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Tai CJ, Li CL, Tai CJ, Wang CK, Lin LT. Early Viral Entry Assays for the Identification and Evaluation of Antiviral Compounds. J Vis Exp 2015:e53124. [PMID: 26555014 DOI: 10.3791/53124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-based systems are useful for discovering antiviral agents. Dissecting the viral life cycle, particularly the early entry stages, allows a mechanistic approach to identify and evaluate antiviral agents that target specific steps of the viral entry. In this report, the methods of examining viral inactivation, viral attachment, and viral entry/fusion as antiviral assays for such purposes are described, using hepatitis C virus as a model. These assays should be useful for discovering novel antagonists/inhibitors to early viral entry and help expand the scope of candidate antiviral agents for further drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Jei Tai
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University
| | - Chia-Lin Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University
| | - Cheng-Jeng Tai
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital; Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University
| | - Chien-Kai Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University; Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital
| | - Liang-Tzung Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University; Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University;
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2
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Chiodo F, Marradi M, Calvo J, Yuste E, Penadés S. Glycosystems in nanotechnology: Gold glyconanoparticles as carrier for anti-HIV prodrugs. Beilstein J Org Chem 2014; 10:1339-46. [PMID: 24991287 PMCID: PMC4077455 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.10.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic approach for the treatment of HIV infection is based on the highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), a cocktail of antiretroviral drugs. Notwithstanding HAART has shown different drawbacks like toxic side effects and the emergence of viral multidrug resistance. Nanotechnology offers new tools to improve HIV drug treatment and prevention. In this scenario, gold nanoparticles are an interesting chemical tool to design and prepare smart and efficient drug-delivery systems. Here we describe the preparation and antiviral activity of carbohydrate-coated gold nanoparticles loaded with anti-HIV prodrug candidates. The nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors abacavir and lamivudine have been converted to the corresponding thiol-ending ester derivatives and then conjugated to ~3 nm glucose-coated gold nanoparticles by means of "thiol-for-thiol" ligand place exchange reactions. The drugs-containing glyconanoparticles were characterized and the pH-mediated release of the drug from the nanoparticle has been determined. The antiviral activity was tested by evaluating the replication of NL4-3 HIV in TZM-bl infected cells. The proof-of-principle presented in this work aims to introduce gold glyconanoparticles as a new multifunctional drug-delivery system in the therapy against HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Chiodo
- Laboratory of GlycoNanotechnology, Biofunctional Nanomaterials Unit, CIC biomaGUNE, Paseo Miramón 182, 20009, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Marco Marradi
- Laboratory of GlycoNanotechnology, Biofunctional Nanomaterials Unit, CIC biomaGUNE, Paseo Miramón 182, 20009, San Sebastián, Spain
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Paseo Miramón 182, 20009, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Javier Calvo
- Technological Platform of Mass Spectrometry, CIC biomaGUNE, Paseo Miramón 182, 20009, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Eloisa Yuste
- AIDS Research Unit, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
- HIVACAT, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Soledad Penadés
- Laboratory of GlycoNanotechnology, Biofunctional Nanomaterials Unit, CIC biomaGUNE, Paseo Miramón 182, 20009, San Sebastián, Spain
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Paseo Miramón 182, 20009, San Sebastián, Spain
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3
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Finney OC, Keitany GJ, Smithers H, Kaushansky A, Kappe S, Wang R. Immunization with genetically attenuated P. falciparum parasites induces long-lived antibodies that efficiently block hepatocyte invasion by sporozoites. Vaccine 2014; 32:2135-8. [PMID: 24582635 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.02.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Whole-parasite malaria vaccines have shown promise in clinical trials. We recently reported the first human trial of a malaria vaccine based on Plasmodium falciparum genetically attenuated parasites (PfGAP). Herein we report for the first time that PfGAP induces prolonged functional humoral responses in humans. Six volunteers were exposed to 5 bites of PfGAP-infected mosquitoes followed by approximately 200 bites. Plasma collected from all volunteers 3 months after the last exposure efficiently inhibits invasion of hepatocytes by P. falciparum sporozoites. The level of inhibition observed is comparable to that attained using plasma collected after 4-5 intravenously administrations of high numbers of irradiated sporozoites, validating the potential of PfGAP malaria vaccines. Our data highlight the role of antibody responses in pre-erythrocytic stages of human malaria, and suggests that to be protective, malaria vaccines might need to elicit long-lasting functional antibodies in addition to cellular responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia C Finney
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, 307 Westlake Avenue North, Suite 500, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Gladys J Keitany
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, 307 Westlake Avenue North, Suite 500, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Hannah Smithers
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, 307 Westlake Avenue North, Suite 500, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Alexis Kaushansky
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, 307 Westlake Avenue North, Suite 500, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Stefan Kappe
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, 307 Westlake Avenue North, Suite 500, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Ruobing Wang
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, 307 Westlake Avenue North, Suite 500, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA.
