine (TG) selection of lymphocytes from peripheral blood and tumor tissues, and wild-type T cells (WT) were obtained analogously without TG selection. cDNA sequences of the T cell receptor beta chains (TRB) were used as unambiguous biomarkers of in vivo clonality and as indicators of T cell specificity. Public TRB were identified in MT from the blood and tumor of different melanoma patients. Such public TRB were not found in normal control MT or WT. As an indicator of T cell specificity for melanoma, the >2600 MT and WT TRB, including the public TRB from melanoma patients, were compared to a literature-derived empirical database of >1270 TRB from melanoma-reactive T cells. Various degrees of similarity, ranging from 100% conservation to 3-amino acid motifs (3-mer), were found between both melanoma patient MT and WT TRBs and the empirical database. The frequency of 3-mer and 4-mer TRB matching to the empirical database was significantly higher in MT compared with WT in the tumor (p=0.0285 and p=0.006, respectively). In summary, in vivo MT from melanoma patients contain public TRB as well as T cells with specificity for characterized melanoma antigens. We conclude that in vivo MT merit study as novel probes for uncharacterized immunogenic antigens in melanoma and other malignancies.
Collapse
|
11
|
Stannard KA, Collins PM, Ito K, Sullivan EM, Scott SA, Gabutero E, Darren Grice I, Low P, Nilsson UJ, Leffler H, Blanchard H, Ralph SJ. Galectin inhibitory disaccharides promote tumour immunity in a breast cancer model. Cancer Lett 2010; 299:95-110. [PMID: 20826047 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2010.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2010] [Revised: 08/02/2010] [Accepted: 08/09/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
High level galectin-1 expression results in cancer cell evasion of the immune response, increased tumour survival and aggressive metastases. Using a galectin-1 polyclonal antibody, high levels of galectin-1 protein were shown to be expressed by breast cancer cells established from FVB/N MMTV-c-neu mice as well as by the B16F10 melanoma cell line. In mixed lymphocyte cultures using tumour cells as antigenic stimulators, addition of recombinant galectin-1 dose-dependently inhibited lymphocyte production. Disaccharides were identified that inhibited galectin-1 function and increased growth and activation of CD8(+) CTL's killing cancer cells. X-ray crystallographic structures of human galectin-1 in complex with inhibitory disaccharides revealed their mode of binding. Combining galectin-blocking carbohydrates as adjuvants with vaccine immunotherapy in vivo to promote immune responses significantly decreased tumour progression and improved the outcomes for tumour challenged mice. This is the first report showing that suitably selected galectin-1 blocking disaccharides will act as adjuvants promoting vaccine stimulated immune responses against tumours in vivo.
Collapse
|
12
|
Sivendran S, Pan M, Kaufman HL, Saenger Y. Herpes simplex virus oncolytic vaccine therapy in melanoma. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2010; 10:1145-53. [DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2010.495383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
13
|
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation plays key roles in the regulation of normal and cancer cells. It is a highly dynamic process. Protein kinases are the targets of several new cancer drugs and drug candidates. However, some of the main issues related to new drugs are how they function and the selection of those patients that will likely respond best to a particular treatment regime. There is an urgent need to understand and monitor kinase signalling pathways. Phosphoproteomics requires the enrichment of phosphorylated proteins or peptides from tissue or bodily fluids, and the application of technologies such as mass spectrometry (MS) to the identification and quantification of protein phosphorylation sites. As the field develops it will provide pharmacodynamic readouts of disease states and cellular drug responses in tumour samples. There have been a number of recent advances, but there are still technical hurdles and bioinformatics challenges that need to be addressed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keith Ashman
- Biotechnology Programme, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO), ES-28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Senzer NN, Kaufman HL, Amatruda T, Nemunaitis M, Reid T, Daniels G, Gonzalez R, Glaspy J, Whitman E, Harrington K, Goldsweig H, Marshall T, Love C, Coffin R, Nemunaitis JJ. Phase II Clinical Trial of a Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor–Encoding, Second-Generation Oncolytic Herpesvirus in Patients With Unresectable Metastatic Melanoma. J Clin Oncol 2009; 27:5763-71. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2009.24.3675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 472] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
