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Calzoni E, Cesaretti A, Montegiove N, Di Michele A, Pellegrino RM, Emiliani C. HexA-Enzyme Coated Polymer Nanoparticles for the Development of a Drug-Delivery System in the Treatment of Sandhoff Lysosomal Storage Disease. J Funct Biomater 2022; 13:jfb13020037. [PMID: 35466219 PMCID: PMC9036261 DOI: 10.3390/jfb13020037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs) are a set of metabolic diseases caused by mutations in genes that are in charge of the production of lysosomal enzymes, resulting in the buildup of non-degraded substrates and the consequent systemic damage that mainly involves the Central Nervous System (CNS). One of the most widely used and studied treatments is Enzyme Replacement Therapy, which is based on the administration of the recombinant deficient enzyme. This strategy has often proved fallacious due to the enzyme instability in body fluids and its inability to reach adequate levels in the CNS. In this work, we developed a system based on nanotechnology that allows a stable enzyme to be obtained by its covalent immobilization on nanoparticles (NPs) of polylactic acid, subsequently administered to a cellular model of LSDs, i.e., Sandhoff disease, caused by the absence or deficiency of the β-d-N-acetyl-hexosaminidase A (HexA) enzyme. The HexA enzymes, loaded onto the polymeric NPs through an immobilization procedure that has already been investigated and validated, were found to be stable over time, maintain optimal kinetic parameters, be able to permeate the plasma membrane, hydrolyze HexA’s natural substrate, and restore enzyme activity close to the levels of healthy cells. These results thus lay the foundation for testing the HexA-NPs in animal models of the disease and thus obtaining an efficient drug-delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Calzoni
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (E.C.); (N.M.); (R.M.P.); (C.E.)
| | - Alessio Cesaretti
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (E.C.); (N.M.); (R.M.P.); (C.E.)
- Centro di Eccellenza sui Materiali Innovativi Nanostrutturati (CEMIN), University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-075-585-7436
| | - Nicolò Montegiove
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (E.C.); (N.M.); (R.M.P.); (C.E.)
| | - Alessandro Di Michele
- Department of Physics and Geology, University of Perugia, Via Pascoli, 06123 Perugia, Italy;
| | - Roberto Maria Pellegrino
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (E.C.); (N.M.); (R.M.P.); (C.E.)
| | - Carla Emiliani
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (E.C.); (N.M.); (R.M.P.); (C.E.)
- Centro di Eccellenza sui Materiali Innovativi Nanostrutturati (CEMIN), University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
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Engineering of Yeast Glycoprotein Expression. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 175:93-135. [DOI: 10.1007/10_2018_69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Shawky RM, Elsayed SM. Treatment options for patients with Gaucher disease. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL HUMAN GENETICS 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmhg.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Zhang P, Woen S, Wang T, Liau B, Zhao S, Chen C, Yang Y, Song Z, Wormald MR, Yu C, Rudd PM. Challenges of glycosylation analysis and control: an integrated approach to producing optimal and consistent therapeutic drugs. Drug Discov Today 2016; 21:740-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Gramlich PA, Westbroek W, Feldman RA, Awad O, Mello N, Remington MP, Sun Y, Zhang W, Sidransky E, Betenbaugh MJ, Fishman PS. A peptide-linked recombinant glucocerebrosidase for targeted neuronal delivery: Design, production, and assessment. J Biotechnol 2016; 221:1-12. [PMID: 26795355 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2016.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2015] [Revised: 01/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Although recombinant glucocerebrosidase (GCase) is the standard therapy for the inherited lysosomal storage disease Gaucher's disease (GD), enzyme replacement is not effective when the central nervous system is affected. We created a series of recombinant genes/proteins where GCase was linked to different membrane binding peptides including the Tat peptide, the rabies glycoprotein derived peptide (RDP), the binding domain from tetanus toxin (TTC), and a tetanus like peptide (Tet1). The majority of these proteins were well-expressed in a mammalian producer cell line (HEK 293F). Purified recombinant Tat-GCase and RDP-GCase showed similar GCase protein delivery to a neuronal cell line that genetically lacks the functional enzyme, and greater delivery than control GCase, Cerezyme (Genzyme). This initial result was unexpected based on observations of superior protein delivery to neurons with RDP as a vector. A recombinant protein where a fragment of the flexible hinge region from IgA (IgAh) was introduced between RDP and GCase showed substantially enhanced GCase neuronal delivery (2.5 times over Tat-GCase), suggesting that the original construct resulted in interference with the capacity of RDP to bind neuronal membranes. Extended treatment of these knockout neuronal cells with either Tat-GCase or RDP-IgAh-GCase resulted in an >90% reduction in the lipid substrate glucosylsphingosine, approaching normal levels. Further in vivo studies of RDP-IgAh-GCase as well as Tat-GCase are warranted to assess their potential as treatments for neuronopathic forms of GD. These peptide vectors are especially attractive as they have the potential to carry a protein across the blood-brain barrier, avoiding invasive direct brain delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Gramlich