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Bailey TC, Sugarman J. Social justice and HIV vaccine research in the age of pre-exposure prophylaxis and treatment as prevention. Curr HIV Res 2013; 11:473-80. [PMID: 24033297 PMCID: PMC4084567 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x113116660054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Revised: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The advent of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and treatment as prevention (TasP) as means of HIV prevention raises issues of justice concerning how most fairly and equitably to apportion resources in support of the burgeoning variety of established HIV treatment and prevention measures and further HIV research, including HIV vaccine research. We apply contemporary approaches to social justice to assess the ethical justification for allocating resources in support of HIV vaccine research given competing priorities to support broad implementation of HIV treatment and prevention measures, including TasP and PrEP. We argue that there is prima facie reason to believe that a safe and effective preventive HIV vaccine would offer a distinct set of ethically significant benefits not provided by current HIV treatment or prevention methods. It is thereby possible to justify continued support for HIV vaccine research despite tension with priorities for treatment, prevention, and other research. We then consider a counter-argument to such a justification based on the uncertainty of successfully developing a safe and effective preventive HIV vaccine. Finally, we discuss how HIV vaccine research might now be ethically designed and conducted given the new preventive options of TasP and PrEP, focusing on the ethically appropriate standard of prevention for HIV vaccine trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeremy Sugarman
- Johns Hopkins Berman Institute of Bioethics and Division of Infectious Diseases, 1809 Ashland Avenue, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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Lin LT, Chen TY, Lin SC, Chung CY, Lin TC, Wang GH, Anderson R, Lin CC, Richardson CD. Broad-spectrum antiviral activity of chebulagic acid and punicalagin against viruses that use glycosaminoglycans for entry. BMC Microbiol 2013; 13:187. [PMID: 23924316 PMCID: PMC3750913 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-13-187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously identified two hydrolyzable tannins, chebulagic acid (CHLA) and punicalagin (PUG) that blocked herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) entry and spread. These compounds inhibited viral glycoprotein interactions with cell surface glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Based on this property, we evaluated their antiviral efficacy against several different viruses known to employ GAGs for host cell entry. RESULTS Extensive analysis of the tannins' mechanism of action was performed on a panel of viruses during the attachment and entry steps of infection. Virus-specific binding assays and the analysis of viral spread during treatment with these compounds were also conducted. CHLA and PUG were effective in abrogating infection by human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), dengue virus (DENV), measles virus (MV), and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), at μM concentrations and in dose-dependent manners without significant cytotoxicity. Moreover, the natural compounds inhibited viral attachment, penetration, and spread, to different degrees for each virus. Specifically, the tannins blocked all these steps of infection for HCMV, HCV, and MV, but had little effect on the post-fusion spread of DENV and RSV, which could suggest intriguing differences in the roles of GAG-interactions for these viruses. CONCLUSIONS CHLA and PUG may be of value as broad-spectrum antivirals for limiting emerging/recurring viruses known to engage host cell GAGs for entry. Further studies testing the efficacy of these tannins in vivo against certain viruses are justified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Tzung Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Lundgren JD, Babiker AG, Gordin FM, Borges ÁH, Neaton JD. When to start antiretroviral therapy: the need for an evidence base during early HIV infection. BMC Med 2013; 11:148. [PMID: 23767777 PMCID: PMC3682886 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7015-11-148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Strategies for use of antiretroviral therapy (ART) have traditionally focused on providing treatment to persons who stand to benefit immediately from initiating the therapy. There is global consensus that any HIV+ person with CD4 counts less than 350 cells/μl should initiate ART. However, it