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Knecht KT, Chiriac G, Guan HD. The potential impact of a vegetarian diet on glaucoma. Surv Ophthalmol 2024; 69:833-841. [PMID: 38768761 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2024.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Treatment of primary open-angle glaucoma has centered on the lowering of intraocular pressure that damages the optic nerve; however, this strategy is not uniformly successful, especially in normal tension glaucoma, and there is interest in antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and other neuroprotective strategies. Vegetarian diets are known to be rich in antioxidant and anti-inflammatory components and have a number of established health benefits. Thus, it would be reasonable to assume that vegetarian diets would be beneficial in glaucoma, but this approach has not been well studied. We examine the possible role of vegetarian diets and their components in the incidence and progression of glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn T Knecht
- Loma Linda University School of Pharmacy, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Gabriela Chiriac
- Loma Linda University School of Public Health, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Howard D Guan
- Loma Linda University Eye Institute, Loma Linda, California, USA.
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2
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Ulhaq ZS, Bittencourt GB, Soraya GV, Istifiani LA, Pamungkas SA, Ogino Y, Nurputra DK, Tse WKF. Association between glaucoma susceptibility with combined defects in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and fatty acid beta oxidation. Mol Aspects Med 2024; 96:101238. [PMID: 38215610 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2023.101238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Glaucoma is one of the leading causes of visual impairment and blindness worldwide, and is characterized by the progressive damage of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and the atrophy of the optic nerve head (ONH). The exact cause of RGC loss and optic nerve damage in glaucoma is not fully understood. The high energy demands of these cells imply a higher sensitivity to mitochondrial defects. Moreover, it has been postulated that the optic nerve is vulnerable towards damage from oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. To investigate this further, we conducted a pooled analysis of mitochondrial variants related to energy production, specifically focusing on oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and fatty acid β-oxidation (FAO). Our findings revealed that patients carrying non-synonymous (NS) mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variants within the OXPHOS complexes had an almost two-fold increased risk of developing glaucoma. Regarding FAO, our results demonstrated that longer-chain acylcarnitines (AC) tended to decrease, while shorter-chain AC tended to increase in patients with glaucoma. Furthermore, we observed that the knocking down cpt1a (a key rate-limiting enzyme involved in FAO) in zebrafish induced a degenerative process in the optic nerve and RGC, which resembled the characteristics observed in glaucoma. In conclusion, our study provides evidence that genes encoding mitochondrial proteins involved in energy metabolisms, such as OXPHOS and FAO, are associated with glaucoma. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying glaucoma pathogenesis and may offer potential targets for therapeutic interventions in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zulvikar Syambani Ulhaq
- Research Center for Pre-clinical and Clinical Medicine, National Research and Innovation Agency Republic of Indonesia, Cibinong, Indonesia; Laboratory of Developmental Disorders and Toxicology, Center for Promotion of International Education and Research, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Guido Barbieri Bittencourt
- Departamento de Psicologia Experimental, Instituto de Psicologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gita Vita Soraya
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Lola Ayu Istifiani
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences, Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia
| | | | - Yukiko Ogino
- Laboratory of Aquatic Molecular Developmental Biology, Center for Promotion of International Education and Research, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | - William Ka Fai Tse
- Laboratory of Developmental Disorders and Toxicology, Center for Promotion of International Education and Research, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
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3