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Research Service, Veterans Affairs Maryland Health Care Service, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Wendy Westbroek
- Section on Molecular Neurogenetics, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ricardo A Feldman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, MD, USA
| | - Ola Awad
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, MD, USA
| | - Nicholas Mello
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Maryland Health Care Service, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, MD, USA
| | - Mary P Remington
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Maryland Health Care Service, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ying Sun
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Wujuan Zhang
- Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Ellen Sidransky
- Section on Molecular Neurogenetics, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michael J Betenbaugh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Paul S Fishman
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Maryland Health Care Service, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Moskot M, Jakóbkiewicz-Banecka J, Smolińska E, Banecki B, Węgrzyn G, Gabig-Cimińska M. Activities of genes controlling sphingolipid metabolism in human fibroblasts treated with flavonoids. Metab Brain Dis 2015; 30. [PMID: 26209177 PMCID: PMC4560762 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-015-9705-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Natural flavonoids such as genistein, kaempferol and daidzein were previously found to be able to reduce efficiency of glycosaminoglycan synthesis in cells of patients suffering from mucopolysaccharidoses, inherited metabolic diseases with often brain disease symptoms. This feature was employed to test these compounds as potential drugs for treatment other neuronopathic lysosomal storage disorders, in which errors in sphingolipid metabolism occur. In this report, on the basis of DNA microarray analyses and quantitative real time PCR experiments, we present evidence that these compounds modify expression of genes coding for enzymes required for metabolism of sphingolipids in human dermal fibroblasts (HDFa). Expression of several genes involved in sphingolipid synthesis was impaired by tested flavonoids. Therefore, it is tempting to speculate that they may be considered as potential drugs in treatment of LSD, in which accumulation of sphingolipids, especially glycosphingolipids, occurs. Nevertheless, further studies on more advances models are required to test this hypothesis and to assess a therapeutic potential for flavonoids in this group of metabolic brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Moskot
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology (affiliated with the University of Gdańsk), Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | | | - Elwira Smolińska
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Bogdan Banecki
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology UG-MUG, Kładki 24, 80-822 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Węgrzyn
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Magdalena Gabig-Cimińska
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology (affiliated with the University of Gdańsk), Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
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Choi JH, Lee BH, Ko JM, Sohn YB, Lee JS, Kim GH, Heo SH, Park JY, Kim YM, Kim JH, Yoo HW. A phase 2 multi-center, open-label, switch-over trial to evaluate the safety and efficacy of Abcertin® in patients with type 1 Gaucher disease. J Korean Med Sci 2015; 30:378-84. [PMID: 25829804 PMCID: PMC4366957 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2015.30.4.378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Gaucher disease is a lysosomal storage disease for which enzyme replacement therapy has proven to be effective. A switch-over clinical trial was performed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Abcertin® (ISU Abxis, Seoul, Korea) in subjects with type 1 Gaucher disease who were previously treated with imiglucerase. Five Korean patients with type 1 Gaucher disease were enrolled. Previous doses of imiglucerase ranged from 30 to 55 U/kg every other week. The same dose of Abcertin® was administered to all patients for 24 weeks. Primary efficacy endpoints were changes in hemoglobin levels and platelet counts, and the secondary efficacy endpoints included changes in liver and spleen volumes, serum biomarkers, skeletal status and bone mineral density (BMD). During the study period, no statistically significant changes were observed in all parameters including hemoglobin levels and platelet counts, liver and spleen volumes, skeletal status and BMD. Abcertin® administration was continued in three patients for another 24 weeks as an extension of the study. Hemoglobin levels and platelet counts were maintained in all three patients. In conclusion, the efficacy and safety of Abcertin® are similar to those of imiglucerase, and Abcertin® is an effective therapeutic agent for patients with type 1 Gaucher disease (Clinical Trial Registry No. NCT02053896 at www.clinicaltrials.gov).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Ho Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Beom Hee Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Min Ko