remains controversial whether ART is indicated in asymptomatic HIV-infected persons with CD4 counts above 350 cells/μl, or whether it is more advisable to defer initiation until the CD4 count has dropped to 350 cells/μl. The question of when the best time is to initiate ART during early HIV infection has always been vigorously debated. The lack of an evidence base from randomized trials, in conjunction with varying degrees of therapeutic aggressiveness and optimism tempered by the risks of drug resistance and side effects, has resulted in divided expert opinion and inconsistencies among treatment guidelines. DISCUSSION On the basis of recent data showing that early ART initiation reduces heterosexual HIV transmission, some countries are considering adopting a strategy of universal treatment of all HIV+ persons irrespective of their CD4 count and whether ART is of benefit to the individual or not, in order to reduce onward HIV transmission. Since ART has been found to be associated with both short-term and long-term toxicity, defining the benefit:risk ratio is the critical missing link in the discussion on earlier use of ART. For early ART initiation to be justified, this ratio must favor benefit over risk. An unfavorable ratio would argue against using early ART. SUMMARY There is currently no evidence from randomized controlled trials to suggest that a strategy of initiating ART when the CD4 count is above 350 cells/μl (versus deferring initiation to around 350 cells/μl) results in benefit to the HIV+ person and data from observational studies are inconsistent. Large, clinical endpoint-driven randomized studies to determine the individual health benefits versus risks of earlier ART initiation are sorely needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens D Lundgren
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Nishiyama Y, Planque S, Hanson CV, Massey RJ, Paul S. CD4 binding determinant mimicry for HIV vaccine design. Front Immunol 2012; 3:383. [PMID: 23251137 PMCID: PMC3523313 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The immunodominant epitopes expressed by the HIV-1 envelope protein gp120 are hypermutable, defeating attempts to develop an effective HIV vaccine. Targeting the structurally conserved gp120 determinant that binds host CD4 receptors (CD4BD) and initiates infection is a more promising route to vaccination, but this has proved difficult because of the conformational flexibility of gp120 and immune evasion mechanisms used by the virus. Mimicking the outer CD4BD conformational epitopes is difficult because of their discontinuous nature. The CD4BD region composed of residues 421–433 (CD4BDcore) is a linear epitope, but this region possesses B cell superantigenic character. While superantigen epitopes are vulnerable to a small subset of spontaneously produced neutralizing antibodies present in humans without infection (innate antibodies), their non-covalent binding to B cell receptors (BCRs) does not stimulate an effective adaptive response from B cells. Covalent binding at naturally occurring nucleophilic sites of the BCRs by an electrophilic gp120 (E-gp120) analog is a promising solution. E-gp120 induces the synthesis of neutralizing antibodies the CD4BDcore. The highly energetic covalent reaction is hypothesized to convert the abortive superantigens–BCR interaction into a stimulatory signal, and the binding of a spatially distinct epitope at the traditional combining site of the BCRs may furnish a second stimulatory signal. Flexible synthetic peptides can detect pre-existing CD4BDcore-specific neutralizing antibodies. However, induced-fit conformational transitions of the peptides dictated by the antibody combining site structure may induce the synthesis of non-neutralizing antibodies. Successful vaccine targeting of the CD4BD will require a sufficiently rigid immunogen that mimics the native epitope conformation and bypasses B cell checkpoints restricting synthesis of the neutralizing antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Nishiyama
- Chemical Immunology Research Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas-Houston Medical School Houston, TX, USA