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Shan H, Liu W, Li Y, Pang K. The Autoimmune Rheumatic Disease Related Dry Eye and Its Association with Retinopathy. Biomolecules 2023; 13:724. [PMID: 37238594 PMCID: PMC10216215 DOI: 10.3390/biom13050724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Dry eye disease is a chronic disease of the ocular surface characterized by abnormal tear film composition, tear film instability, and ocular surface inflammation, affecting 5% to 50% of the population worldwide. Autoimmune rheumatic diseases (ARDs) are systemic disorders with multi-organ involvement, including the eye, and play a significant role in dry eye. To date, most studies have focused on Sjögren's syndrome (one of the ARDs) since it manifests as two of the most common symptoms-dry eyes and a dry mouth-and attracts physicians to explore the relationship between dry eye and ARDs. Many patients complained of dry eye related symptoms before they were diagnosed with ARDs, and ocular surface malaise is a sensitive indicator of the severity of ARDs. In addition, ARD related dry eye is also associated with some retinal diseases directly or indirectly, which are described in this review. This review also summarizes the incidence, epidemiological characteristics, pathogenesis, and accompanying ocular lesions of ARD's related dry eye, emphasizing the potential role of dry eye in recognition and monitoring among ARDs patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kunpeng Pang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
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Li D, Lu J, Hu Z, Liang J, Lin S. Intense Pulsed Light Attenuates Oxidative Stress in Perennial Allergic Conjunctivitis. Photobiomodul Photomed Laser Surg 2023; 41:17-25. [PMID: 36629903 DOI: 10.1089/photob.2022.0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: To assess the effects of intense pulsed light (IPL) on oxidative stress (OS) in perennial allergic conjunctivitis (PAC). Background: IPL treatment has been proven effective for dry eye disease (DED). However, we have observed that, after IPL treatment, some patients with DED combined with allergic conjunctivitis (AC), an immune response condition in which excessive OS causes and exacerbates inflammatory damage, not only show an improvement in eye dryness, but also their AC-related eye itching is relieved. The mechanism by which IPL inhibits allergic reactions is not clear. Methods: Five patients with moderate-to-severe PAC were given two IPL treatments on the periorbital skin with a 2-week interval. Visual analog scale (VAS) scores and signs of AC, including eye redness and conjunctival follicles, were assessed before the first treatment (day 1) and 2 weeks after the second treatment (day 30). Tears were also collected at the same time, and lipid oxidation (LPO) metabolite analysis was performed using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to investigate the effects of IPL on OS response. Results: The average VAS score significantly decreased with treatment (30.2 for day 1, 10.6 for day 30; p < 0.001). The general signs of PAC showed no difference (p > 0.05). LPO metabolite analysis revealed that 17,18-diHETE, which is an oxidation product of eicosapentaenoic acid, and 13-OXoODE, which is an oxidation product of linoleic acid, are significantly downregulated after IPL treatment. Conclusions: The photothermal effect of IPL attenuates OS in PAC, and this seems to be one of the mechanisms by which IPL treatment improves PAC. Clinical Trial Registration number: ChiCTR1900022202.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiamin Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhuoyi Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiajian Liang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shibin Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, Guangdong, China
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A Pilot, Phase II, Observational, Case-Control, 1-Month Study on Asthenopia in Video Terminal Operators without Dry Eye: Contrast Sensitivity and Quality of Life before and after the Oral Consumption of a Fixed Combination of Zinc, L-Carnitine, Extract of Elderberry, Currant and Extract of Eleutherococcus. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13124449. [PMID: 34960000 PMCID: PMC8705792 DOI: 10.3390/nu13124449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aims of the study were to investigate the ability and effectiveness of an oral intake of a fixed combination of zinc, L-carnitine, elderberry extract, black currant and Eleutherococcus extract in controlling the symptoms of eyestrain in videoterminal (VDT) users and to record its effects on contrast sensitivity. A single-center, phase II, observational, case-control, 1-month study in VDT workers without dry eye disease was carried out. Demographics and number of actual hours at VDT/day were taken into account. All subjects underwent a complete ophthalmic examination, including assessment of contrast sensitivity, and completed the computer vision symptom scale questionnaire at baseline and one month later. A total of 30 Caucasian subjects adhered to the required inclusion criteria and completed the study; 15 subjects were treated (T) and 15 were controls (C). All clinical data at baseline were similar in both groups (p > 0.05): after one month, all subjects had stable visual acuity, refractive defect and intraocular pressure (IOP); screen exposure time was unchanged. Regarding symptoms, at randomization, the groups had a similar score: 33.1 ± 3.3 in T and 32.8 ± 5.6 in C. One month later, the computer vision symptom scale (CVSS) questionnaire score decreased by −14.1 ± 3, 1 (p = 0.000) and −2.3 ± 1.8 (p = 0.568), respectively. Regarding contrast sensitivity, in group C the values of spatial frequencies remained unchanged, while they improved in almost all the cycles per degree stimuli in the treated group. Oral intake of a fixed combination of zinc, L-carnitine, elderberry extract, black currant and eleutherococcus extract can significantly improve contrast sensitivity and symptoms in VDT workers with no signs of dry eye disease.