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Bae Sohn
- Department of Medical Genetics, Ajou University Hospital, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Jin-Sung Lee
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gu-Hwan Kim
- Medical Genetics Center, Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sun Hee Heo
- Medical Genetics Center, Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Yoo-Mi Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ja-Hye Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Han-Wook Yoo
- Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Shemesh E, Deroma L, Bembi B, Deegan P, Hollak C, Weinreb NJ, Cox TM. Enzyme replacement and substrate reduction therapy for Gaucher disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015; 2015:CD010324. [PMID: 25812601 PMCID: PMC8923052 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd010324.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gaucher disease, a rare disorder, is caused by inherited deficiency of the enzyme glucocerebrosidase. It is unique among the ultra-orphan disorders in that four treatments are currently approved by various regulatory authorities for use in routine clinical practice. Hitherto, because of the relatively few people affected worldwide, many of whom started therapy during a prolonged period when there were essentially no alternatives to imiglucerase, these treatments have not been systematically evaluated in studies such as randomized controlled trials now considered necessary to generate the highest level of clinical evidence. OBJECTIVES To summarize all available randomized controlled study data on the efficacy and safety of enzyme replacement therapies and substrate reduction therapy for treating Gaucher disease. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Cystic Fibrosis and Genetic Disorders Group's Inborn Errors of Metabolism Trials Register. Additional searches were conducted on ClinicalTrials.gov for any ongoing studies with potential interim results, and through PubMed. We also searched the reference lists of relevant articles and reviews.Date of last search: 07 August 2014. SELECTION CRITERIA All randomized and quasi-randomized controlled studies (including open-label studies and cross-over studies) assessing enzyme replacement therapy or substrate reduction therapy, or both, in all types of Gaucher disease were included. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two authors independently assessed the risk of bias in the included studies, and extracted relevant data. MAIN RESULTS Of the 488 studies retrieved by the electronic searches, eight met the inclusion criteria and were analysed (300 participants). Response parameters were restricted to haemoglobin concentration, platelet count, spleen and liver volume and serum biomarkers (chitotriosidase and CCL18). Only one publication reported a 'low risk of bias' score in all parameters assessed, and all studies included were randomized.Four studies reported the responses to enzyme replacement therapy of previously untreated individuals with type 1 Gaucher disease. Two studies investigated maintenance enzyme replacement therapy in people with stable type 1 Gaucher disease previously treated for at least two years. One study compared substrate reduction therapy, enzyme replacement therapy and a combination thereof as maintenance therapy in people with type 1 Gaucher disease previously treated with enzyme replacement therapy. One study examined substrate reduction therapy in people with chronic neuronopathic (type 3) Gaucher disease who continued to receive enzyme replacement therapy.Treatment-naïve participants had similar increases in haemoglobin when comparing those receiving imiglucerase or alglucerase at 60 units/kg, imiglucerase or velaglucerase alfa at 60 U/kg, taliglucerase alfa at 30 units/kg or 60 units/kg, and velaglucerase alfa at 45 units/g or 60 units/kg. For platelet count response in participants with intact spleens, a benefit for imiglucerase over velaglucerase alfa at 60 units/kg was observed, mean difference -79.87 (95% confidence interval -137.57 to -22.17). There were no other significant differences in platelet count response when comparing different doses of velaglucerase alfa and of taliglucerase alfa, and when comparing imiglucerase to alglucerase. Spleen and liver volume reductions were not significantly different in any enzyme replacement therapy product or dose comparison study. Although a dose effect on serum biomarkers was not seen after nine months, a significantly greater reduction with higher dose was reported after 12 months in the velaglucerase study, mean difference 16.70 (95% confidence intervaI 1.51 to 31.89). In the two enzyme replacement therapy maintenance studies comparing infusions every two weeks and every four weeks, there were no significant differences in haemoglobin concentration, platelet count, and spleen and liver volumes over a 6 to 12 month