PurposeTreatment options for metastatic melanoma are limited. We conducted this phase II trial to assess the efficacy of JS1/34.5-/47-/granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in stages IIIc and IV disease.Patients and MethodsTreatment involved intratumoral injection of up to 4 mL of 106pfu/mL of JS1/34.5-/47-/GM-CSF followed 3 weeks later by up to 4 mL of 108pfu/mL every 2 weeks for up to 24 treatments. Clinical activity (by RECIST [Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors]), survival, and safety parameters were monitored.ResultsFifty patients (stages IIIc, n = 10; IVM1a, n = 16; IVM1b, n = 4; IVM1c, n = 20) received a median of six injection sets; 74% of patients had received one or more nonsurgical prior therapies for active disease, including dacarbazine/temozolomide or interleukin-2 (IL-2). Adverse effects were limited primarily to transient flu-like symptoms. The overall response rate by RECIST was 26% (complete response [CR], n = 8; partial response [PR], n = 5), and regression of both injected and distant (including visceral) lesions occurred. Ninety-two percent of the responses had been maintained for 7 to 31 months. Ten additional patients had stable disease (SD) for greater than 3 months, and two additional patients had surgical CR. On an extension protocol, two patients subsequently achieved CR by 24 months (one previously PR, one previously SD), and one achieved surgical CR (previously PR). Overall survival was 58% at 1 year and 52% at 24 months.ConclusionThe 26% response rate, with durability in both injected and uninjected lesions including visceral sites, together with the survival rates, are evidence of systemic effectiveness. This effectiveness, combined with a limited toxicity profile, warrants additional evaluation of JS1/34.5-/47-/GM-CSF in metastatic melanoma. A US Food and Drug Administration–approved phase III investigation is underway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neil N. Senzer
- From the Mary Crowley Cancer Research Centers; Texas Oncology Physicians Association; and Baylor Sammons Cancer Center, Dallas, TX; Columbia University, Department of Surgery, New York, NY; Hubert H. Humphrey Cancer Center, Robbinsdale, MN; University of Colorado, Aurora, CO; University of California, San Diego Cancer Center, La Jolla; and University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA; Mountainside Hospital, Montclair, NJ; Royal Marsden Hospital, London, United Kingdom; and BioVex, Woburn, MA
| | - Howard L. Kaufman
- From the Mary Crowley Cancer Research Centers; Texas Oncology Physicians Association; and Baylor Sammons Cancer Center, Dallas, TX; Columbia University, Department of Surgery, New York, NY; Hubert H. Humphrey Cancer Center, Robbinsdale, MN; University of Colorado, Aurora, CO; University of California, San Diego Cancer Center, La Jolla; and University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA; Mountainside Hospital, Montclair, NJ; Royal Marsden Hospital, London, United Kingdom; and BioVex, Woburn, MA
| | - Thomas Amatruda
- From the Mary Crowley Cancer Research Centers; Texas Oncology Physicians Association; and Baylor Sammons Cancer Center, Dallas, TX; Columbia University, Department of Surgery, New York, NY; Hubert H. Humphrey Cancer Center, Robbinsdale, MN; University of Colorado, Aurora, CO; University of California, San Diego Cancer Center, La Jolla; and University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA; Mountainside Hospital, Montclair, NJ; Royal Marsden Hospital, London, United Kingdom; and BioVex, Woburn, MA
| | - Mike Nemunaitis
- From the Mary Crowley Cancer Research Centers; Texas Oncology Physicians Association; and Baylor Sammons Cancer Center, Dallas, TX; Columbia University, Department of Surgery, New York, NY; Hubert H. Humphrey Cancer Center, Robbinsdale, MN; University of Colorado, Aurora, CO; University of California, San Diego Cancer Center, La Jolla; and University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA; Mountainside Hospital, Montclair, NJ; Royal Marsden Hospital, London, United Kingdom; and BioVex, Woburn, MA
| | - Tony Reid
- From the Mary Crowley Cancer Research Centers; Texas Oncology Physicians Association; and Baylor Sammons Cancer Center, Dallas, TX; Columbia University, Department of Surgery, New York, NY; Hubert H. Humphrey Cancer Center, Robbinsdale, MN; University of Colorado, Aurora, CO; University of California, San Diego Cancer Center, La Jolla; and University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA; Mountainside Hospital, Montclair, NJ; Royal Marsden Hospital, London, United Kingdom; and BioVex, Woburn, MA
| | - Gregory Daniels