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Dmuchowska DA, Pietrowska K, Krasnicki P, Kowalczyk T, Misiura M, Grochowski ET, Mariak Z, Kretowski A, Ciborowski M. Metabolomics Reveals Differences in Aqueous Humor Composition in Patients With and Without Pseudoexfoliation Syndrome. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:682600. [PMID: 34055894 PMCID: PMC8160430 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.682600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudoexfoliation syndrome (XFS) is stress- or inflammation-induced elastosis accompanied by excessive production of microfibrils and their deposition in the anterior segment of the eye. Approximately 60–70 million people are affected by XFS worldwide. It is a component of a systemic disorder, considered a major risk factor for accelerated cataract formation, cataract surgery complications and development of glaucoma, which untreated or inadequately treated may lead to blindness. Moreover, XFS has been associated with cardiovascular and cerebrovascular morbidity, dementia, sensorineural hearing loss and pelvic organ prolapse. The pathogenesis of XFS has not been fully elucidated yet. Aqueous humor (AH) is a transparent fluid filling the anterior and posterior chambers of the eye. Determination of AH metabolites that are characteristic for XFS may provide valuable information about the molecular background of this ocular disorder. The aim of this study was to compare the composition of AH in XFS and non-XFS patients undergoing cataract surgery. The AH samples from 34 patients (15 with XFS and 19 without) were analyzed using liquid chromatography coupled to a Quadrupole Time-of-Flight mass spectrometer (LC-QTOF-MS). The obtained metabolic fingerprints were analyzed using multivariate statistics. Eleven statistically significant metabolites were identified. Compared with the non-XFS group, the AH of patients with XFS contained significantly lower levels of amino acids and their derivatives, for example, arginine (−31%, VIP = 2.38) and homo-arginine (−19%, VIP = 1.38). Also, a decrease in the levels of two acylcarnitines, hydroxybutyrylcarnitine (−29%, VIP = 1.24) and decatrienoylcarnitine (−46%, VIP = 1.89), was observed. However, the level of indoleacetaldehyde in XFS patients was significantly higher (+96%, VIP = 2.64). Other significant metabolites were two well-recognized antioxidants, ascorbic acid (−33%, VIP = 2.11) and hydroxyanthranilic acid (−33%, VIP = 2.25), as well as S-adenosylmethionine, a compound with anti-inflammatory properties (−29%, VIP = 1.93). Metabolic pathway analysis demonstrated that the identified metabolites belonged to eight metabolic pathways, with cysteine and methionine metabolism as well as arginine and proline metabolism being the most frequently represented. XFS can be associated with enhanced oxidative stress and inflammation, as well as with the disturbances of cellular respiration and mitochondrial energy production. Implementation of non-targeted metabolomics provided a better insight into the still not fully understood pathogenesis of XFS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karolina Pietrowska
- Metabolomics Laboratory, Clinical Research Center, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Pawel Krasnicki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Tomasz Kowalczyk
- Metabolomics Laboratory, Clinical Research Center, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Magdalena Misiura
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | | | - Zofia Mariak
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Adam Kretowski
- Metabolomics Laboratory, Clinical Research Center, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland.,Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Michal Ciborowski
- Metabolomics Laboratory, Clinical Research Center, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
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Ambaw YA, Fuchs D, Raida M, Mazengia NT, Torta F, Wheelock CE, Wenk MR, Tong L. Changes of tear lipid mediators after eyelid warming or thermopulsation treatment for meibomian gland dysfunction. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2020; 151:106474. [PMID: 32783924 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2020.106474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) represents a major cause of dry eye and ocular discomfort. Lipid mediators, often termed oxylipins, can be produced enzymatically or non-enzymatically, and may modulate inflammatory processes in MGD. Here, we aimed to assess the longitudinal changes of lipid mediators after various eyelid treatments (eyelid warming and thermopulsation) over 12 weeks. Secondly, we aimed to assess the chirality of mono-hydroxyl lipid mediators from tears of MGD and healthy participants. Tears lipid mediators were extracted from Schirmer's strips and levels were quantified by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) techniques. We quantified 33 lipid mediators in the tear, 18 of which (including 11-HETE, 20-OH-LTB4, and 15-oxoETE) were reduced significantly after treatment. Changes in concentrations of 10-HDoHE (r = 0.54) and 15-oxoETE (r = 0.54) were correlated to the number of meibomian gland plugs at baseline, so increased severity of MGD was associated with treatment-induced change in lipid mediators. The chiral analysis demonstrated that 5(S)-HETE, 12(S)-HETE, 15(S)-HETE, 14(S)-HDoHE, 17(S)-HDoHE and 11(R)-HETE were produced with significant enantiomeric excess (ee %) in controls compared to patients, due to enantiomer selective enzymatic action, whereas most lipid mediators were racemates in patients, due to dominance of oxidative effects which have no enantiomeric preference. Treatment of MGD restored the concentrations of 15(S)-HETE, 14(S)-HDoHE and 17(S)-HDoHE with significant ee values, suggesting reduction in oxidative action. Overall, MGD therapy reduced pro-inflammatory molecules generated by lipoxygenase and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohannes Abere Ambaw