period when participants were treated with the same cumulative dose.A total of 25 serious adverse events were reported, nearly all deemed unrelated to treatment.There are, as yet, no randomized trials of substrate reduction therapy in treatment-naïve patients that can be evaluated. Miglustat monotherapy appeared as effective as continued enzyme replacement therapy for maintenance of hematological, organ and biomarker responses in people with type 1 Gaucher disease previously treated with imiglucerase for at least two years. In those with neuronopathic Gaucher disease, no significant improvements in haemoglobin concentration, platelet count or organ volumes occurred when enzyme replacement therapy was augmented with miglustat.One randomized controlled study assessing substrate reduction therapy was published immediately prior to producing the final version of this review, and this, along with a further ongoing study (expected to be published in the near future), will be assessed for eligibility in a future update of the review. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS The results reflect the limitations of analysing evidence restricted to prospective randomized controlled trials, especially when dealing with chronic rare diseases. This analysis suggests that, during the first year of treatment, different recombinant glucocerebrosidases are bio-similar and non-inferior in safety and efficacy for surrogate biological response parameters. Enzyme replacement therapy given at 30 to 45 units/kg body weight every two to four weeks was generally as effective as the 60 unit/kg dose for the assessed clinical outcomes. The analysis emphasise the need to determine whether it is realistic to carry out multi-decade prospective clinical trials for rare diseases such as type 1 Gaucher disease. With large treatment effects on the classical manifestations of the disorder, therapeutic investigations in Gaucher disease mandate innovative trial designs and methodology to secure decisive data concerning long-term efficacy and safety - with the realization that knowledge about disease-modifying actions that are sustained are of crucial importance to people with this chronic condition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Deroma
- University Hospital "Santa Maria della Misericordia"Regional Coordinator Centre for Rare DiseasesPiazzale Santa Maria della Misericordia 15UdineItaly33100
| | - Bruno Bembi
- University Hospital "Santa Maria della Misericordia"Regional Coordinator Centre for Rare DiseasesPiazzale Santa Maria della Misericordia 15UdineItaly33100
| | - Patrick Deegan
- University of Cambridge and Lysosomal Disorders UnitDepartment of MedicineAddenbrooke's Hospital (PO Box 157)CambridgeUKCB2 0QQ
| | - Carla Hollak
- Academic Medical CenterDepartment of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology & MetabolismPostbus 22660AmsterdamNetherlands1100 DD
| | - Neal J Weinreb
- Northwest Oncology Hematology Associates PAUniversity Research Foundation for Lysosomal Storage Diseases8170 Royal Palm BoulevardCoral SpringsFloridaUSA33433
- University of Miami Miller School of MedicineMiamiFloridaUSA
| | - Timothy M Cox
- Addenbrooke's Hospital (Box 157)Department of MedicineLevel 5, Hills RoadCambridgeCambridgeshireUKCB2 0QQ
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Sardi SP, Cheng SH, Shihabuddin LS. Gaucher-related synucleinopathies: the examination of sporadic neurodegeneration from a rare (disease) angle. Prog Neurobiol 2015; 125:47-62. [PMID: 25573151 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Gaucher disease, the most common lysosomal storage disease, is caused by a recessively inherited deficiency in glucocerebrosidase and subsequent accumulation of toxic lipid substrates. Heterozygous mutations in the lysosomal glucocerebrosidase gene (GBA1) have recently been recognized as the highest genetic risk factor for the development of α-synuclein aggregation disorders ("synucleinopathies"), including Parkinson's disease (PD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). Despite the wealth of experimental, clinical and genetic evidence that supports the association between mutant genotypes and synucleinopathy risk, the precise mechanisms by which GBA1 mutations lead to PD and DLB remain unclear. Decreased glucocerebrosidase activity has been demonstrated to promote α-synuclein misprocessing. Furthermore, aberrant α-synuclein species have been reported to downregulate glucocerebrosidase activity, which further contributes to disease progression. In this review, we summarize the recent findings that highlight the complexity of this pathogenetic link and how several pathways that connect glucocerebrosidase insufficiency with α-synuclein misprocessing have emerged as potential therapeutic targets. From a translational perspective, we discuss how various therapeutic approaches to lysosomal dysfunction have been explored for the treatment of GBA1-related synucleinopathies, and potentially, for non-GBA1-associated neurodegenerative diseases. In summary, the link between GBA1 and synucleinopathies has become the paradigm of how the study of a rare lysosomal disease can transform the understanding of the etiopathology, and hopefully the treatment, of a more prevalent and multifactorial disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pablo Sardi
- Genzyme, a Sanofi Company, 49 New York Avenue, Framingham, MA 01701, USA.