- From the Mary Crowley Cancer Research Centers; Texas Oncology Physicians Association; and Baylor Sammons Cancer Center, Dallas, TX; Columbia University, Department of Surgery, New York, NY; Hubert H. Humphrey Cancer Center, Robbinsdale, MN; University of Colorado, Aurora, CO; University of California, San Diego Cancer Center, La Jolla; and University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA; Mountainside Hospital, Montclair, NJ; Royal Marsden Hospital, London, United Kingdom; and BioVex, Woburn, MA
| | - Rene Gonzalez
- From the Mary Crowley Cancer Research Centers; Texas Oncology Physicians Association; and Baylor Sammons Cancer Center, Dallas, TX; Columbia University, Department of Surgery, New York, NY; Hubert H. Humphrey Cancer Center, Robbinsdale, MN; University of Colorado, Aurora, CO; University of California, San Diego Cancer Center, La Jolla; and University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA; Mountainside Hospital, Montclair, NJ; Royal Marsden Hospital, London, United Kingdom; and BioVex, Woburn, MA
| | - John Glaspy
- From the Mary Crowley Cancer Research Centers; Texas Oncology Physicians Association; and Baylor Sammons Cancer Center, Dallas, TX; Columbia University, Department of Surgery, New York, NY; Hubert H. Humphrey Cancer Center, Robbinsdale, MN; University of Colorado, Aurora, CO; University of California, San Diego Cancer Center, La Jolla; and University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA; Mountainside Hospital, Montclair, NJ; Royal Marsden Hospital, London, United Kingdom; and BioVex, Woburn, MA
| | - Eric Whitman
- From the Mary Crowley Cancer Research Centers; Texas Oncology Physicians Association; and Baylor Sammons Cancer Center, Dallas, TX; Columbia University, Department of Surgery, New York, NY; Hubert H. Humphrey Cancer Center, Robbinsdale, MN; University of Colorado, Aurora, CO; University of California, San Diego Cancer Center, La Jolla; and University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA; Mountainside Hospital, Montclair, NJ; Royal Marsden Hospital, London, United Kingdom; and BioVex, Woburn, MA
| | - Kevin Harrington
- From the Mary Crowley Cancer Research Centers; Texas Oncology Physicians Association; and Baylor Sammons Cancer Center, Dallas, TX; Columbia University, Department of Surgery, New York, NY; Hubert H. Humphrey Cancer Center, Robbinsdale, MN; University of Colorado, Aurora, CO; University of California, San Diego Cancer Center, La Jolla; and University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA; Mountainside Hospital, Montclair, NJ; Royal Marsden Hospital, London, United Kingdom; and BioVex, Woburn, MA
| | - Howard Goldsweig
- From the Mary Crowley Cancer Research Centers; Texas Oncology Physicians Association; and Baylor Sammons Cancer Center, Dallas, TX; Columbia University, Department of Surgery, New York, NY; Hubert H. Humphrey Cancer Center, Robbinsdale, MN; University of Colorado, Aurora, CO; University of California, San Diego Cancer Center, La Jolla; and University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA; Mountainside Hospital, Montclair, NJ; Royal Marsden Hospital, London, United Kingdom; and BioVex, Woburn, MA
| | - Tracey Marshall
- From the Mary Crowley Cancer Research Centers; Texas Oncology Physicians Association; and Baylor Sammons Cancer Center, Dallas, TX; Columbia University, Department of Surgery, New York, NY; Hubert H. Humphrey Cancer Center, Robbinsdale, MN; University of Colorado, Aurora, CO; University of California, San Diego Cancer Center, La Jolla; and University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA; Mountainside Hospital, Montclair, NJ; Royal Marsden Hospital, London, United Kingdom; and BioVex, Woburn, MA
| | - Colin Love
- From the Mary Crowley Cancer Research Centers; Texas Oncology Physicians Association; and Baylor Sammons Cancer Center, Dallas, TX; Columbia University, Department of Surgery, New York, NY; Hubert H. Humphrey Cancer Center, Robbinsdale, MN; University of Colorado, Aurora, CO; University of California, San Diego Cancer Center, La Jolla; and University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA; Mountainside Hospital, Montclair, NJ; Royal Marsden Hospital, London, United Kingdom; and BioVex, Woburn, MA
| | - Robert Coffin
- From the Mary Crowley Cancer Research Centers; Texas Oncology Physicians Association; and Baylor Sammons Cancer Center, Dallas, TX; Columbia University, Department of Surgery, New York, NY; Hubert H. Humphrey Cancer Center, Robbinsdale, MN; University of Colorado, Aurora, CO; University of California, San Diego Cancer Center, La Jolla; and University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA; Mountainside Hospital, Montclair, NJ; Royal Marsden Hospital, London, United Kingdom; and BioVex, Woburn, MA
| | - John J. Nemunaitis
- From the Mary Crowley Cancer Research Centers; Texas Oncology Physicians Association; and Baylor Sammons Cancer Center, Dallas, TX; Columbia University, Department of Surgery, New York, NY; Hubert H. Humphrey Cancer Center, Robbinsdale, MN; University of Colorado, Aurora, CO; University of California, San Diego Cancer Center, La Jolla; and University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA; Mountainside Hospital, Montclair, NJ; Royal Marsden Hospital, London, United Kingdom; and BioVex, Woburn, MA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