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Singapore Lipidomics Incubator, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Molecular Metabolism, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, USA
| | - David Fuchs
- Department of Medicine Debre, Berhan University, Ethiopia
| | - Manfred Raida
- Singapore Lipidomics Incubator, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Federico Torta
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Singapore Lipidomics Incubator, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Craig E Wheelock
- Division of Physiological Chemistry II Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
| | - Markus R Wenk
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Singapore Lipidomics Incubator, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Louis Tong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Cornea and External Eye Disease, Singapore National Eye Center, Singapore; Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore; Ocular Surface Research Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore.
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Hua X, Chi W, Su L, Li J, Zhang Z, Yuan X. ROS-induced Oxidative Injury involved in Pathogenesis of Fungal Keratitis via p38 MAPK Activation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10421. [PMID: 28874754 PMCID: PMC5585305 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09636-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was to explore the mechanism by which reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced oxidative stress involved in the pathogenesis of fungal keratitis using an in vivo experimental keratitis mouse model and an in vitro culture model of human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs). Compared to normal control mice and HCECs, ROS production was markedly increased in fungal corneas and HCECs exposed to Candida albicans, accompanied by p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) activation. Increased products of oxidative markers, malondialdehyde (MDA), 4–hydroxynonenal (HNE), mitochondria DNA 8-OHdG and aconitase-2 were observed in fungal infected corneas and HCECs. Fungal infection also increased the mRNA expression and protein production of heme oxygenase-1 (HMOX1) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2), with suppressed levels of antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD1), glutathione peroxidase-1 (GPx1) and peroxiredoxin-4 (PRDX4). Interestingly, the levels of ROS, oxidative markers and oxygenases were significantly reduced by co-cultured p38 inhibitor SB203580. Furthermore, SB203580 restored the levels of antioxidant enzymes suppressed by fungus. Our findings demonstrated for the first time that ROS-induced oxidative injury is involved in pathogenesis of fungal keratitis via p38 MAPK pathway, suggesting the novel therapeutic targets for the potential treatment of fungal keratitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Hua
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Orbit Research Institute, the Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wei Chi
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Long Su
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Orbit Research Institute, the Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jin Li
- Zhejiang Eye Hospital, School of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zongduan Zhang
- Zhejiang Eye Hospital, School of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyong Yuan
- Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Key Lab of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
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Li Y, Liu H, Zeng W, Wei J. Edaravone protects against hyperosmolarity-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in primary human corneal epithelial cells. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174437. [PMID: 28346481 PMCID: PMC5367814 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
An increase in the osmolarity of tears induced by excessive evaporation of the aqueous tear phase is a major pathological mechanism behind dry eye. Exposure of epithelial cells on the surface of the human eye to hyperosmolarity leads to oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and apoptosis. Edaravone, a hydroxyl radical scavenging agent, is clinically used to reduce neuronal damage following ischemic stroke. In this study, we found that treatment with hyperosmotic media at 400 and 450 mOsM increased the levels of ROS and mitochondrial oxidative damage, which were ameliorated by edaravone treatment in a dose-dependent manner. We also found that edaravone could improve mitochondrial function in HCEpiCs by increasing the levels of ATP and mitochondrial membrane potential. MTT and LDH assays indicated that edaravone could attenuate hyperosmolarity-induced cell death. It was found that edaravone prevented apoptosis by decreasing the level of cleaved caspase-3, and attenuating the release of cytochrome C. Mechanistically, we found that edaravone augmented the expression of Nrf2 and its target genes, such as HO-1, GPx-1, and GCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanwei Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Haifeng Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Wei Zeng