| | - Seng H Cheng
- Genzyme, a Sanofi Company, 49 New York Avenue, Framingham, MA 01701, USA
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Laukens B, Visscher CD, Callewaert N. Engineering yeast for producing human glycoproteins: where are we now? Future Microbiol 2015; 10:21-34. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb.14.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Yeast has advanced as an alternative for mammalian cell culture for the production of recombinant therapeutic glycoproteins. Engineered yeast strains not only allow to mimic the human N-glycosylation pathway but also specific types of human O-glycosylation. This is of great value for therapeutic protein production and indispensable to determine the structure-function relationships of glycans on recombinant proteins. However, as the technology matures, some limitations have come up that may hamper biomedical applications and must be considered to exploit the full potential of the unprecedented glycan homogeneity obtained on relevant biopharmaceuticals. In this special report, we focus on the recent developments in N- and O-glycosylation engineering in yeasts of industrial importance, to produce recombinant therapeutics with customized glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bram Laukens
- Unit for Medical Biotechnology, Inflammation Research Centre (IRC), VIB-UGent, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent-Zwijnaarde, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry & Microbiology, Laboratory for Protein Biochemistry & Biomolecular Engineering, Ghent University, K.L.-Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Charlotte De Visscher
- Unit for Medical Biotechnology, Inflammation Research Centre (IRC), VIB-UGent, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent-Zwijnaarde, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry & Microbiology, Laboratory for Protein Biochemistry & Biomolecular Engineering, Ghent University, K.L.-Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nico Callewaert
- Unit for Medical Biotechnology, Inflammation Research Centre (IRC), VIB-UGent, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent-Zwijnaarde, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry & Microbiology, Laboratory for Protein Biochemistry & Biomolecular Engineering, Ghent University, K.L.-Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Medical Protein Research, VIB-UGent, Albert Baertsoenkaai 3, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Kyriazis M. The impracticality of biomedical rejuvenation therapies: translational and pharmacological barriers. Rejuvenation Res 2014; 17:390-6. [PMID: 25072550 PMCID: PMC4142774 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2014.1588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The notion that it is possible to eradicate age-related degeneration and live a life with a negligible rate of senescence solely by using a physical "repair-oriented" approach is flawed on a number of fronts. Here, I will argue that there are so many unknown variables embedded in this line of thinking that make the final result impossible to predict. Two relatively easy-to-research areas are the search for successful cross-link breakers and an effective lysosomal degradation therapy. A more complex and speculative strategy is whole-body interdiction of lengthening of telomeres (WILT). Highlighting these as examples, I argue that it is unlikely that such rejuvenation biotechnologies will be used meaningfully by the general public. The discussion assumes that although such therapies may in theory one day be developed in the laboratory, and even possibly be formulated as physical clinical therapies, these will be unusable in practical terms when applied upon humans at large. Due to inherent characteristics of our biological, evolutionary, and psychological heritage, it is implausible that curing aging will occur by using physical interventions alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marios Kyriazis
- ELPIs Foundation for Indefinite Lifespans , London, United Kingdom
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12
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Hudak JE, Bertozzi CR. Glycotherapy: new advances inspire a reemergence of glycans in medicine. CHEMISTRY & BIOLOGY 2014; 21:16-37. [PMID: 24269151 PMCID: PMC4111574 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2013.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2013] [Revised: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The beginning of the 20(th) century marked the dawn of modern medicine with glycan-based therapies at the forefront. However, glycans quickly became overshadowed as DNA- and protein-focused treatments became readily accessible. The recent development of new tools and techniques to study and produce structurally defined carbohydrates has spurred renewed interest in the therapeutic applications of glycans. This review focuses on advances within the past decade that are bringing glycan-based treatments back to the forefront of medicine and the technologies that are driving these efforts. These include the use of glycans themselves as therapeutic molecules as well as engineering protein and cell surface glycans to suit clinical applications. Glycan therapeutics offer a rich and promising frontier for developments in the academic, biopharmaceutical, and medical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason E Hudak
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Carolyn R Bertozzi
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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A multicenter open-label treatment protocol (HGT-GCB-058) of velaglucerase alfa enzyme replacement therapy in patients with Gaucher disease type 1: safety and tolerability. Genet Med 2013; 16:359-66. [PMID: 24263462 PMCID: PMC4018500 DOI: 10.1038/gim.2013.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To evaluate the safety of velaglucerase alfa in patients with type 1 Gaucher disease who received velaglucerase alfa in the US treatment protocol HGT-GCB-058 (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT00954460) during a global supply shortage of imiglucerase. Methods: This multicenter open-label treatment protocol enrolled patients who were either treatment naïve or had been receiving imiglucerase. Patients received intravenous velaglucerase alfa every other week at a dose of 60 U/kg (treatment naïve) or 15–60 U/kg (previously treated). Results: A total of 211 (including six treatment-naïve) patients were enrolled. Among the 205 previously treated patients, 35 (17.1%) experienced an adverse event considered related to study drug. Among the six treatment-naïve patients, one had an adverse event considered related to study drug. Infusion-related adverse events occurred in 28 (13.3%) of the 211 patients and usually occurred during the first three infusions. De novo, nonneutralizing, anti–velaglucerase alfa antibodies developed during treatment in one (<1.0%) previously treated patient and none of the treatment-naïve patients. Conclusion: The currently observed safety profile was consistent with those previously reported for imiglucerase and velaglucerase alfa phase III clinical trials. These results support the safety of initiating treatment with velaglucerase alfa or transitioning patients from imiglucerase therapy to velaglucerase alfa therapy.