Metastatic dormancy of melanoma has not received sufficient attention, most likely because once detectable, metastasis is almost invariably fatal and, understandably, the focus has been on finding ways to prolong life of patients with overt recurrences. Nevertheless, analysis of the published clinical and experimental data on melanoma indicates that some aspect of melanoma biology imitate traits recently associated with dormancy in other solid cancers. Among them the ability of some melanomas to disseminate early during primary tumor progression and once disseminated, to remain undetected (dormant) for years. Comparison of cutaneous and uveal melanoma indicates that, in spite of being of the same origin, they differ profoundly in their clinical progression. Importantly for this discussion, between 40 and 50% of uveal melanoma remain undetected for longer than a decade, while less than 5% of cutaneous melanoma show this behavior. Both types of melanoma have activating oncogene mutations that provide autonomous pro-proliferative signals, yet the consensus is that those are not sufficient for tumor progression. If that is the case, it is possible to envision that signals from outside the tumor cell, (microenvironment) shape the fate of an individual disseminated cell, regardless of an oncogene mutation, to progress or to pause in a state of dormancy. To stimulate further debate and inquiry we describe here a few examples of potential signals that might modify the fate of disseminated cell and provide brief description of the current knowledge on dormancy in other cancers. Our hope is to convince the reader that disseminated melanoma cells do enter periods of prolonged dormancy and that finding ways to induce it, or to prolong it, might mean an extension of symptoms-free life for melanoma patients. Ultimately, understanding the biology of dormancy and the mechanisms of dormant cell survival, might allow for their specific targeting and elimination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Ossowski
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Yang S, Meyskens FL. Apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease/redox effector factor-1(APE/Ref-1): a unique target for the prevention and treatment of human melanoma. Antioxid Redox Signal 2009; 11:639-50. [PMID: 18715151 PMCID: PMC2933576 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2008.2226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Management of melanoma is a growing and challenging public health issue requiring novel and multidisciplinary approaches to achieve more efficient prevention and therapeutic benefits. The aim of this article is to show the critical role of APE/Ref-1 on melanomagenesis and progression. APE/Ref-1 serves as a redox-sensitive node of convergence of various signals as well as a DNA-repair enzyme, and its activation protects melanocytes and melanoma cells from chronic oxidative stress and promotes cell survival via mediation of downstream pathways. APE/Ref-1 is a strong candidate as a potential drug-treatable target for the prevention and treatment of human melanoma. Lead compounds exhibiting inhibitory effects on APE/Ref-1 are also reviewed. We anticipate potential clinical benefit in the future through inhibition of APE/Ref-1 and/or Ref-1-mediated signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sun Yang
- Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Orange, California, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
Over the last century, vaccine studies have demonstrated that the human immune system, with appropriate help, can limit or prevent infection against otherwise lethal pathogens. Encouraged by these results, success in animal models and numerous well-documented reports of immune-mediated melanoma regression in humans, investigators developed melanoma vaccines. However, despite considerable laboratory evidence for vaccine-induced immune responses, clinical responses remain poor. Recent studies have elucidated several mechanisms that hinder or prevent the creation of successful vaccines and suggest novel approaches to overcome these barriers. Unraveling the mechanisms of autoimmunity, dendritic cell activation, regulatory T cells and Toll-like receptors will generate novel vaccines that, when used in conjunction with standard adjuvant therapies, may result in improved clinical outcomes. The objective of this review is to provide an overall summary of recent clinical trials with melanoma vaccines and highlight novel vaccine strategies to evaluate in the near future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lee B Riley
- St Luke's Cancer Center, St Luke's Hospital and Health Network, 801 Ostrum Street, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
|