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Jing Wei
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
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Hocher B, Adamski J. Metabolomics for clinical use and research in chronic kidney disease. Nat Rev Nephrol 2017; 13:269-284. [PMID: 28262773 DOI: 10.1038/nrneph.2017.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has a high prevalence in the general population and is associated with high mortality; a need therefore exists for better biomarkers for diagnosis, monitoring of disease progression and therapy stratification. Moreover, very sensitive biomarkers are needed in drug development and clinical research to increase understanding of the efficacy and safety of potential and existing therapies. Metabolomics analyses can identify and quantify all metabolites present in a given sample, covering hundreds to thousands of metabolites. Sample preparation for metabolomics requires a very fast arrest of biochemical processes. Present key technologies for metabolomics are mass spectrometry and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, which require sophisticated biostatistic and bioinformatic data analyses. The use of metabolomics has been instrumental in identifying new biomarkers of CKD such as acylcarnitines, glycerolipids, dimethylarginines and metabolites of tryptophan, the citric acid cycle and the urea cycle. Biomarkers such as c-mannosyl tryptophan and pseudouridine have better performance in CKD stratification than does creatinine. Future challenges in metabolomics analyses are prospective studies and deconvolution of CKD biomarkers from those of other diseases such as metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus, inflammatory conditions, stress and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berthold Hocher
- Department of Basic Medicine, Medical College of Hunan University, 410006 Changsha, China
| | - Jerzy Adamski
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Genome Analysis Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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11
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Pescosolido N, Barbato A, Giannotti R, Komaiha C, Lenarduzzi F. Age-related changes in the kinetics of human lenses: prevention of the cataract. Int J Ophthalmol 2016; 9:1506-1517. [PMID: 27803872 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2016.10.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The crystalline lens is a transparent, biconvex structure in the eye that, along with the cornea, helps to refract light to be focused on the retina and, by changing shape, it adjusts focal distance (accommodation). The three classes of structural proteins found in the lens are α, β, and γ crystallins. These proteins make up more than 90% of the total dry mass of the eye lens. Other components which can be found are sugars, lipids, water, several antioxidants and low weight molecules. When ageing changes occur in the lens, it causes a gradual reduction in transparency, presbyopia and an increase in the scattering and aberration of light waves as well as a degradation of the optical quality of the eye. The main changes that occur with aging are: 1) reduced diffusion of water from the outside to the inside of the lens and from its cortical to its nuclear zone; 2) crystalline change due to the accumulation of high molecular weight aggregates and insoluble proteins; 3) production of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), lipid accumulation, reduction of reduced glutathione content and destruction of ascorbic acid. Even if effective strategies in preventing cataract onset are not already known, good results have been reached in some cases with oral administration of antioxidant substances such as caffeine, pyruvic acid, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), α-lipoic acid and ascorbic acid. Furthermore, methionine sulfoxide reductase A (MSRA) over expression could protect lens cells both in presence and in absence of oxidative stress-induced damage. Nevertheless, promising results have been obtained by reducing ultraviolet-induced oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Pescosolido
- Department of Cardiovascular, Respiratory, Nephrologic, Anesthesiologic and Geriatric Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Andrea Barbato
- Department of Sense Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Rossella Giannotti
- Department of Sense Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Chiara Komaiha
- Department of Sense Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Fiammetta Lenarduzzi
- Department of Sense Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, Rome 00185, Italy
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Lee J, Pelis RM. Drug Transport by the Blood-Aqueous Humor Barrier of the Eye. Drug Metab Dispos 2016; 44:1675-81. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.116.069369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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13