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Erythrocytes as a novel delivery vehicle for biologics: from enzymes to nucleic acid-based therapeutics. Ther Deliv 2012; 3:405-14. [PMID: 22833997 DOI: 10.4155/tde.12.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological drugs are among the most exciting drugs of the future, offering better treatment options for patients than ever before but they need an appropriate delivery vehicle. Carrier erythrocytes are one of the most promising drug-delivery systems. Application of erythrocytes as containers for various drugs minimizes toxicity, decreasing the risk of side effects and pathologic immune reactions against encapsulated agents as well as improving their efficacy, leading to better patient compliance. This review discusses the rationale for the use of erythrocytes as a vehicle for biopharmaceuticals and summarizes the categories of these new encapsulable compounds that are currently under investigation. The authors' intent is to describe the development of this delivery system to give the reader an overview of the remarkable potential of erythrocytes as naturally designed carriers and their versatility in the field of biologics for the treatment of various pathological conditions.
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Zhang P, Chan KF, Haryadi R, Bardor M, Song Z. CHO glycosylation mutants as potential host cells to produce therapeutic proteins with enhanced efficacy. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2012; 131:63-87. [PMID: 23142953 DOI: 10.1007/10_2012_163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
CHO glycosylation mutants, pioneered by Stanley and co-workers, have proven to be valuable tools in glycobiology and biopharmaceutical research. Here we aim to provide a summary of our efforts to isolate industrially applicable CHO glycosylation mutants, termed CHO-gmt cells, using cytotoxic lectins and zinc-finger nuclease technology. The genetic defects in the glycosylation machinery in these cells lead to the production of recombinant glycoproteins with consistent and unique glycan structures. In addition, these mutant cells can be easily adapted to serum-free medium in suspension cultures, the condition used by the biotech industry for large-scale production of recombinant therapeutics. In light of the critical impact of glycosylation on biopharmaceutical performances, namely, safety and efficacy, the CHO-gmt lines have enormous potential in producing glycoprotein therapeutics with optimal glycosylation profiles, thus, representing a panel of ideal host cell lines for producing recombinant biopharmaceuticals with improved safety profiles and enhanced efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiqing Zhang
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 20 Biopolis Way, #06-01 Centros, Singapore, 138668, Singapore,
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Abstract
Abstract
This review presents a cohesive approach to treating patients with Gaucher disease. The spectrum of the clinical presentation of the disease is broad, yet heretofore there was only one disease-specific treatment. In the past 2 years, a global shortage of this product has resulted in reassessment of the “one enzyme–one disease–one therapy” mantra. It has also showcased the multiple levels that engage the patient, the treating physician, and the third-party insurer in providing adequate treatment to all symptomatic patients. The key points summarizing the way I manage my patients include accurate enzymatic diagnosis with mutation analysis (for some prognostication and better carrier detection in the family), a detailed follow-up every 6-12 months (with an option to see consultants and attention to comorbidities), and initiation of enzyme replacement therapy according to symptoms or deterioration in clinically significant features or both. I do not treat patients with very mild disease, but I consider presymptomatic therapy for patients at risk, including young women with poor obstetric history. I prefer the minimal-effective dose rather than the maximally tolerated dose, and when the difference between high-dose and lower-dose regimens is (merely statistically significant but) clinically meaningless, minimizing the burden on society by advocating less-expensive treatments is ethically justified.