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Date AA, Shibata A, Goede M, Sanford B, La Bruzzo K, Belshan M, Destache CJ. Development and evaluation of a thermosensitive vaginal gel containing raltegravir+efavirenz loaded nanoparticles for HIV prophylaxis. Antiviral Res 2012; 96:430-6. [PMID: 23041201 PMCID: PMC3513487 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2012.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Revised: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this investigation was to develop a thermosensitive vaginal gel containing raltegravir+efavirenz loaded PLGA nanoparticles (RAL+EFV-NPs) for pre-exposure prophylaxis of HIV. RAL+EFV-NPs were fabricated using a modified emulsion-solvent evaporation method and characterized for size and zeta potential. The average size and surface charge of RAL+EFV-NP were 81.8±6.4 nm and -23.18±7.18 mV respectively. The average encapsulation efficiency of raltegravir and efavirenz was 55.5% and 98.2% respectively. Thermosensitive vaginal gel containing RAL+EFV-NPs was successfully prepared using a combination of Pluronic F127 (20% w/v) and Pluronic F68 (1% w/v). Incorporation RAL+EFV-NPs in the gel did not result in nanoparticle aggregation and RAL+EFV-NPs containing gel showed thermogelation at 32.5°C. The RAL+EFV-NPs were evaluated for inhibition of HIV-1(NL4-3) using TZM-bl indicator cells. The EC(90) of RAL+EFV-NPs was lower than raltegravir+efavirenz (RAL+EFV) solution but did not reach significance. Compared to control HeLa cells without any treatment, RAL+EFV-NPs or blank gel were not cytotoxic for 14 days in vitro. The intracellular levels of efavirenz in RAL+EFV-NPs treated HeLa cells were above the EC(90) for 14 days whereas raltegravir intracellular concentrations were eliminated within 6 days. Transwell experiments of NPs-in-gel demonstrated rapid transfer of fluorescent nanoparticles from the gel and uptake in HeLa cells within 30 min. These data demonstrate the potential of antiretroviral NP-embedded vagina gels for long-term vaginal pre-exposure prophylaxis of heterosexual HIV-1 transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijit A. Date
- School of Pharmacy and Health Professions, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | | | - Michael Goede
- School of Pharmacy and Health Professions, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Bridget Sanford
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Krista La Bruzzo
- Department of Biology, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Michel Belshan
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
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Lynch A, Meyers AE, Williamson AL, Rybicki EP. Stability studies of HIV-1 Pr55gag virus-like particles made in insect cells after storage in various formulation media. Virol J 2012; 9:210. [PMID: 22988963 PMCID: PMC3502365 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-9-210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background HIV-1 Pr55gag virus-like particles (VLPs) expressed by baculovirus in insect cells are considered to be a very promising HIV-1 vaccine candidate, as they have been shown to elicit broad cellular immune responses when tested in animals, particularly when used as a boost to DNA or BCG vaccines. However, it is important for the VLPs to retain their structure for them to be fully functional and effective. The medium in which the VLPs are formulated and the temperature at which they are stored are two important factors affecting their stability. Findings We describe the screening of 3 different readily available formulation media (sorbitol, sucrose and trehalose) for their ability to stabilise HIV-1 Pr55gag VLPs during prolonged storage. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was done on VLPs stored at two different concentrations of the media at three different temperatures (4°C, –20°C and −70°C) over different time periods, and the appearance of the VLPs was compared. VLPs stored in 15% trehalose at −70°C retained their original appearance the most effectively over a period of 12 months. VLPs stored in 5% trehalose, sorbitol or sucrose were not all intact even after 1 month storage at the temperatures tested. In addition, we showed that VLPs stored under these conditions were able to be frozen and re-thawed twice before showing changes in their appearance. Conclusions Although the inclusion of other analytical tools are essential to validate these preliminary findings, storage in 15% trehalose at −70°C for 12 months is most effective in retaining VLP stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisson Lynch
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Cape Town, University Ave, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
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10
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Abstract
There is renewed optimism that the goal of developing a highly effective AIDS vaccine is attainable. The HIV-1 vaccine field has seen its first trial of a vaccine candidate that prevents infection. Although modest in efficacy, this finding, along with the recent discovery that the human immune system can produce broadly neutralizing antibodies capable of inhibiting greater than 90% of circulating viruses, provides a guide for the rational design of vaccines and protection by passive immunization. Together, these findings will help shape the next generation of HIV vaccines.