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Hua X, Deng R, Li J, Chi W, Su Z, Lin J, Pflugfelder SC, Li DQ. Protective Effects of L-Carnitine Against Oxidative Injury by Hyperosmolarity in Human Corneal Epithelial Cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2015; 56:5503-11. [PMID: 26284556 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.14-16247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE L-carnitine suppresses inflammatory responses in human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs) exposed to hyperosmotic stress. In this study, we determined if L-carnitine induces this protective effect through suppression of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced oxidative damage in HCECs. METHODS Primary HCECs were established from donor limbal explants. A hyperosmolarity dry-eye model was used in which HCECs are cultured in 450 mOsM medium with or without L-carnitine for up to 48 hours. Production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), oxidative damage markers, oxygenases and antioxidative enzymes were analyzed by 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFDA) kit, semiquantitative PCR, immunofluorescence, and/or Western blotting. RESULTS Reactive oxygen species production increased in HCECs upon substitution of the isotonic medium with the hypertonic medium. L-carnitine supplementation partially suppressed this response. Hyperosmolarity increased cytotoxic membrane lipid peroxidation levels; namely, malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydroxynonenal (HNE), as well as mitochondria DNA release along with an increase in 8-OHdG and aconitase-2. Interestingly, these oxidative markers were significantly decreased by coculture with L-carnitine. Hyperosmotic stress also increased the mRNA expression and/or protein production of heme oxygenase-1 (HMOX1) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2), but inhibited the levels of antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD1), glutathione peroxidase-1 (GPX1), and peroxiredoxin-4 (PRDX4). However, L-carnitine partially reversed this altered imbalance between oxygenases and antioxidant enzymes induced by hyperosmolarity. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate for the first time that L-carnitine protects HCECs from oxidative stress by lessening the declines in antioxidant enzymes and suppressing ROS production. Such suppression reduces membrane lipid oxidative damage markers and mitochondrial DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Hua
- Ocular Surface Center Cullen Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States 2Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Key Lab of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medic
| | - Ruzhi Deng
- Ocular Surface Center Cullen Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States 3School of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jin Li
- Ocular Surface Center Cullen Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States 3School of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Wei Chi
- Ocular Surface Center Cullen Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States 4Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhitao Su
- Ocular Surface Center Cullen Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Jing Lin
- Ocular Surface Center Cullen Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Stephen C Pflugfelder
- Ocular Surface Center Cullen Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - De-Quan Li
- Ocular Surface Center Cullen Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
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Hua X, Su Z, Deng R, Lin J, Li DQ, Pflugfelder SC. Effects of L-carnitine, erythritol and betaine on pro-inflammatory markers in primary human corneal epithelial cells exposed to hyperosmotic stress. Curr Eye Res 2015; 40:657-67. [PMID: 25271595 PMCID: PMC4793974 DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2014.957776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To explore the effects of osmoprotectants on pro-inflammatory mediator production in primary human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs) exposed to hyperosmotic stress. METHODS HCECs cultured in iso-osmolar medium (312 mOsM) were switched to hyperosmotic media with or without prior incubation with 2-20 mM of l-carnitine, erythritol or betaine for different time periods. The mRNA expression and protein production of pro-inflammatory markers in HCECs were evaluated by RT-qPCR and ELISA. RESULTS Hyperosmolar media significantly stimulated the mRNA and protein expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6, and chemokines, IL-8, CCL2 and CCL20 in HCECs in an osmolarity dependent manner. The stimulated expression of these pro-inflammatory mediators was significantly but differentially suppressed by l-carnitine, erythritol or betaine. l-Carnitine displayed the greatest inhibitory effects and down-regulated 54-77% of the stimulated mRNA levels of TNF-α (down from 12.3-5.7 fold), IL-1β (2.2-0.9 fold), IL-6 (7.3-2.9 fold), IL-8 (4.6-2.0 fold), CCL2 (15.3-3.5 fold) and CCL20 (4.1-1.5 fold) in HCECs exposed to 450 mOsM. The stimulated protein production of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-8 was also significantly suppressed by l-carnitine, erythritol and betaine. l-carnitine suppressed 49-79% of the stimulated protein levels of TNF-α (down from 81.3 to 17.4 pg/ml), IL-1β (56.9-29.2 pg/ml), IL-6 (12.8-4.6 ng/ml) and IL-8 (21.2-10.9 ng/ml) by HCECs exposed to 450 mOsM. Interestingly, hyperosmolarity stimulated increase in mRNA and protein levels of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 were significantly suppressed by a transient receptor potential vanilloid channel type 1 (TRPV1) activation inhibitor capsazepine. CONCLUSIONS l-carnitine, erythritol and betaine function as osmoprotectants to suppress inflammatory responses via TRPV1 pathway in HCECs exposed to hyperosmotic stress. Osmoprotectants may have efficacy in reducing innate inflammation in dry eye disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Hua