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Söhngen C, Chang A, Schomburg D. Development of a classification scheme for disease-related enzyme information. BMC Bioinformatics 2011; 12:329. [PMID: 21827651 PMCID: PMC3166944 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-12-329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Accepted: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background BRENDA (BRaunschweig ENzyme DAtabase, http://www.brenda-enzymes.org) is a major resource for enzyme related information. First and foremost, it provides data which are manually curated from the primary literature. DRENDA (Disease RElated ENzyme information DAtabase) complements BRENDA with a focus on the automatic search and categorization of enzyme and disease related information from title and abstracts of primary publications. In a two-step procedure DRENDA makes use of text mining and machine learning methods. Results Currently enzyme and disease related references are biannually updated as part of the standard BRENDA update. 910,897 relations of EC-numbers and diseases were extracted from titles or abstracts and are included in the second release in 2010. The enzyme and disease entity recognition has been successfully enhanced by a further relation classification via machine learning. The classification step has been evaluated by a 5-fold cross validation and achieves an F1 score between 0.802 ± 0.032 and 0.738 ± 0.033 depending on the categories and pre-processing procedures. In the eventual DRENDA content every category reaches a classification specificity of at least 96.7% and a precision that ranges from 86-98% in the highest confidence level, and 64-83% for the smallest confidence level associated with higher recall. Conclusions The DRENDA processing chain analyses PubMed, locates references with disease-related information on enzymes and categorises their focus according to the categories causal interaction, therapeutic application, diagnostic usage and ongoing research. The categorisation gives an impression on the focus of the located references. Thus, the relation categorisation can facilitate orientation within the rapidly growing number of references with impact on diseases and enzymes. The DRENDA information is available as additional information in BRENDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carola Söhngen
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Department of Bioinformatics and Biochemistry Langer Kamp 19 B, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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D-dimer assay in Egyptian patients with Gaucher disease: correlation with bone and lung involvement. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2011; 22:176-84. [PMID: 21346558 DOI: 10.1097/mbc.0b013e3283424809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Gaucher disease is the most frequent lysosomal storage disorder. Bone and lung involvement are two major causes of morbidity in this disease. D-dimer is a reliable indicator of active microvascular thrombosis, even in patients without overt hypercoagulation. This study aimed to assess D-dimer levels in Gaucher disease, correlating this marker to clinical characteristics and radiological parameters to investigate its role as a potential predictor for the occurrence and severity of skeletal and pulmonary manifestations. The study population consisted of 56 Egyptian patients with Gaucher disease, 36 had type 1 Gaucher disease (64.3%) and 20 had type 3 Gaucher disease (35.7%). Thirty healthy individuals were enrolled as a control group. D-dimer levels were significantly higher in all patients with Gaucher disease compared with controls (P < 0.001). Patients with type 3 showed significantly higher D-dimer concentrations compared with type 1 (P < 0.001). Pulmonary involvement was present in a significant proportion among type 3 Gaucher patients (P < 0.05), whereas bone changes were present in a higher percentage in type 1 compared with type 3 Gaucher patients. D-dimers were significantly higher in patients with abnormal MRI findings of the long bones and in those with ground glass appearance on high-resolution computerized tomography of the chest compared with patients with normal radiology (P < 0.001). Splenectomized patients displayed significantly higher D-dimer levels compared with nonsplenectomized patients (P < 0.001). Our results suggest that D-dimer is significantly elevated in Gaucher disease, particularly type 3, and may be considered as a potential marker of risk prediction of bone and lung involvement that could be used to monitor treatment response.
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Abstract
Extraction and purification of an acid β-glucosidase from human placenta (alglucerase) for the treatment of Gaucher disease, replaced a few years later by a recombinant enzyme (imiglucérase, Cerezyme(®)), has paved the way to the development of enzyme replacement therapies (ERT) for the treatment of lysosomal storage diseases (LSD) among which Fabry disease for which the long-term efficacy of the two currently available preparations (agalsidase alfa, Replagal(®) and Fabrazyme(®)) is still being investigated. Mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) type I (Hurler and Scheie diseases), II (Hunter syndrome) and VI (Maroteaux-Lamy disease) also benefit from ERT using laronidase (Aldurazyme(®)), idursulfase (Elaprase(®)) and galsulfase (Naglazyme(®)), respectively. ERT reduces the hepatosplenomegaly and improves the physical and respiratory capacities of MPS patients with a globally acceptable safety profile although the possibility of infusion-associated should always be kept in mind. Alglucosidase alpha (Myozyme(®)) improves the cardiomyopathy and life expectancy of infants suffering from Pompe disease and is under evaluation for the treatment of the juvenile and adult forms of the disease. CNS involvement remains a major challenge for many LSD and innovative research and approaches are needed to address the fact that recombinant enzymes do not cross the blood-brain barrier and therefore are not expected to lead to any improvement in CNS damages, except if alternative routes such as intrathecal administration would be developed. Molecular chaperones (e.g. migalastat for Fabry disease) and inhibitors of glucosylceramide synthesis (e.g. eliglustat tartrate for Gaucher disease) are currently under investigation in various clinical trials.