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Thobakgale CF, Fadda L, Lane K, Toth I, Pereyra F, Bazner S, Ndung'u T, Walker BD, Rosenberg ES, Alter G, Carrington M, Allen TM, Altfeld M. Frequent and strong antibody-mediated natural killer cell activation in response to HIV-1 Env in individuals with chronic HIV-1 infection. J Virol 2012; 86:6986-93. [PMID: 22496218 PMCID: PMC3393568 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00569-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells play a critical role in the control of HIV-1 infection, and NK cells that respond to HIV-1 peptides have been recently described. However, the mechanisms by which NK cells recognize HIV-1 antigens are not fully understood. We investigated NK cell activation in response to HIV-1 peptides during early and chronic HIV-1 clade B infection using a whole-blood assay and multiparameter flow cytometry. Antibody-mediated NK cell activation in response to HIV-1 peptides was not detected in HIV-1-uninfected individuals. In contrast, 79% of individuals with chronic infection and 22% of individuals with early infection had detectable gamma interferon (IFN-γ) NK cell responses to HIV-1 antigens (P < 0.00001). IFN-γ- and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)-producing NK cells most frequently targeted Env gp120 (median of 4% and range of 0 to 31% of all NK cells). NK cells rarely targeted other HIV-1 proteins such as Gag, Pol, and Nef. Antibody-mediated NK cell responses to peptides mapped predominantly to Env protein, required the presence of plasma or plasma IgG, and resulted in lower CD16 expression on NK cells, suggesting an antibody-mediated activation of NK cells. Further studies are needed to assess the consequences of these antibody-mediated NK cell responses for HIV-1 disease progression and vaccine-induced protection from infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina F. Thobakgale
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Ragon Institute of MIT, MGH, and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lena Fadda
- Ragon Institute of MIT, MGH, and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kimberly Lane
- Ragon Institute of MIT, MGH, and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ildiko Toth
- Ragon Institute of MIT, MGH, and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Florencia Pereyra
- Ragon Institute of MIT, MGH, and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Suzane Bazner
- Ragon Institute of MIT, MGH, and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Thumbi Ndung'u
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Ragon Institute of MIT, MGH, and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bruce D. Walker
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Ragon Institute of MIT, MGH, and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Eric S. Rosenberg
- Ragon Institute of MIT, MGH, and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MIT, MGH, and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mary Carrington
- Ragon Institute of MIT, MGH, and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, SAIC Frederick, NCI Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Todd M. Allen
- Ragon Institute of MIT, MGH, and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Marcus Altfeld
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Ragon Institute of MIT, MGH, and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to describe a critical need of the HIV research community for a globally accessible database of HIV vaccine responses that stores data from multiple assay platforms in the form of lists of correlates of immune protection and vaccine efficacy. This is not a detailed review but a first step toward developing a dialogue among investigators and funding organizations to build upon existing resources to efficiently develop a HIV vaccine response and correlates database. We also discuss examples of databases that complement our needs and could be integrated into our proposed database requirements. RECENT FINDINGS Several vaccine-related databases that store information at the study level currently exist, however, at the present time, a correlates of immune protection database does not exist. SUMMARY Here, we discuss the scientific climate surrounding HIV vaccine development with the evolution of systems biology approaches, the problems at hand for analyzing and harmonizing datasets generated from preclinical and clinical studies, and the curation and accessibility of useful information to model outcomes. We also compare key database requirements of a few existing globally accessible databases and provide several illustrative correlate database submission and utilization examples.
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Andersen-Nissen E, Heit A, McElrath MJ. Profiling immunity to HIV vaccines with systems biology. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2012; 7:32-7. [PMID: 22134340 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0b013e32834ddcd9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The recent modest success of the RV144 HIV vaccine trial in Thailand has shown that development of an HIV vaccine is possible. Designing a vaccine that achieves better protection, however, will require a more complete understanding of vaccine mechanisms of action and correlates of protection. Systems biology approaches enable integration of large datasets from a variety of assays and offer new approaches to understanding how vaccine-induced immune responses are coordinately regulated. In this review, we discuss the recent advances in clinical trial design, specimen collection, and assay standardization that will generate datasets for systems analyses of immune responses to HIV vaccines. RECENT FINDINGS Several recently published HIV vaccine trials have shown that different HIV vaccine prime/boost combinations can greatly affect the immune response generated, but mechanistic insights into their modes of action are lacking. Novel systems biology studies of efficacious, licensed vaccines provide a new template for analysis of HIV vaccines. To generate datasets appropriate for systems analysis, current HIV vaccine clinical trials are undergoing design modifications and increased standardization of specimen collection and immune response assays. SUMMARY Systems biology approaches to HIV vaccine evaluation are driving new methods of HIV vaccine immune response profiling in clinical trials and will hopefully lead to new improved HIV vaccines in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Andersen-Nissen
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
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