- Ocular Surface Center, Cullen Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Key Lab of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhitao Su
- Ocular Surface Center, Cullen Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ruzhi Deng
- Ocular Surface Center, Cullen Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jing Lin
- Ocular Surface Center, Cullen Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - De-Quan Li
- Ocular Surface Center, Cullen Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Stephen C. Pflugfelder
- Ocular Surface Center, Cullen Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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15
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Oxidative stress markers induced by hyperosmolarity in primary human corneal epithelial cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126561. [PMID: 26024535 PMCID: PMC4449087 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been known to be involved in pathogenesis of dry eye disease. However, few studies have comprehensively investigated the relationship between hyperosmolarity and oxidative damage in human ocular surface. This study was to explore whether and how hyperosmolarity induces oxidative stress markers in primary human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs). Primary HCECs were established from donor limbal explants. The hyperosmolarity model was made in HCECs cultured in isosmolar (312 mOsM) or hyperosmotic (350, 400, 450 mOsM) media. Production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), oxidative damage markers, oxygenases and anti-oxidative enzymes were analyzed by DCFDA kit, RT-qPCR, immunofluorescent and immunohistochemical staining and Western blotting. Compared to isosmolar medium, ROS production significantly increased at time- and osmolarity-dependent manner in HCECs exposed to media with increasing osmolarities (350–450 mOsM). Hyperosmolarity significantly induced oxidative damage markers in cell membrane with increased toxic products of lipid peroxidation, 4–hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) and malondialdehyde (MDA), and in nuclear and mitochondria DNA with increased aconitase-2 and 8-OHdG. Hyperosmotic stress also increased the mRNA expression and protein production of heme oxygenase-1 (HMOX1) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2), but reduced the levels of antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD1), and glutathione peroxidase-1 (GPX1). In conclusion, our comprehensive findings demonstrate that hyperosmolarity induces oxidative stress in HCECs by stimulating ROS production and disrupting the balance of oxygenases and antioxidant enzymes, which in turn cause cell damage with increased oxidative markers in membrane lipid peroxidation and mitochondrial DNA damage.
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Baudouin C, Aragona P, Messmer EM, Tomlinson A, Calonge M, Boboridis KG, Akova YA, Geerling G, Labetoulle M, Rolando M. Role of hyperosmolarity in the pathogenesis and management of dry eye disease: proceedings of the OCEAN group meeting. Ocul Surf 2013; 11:246-58. [PMID: 24112228 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2013.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 312] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Revised: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Dry eye disease (DED), a multifactorial disease of the tears and ocular surface, is common and has a significant impact on quality of life. Reduced aqueous tear flow and/or increased evaporation of the aqueous tear phase leads to tear hyperosmolarity, a key step in the vicious circle of DED pathology. Tear hyperosmolarity gives rise to morphological changes such as apoptosis of cells of the conjunctiva and cornea, and triggers inflammatory cascades that contribute to further cell death, including loss of mucin-producing goblet cells. This exacerbates tear film instability and drives the cycle of events that perpetuate the condition. Traditional approaches to counteracting tear hyperosmolarity in DED include use of hypotonic tear substitutes, which have relatively short persistence in the eye. More recent attempts to counteract tear hyperosmolarity in DED have included osmoprotectants, small organic molecules that are used in many cell types throughout the natural world to restore cell volume and stabilize protein function, allowing adaptation to hyperosmolarity. There is now an expanding pool of clinical data on the efficacy of DED therapies that include osmoprotectants such as erythritol, taurine, trehalose and L-carnitine. Osmoprotectants in DED may directly protect cells against hyperosmolarity and thereby promote exit from the vicious circle of DED physiopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Baudouin
- Centre Hospitalier National d'Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts and Vision Institute, Paris, France.
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