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Hughes DA, Pastores GM. The pathophysiology of GD - current understanding and rationale for existing and emerging therapeutic approaches. Wien Med Wochenschr 2011; 160:594-9. [PMID: 21221911 DOI: 10.1007/s10354-010-0864-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2010] [Accepted: 12/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Gaucher disease is a genetic disorder of sphingolipid metabolism resulting from dysfunction of the lysosomal membrane-associated glycoprotein glucocerebrosidase (GBA) and resulting in intracellular accumulation of glucosylceramide and other glycolipids. Although the gene defect and relevant biochemical pathways have been defined, the mechanisms by which substrate accumulation causes disease manifestations are not well understood. The direct effects of a build up of substrate laden cells may account for some aspects of disease but the overall pathology is likely to be more complex with effects of stored material on a variety of intra and extra cellular functions. In this article we review the GBA gene and its protein product, with associated defects, lipid metabolism and storage, enzyme misfolding and endoplasmic reticulum stress, calcium homeostasis, oxidative stress and autophagy and at each point examine how therapies that are currently available, in clinical development or at earlier stages of basic research might address the pathological mechanisms.
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Pastores GM. Velaglucerase alfa as a therapeutic option for Gaucher disease. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2011; 6:13-20. [PMID: 30764031 DOI: 10.1586/eem.10.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Gaucher disease (GD) is an inherited disorder characterized by deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme glucocerebrosidase and the accumulation of an incompletely metabolized substrate (glucocerebroside) in cells of monocyte lineage. Clinical manifestations include anemia, thrombocytopenia, hepatosplenomegaly and bone disease; in a subset of patients with the neuropathic form, additional problems related to primary CNS involvement develop, resulting in a shortened lifespan. Velaglucerase alfa is a human recombinant formulation of glucocerebrosidase; in clinical trials it has been shown to be safe and effective in reversing the cardinal systemic features of GD. Prior to the introduction of velaglucerase alfa, enzyme replacement therapy with imiglucerase for GD type 1 (the non-neuronopathic form) had been established as the standard of care. Problems with imiglucerase supply have resulted in the increased use of velaglucerase alfa, through an expanded access program prior to regulatory approval (which was obtained in February 2010 in the USA and more recently in countries of the EU). Thus far, the therapeutic profile for velaglucerase alfa appears comparable to the historical data set for imiglucerase, although the reported rate of antibody formation against velaglucerase alfa is lower (1 vs 15%). In addition, in vitrostudies involving human macrophages have demonstrated a more rapid internalization of velaglucerase alfa. The long-term implications of these observations need to be established. Moreover, factors that will influence the choice of treatment agent in GD patients will need to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory M Pastores
- a Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, New York University School of Medicine, 403 East 34th Street, 2nd floor, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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Vellodi A, Ashworth M, Finnegan N, Wallis C. Pulmonary hemorrhage in type 3 Gaucher disease: a case report. J Inherit Metab Dis 2010; 33 Suppl 3:S329-31. [PMID: 20689991 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-010-9176-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2010] [Revised: 07/14/2010] [Accepted: 07/16/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A 2-year-old boy with type 3 Gaucher disease (GD) on treatment with enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) was found dead in bed having been apparently well the night before. At the time of diagnosis, he had significant respiratory symptoms (severe and persistent bouts of coughing) that had been attributed to Gaucher lung infiltration and that were controlled by inhaled and orally administered steroids. These symptoms had begun to reappear just prior to death. Postmortem revealed extensive pulmonary hemorrhage and intra-alveolar collections of Gaucher cells. There was very little evidence of GD elsewhere. Death was ascribed to pulmonary hemorrhage secondary to GD. The pathogenesis was unclear. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of isolated pulmonary hemorrhage secondary to GD and may represent a hitherto unrecognized complication of this condition. Given the apparent temporal relationship, we propose that it represented a severe, terminal event in the course of Gaucher lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Vellodi
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, WC1N 3JH London, UK.
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