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Good CR, White A, Brandao J, Jackson S. Endotoxin, a novel biomarker for the rapid risk assessment of faecal contamination of coastal and transitional waters. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2024; 22:1044-1052. [PMID: 38935455 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2024.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Current methods for testing water for faecal contamination rely on the culture of faecal indicator bacteria (FIB; Escherichia coli and Enterococci) that take 24-48 h, which leads to delays in taking proactive measures and poses a risk to public health. More rapid methods are therefore required. Here, we have tested a rapid, portable assay (Bacterisk) that detects the bacterial biomarker endotoxin in 30 min to quantify the bacterial biomass present, to evaluate 159 coastal water samples and to compare the results with the traditional culture of FIB. There was a significant correlation between the Bacterisk data given in endotoxin risk (ER) units and FIB culture that could accurately distinguish between poor and sufficient or good quality bathing water using the EU bathing directive values. Receiver operating characteristic analysis was used to determine the optimal ER threshold for coastal water samples, and the area under the curve was 0.9176 with a p-value of <0.0001. The optimal threshold was 7,300 ER units with a sensitivity of 95.45% and a specificity of 83.48%. In conclusion, we have shown that the Bacterisk assay provides a rapid and easy-to-use in situ method to assess bathing water quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian R Good
- Molendotech Limited, Brixham Laboratory, Blackball Lane, Freshwater Quarry, Brixham TQ5 8BA, UK
| | - Alistair White
- Molendotech Limited, Brixham Laboratory, Blackball Lane, Freshwater Quarry, Brixham TQ5 8BA, UK
| | - Joao Brandao
- National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Department of Environmental Health, Av. Padre Cruz, Lisboa 1649-016, Portugal; Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Animal Biology, University of Lisboa, Campo Grande, Lisboa 1649-004, Portugal
| | - Simon Jackson
- Molendotech Limited, Brixham Laboratory, Blackball Lane, Freshwater Quarry, Brixham TQ5 8BA, UK; School of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK E-mail:
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Custodio M, Peñaloza R, Ochoa S, De la Cruz H, Rodríguez C, Cuadrado W. Microbial and potentially toxic elements risk assessment in high Andean river water based on Monte Carlo simulation, Peru. Sci Rep 2023; 13:21473. [PMID: 38053001 PMCID: PMC10697974 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48853-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The study evaluated microbial and Potentially Toxic Elements-PTEs risks in high Andean river water in Peru using Monte Carlo simulation. A total of 144 water samples were collected from four rivers and evaluated for physicochemical parameters, PTEs and bacterial pathogens. The microbial risk analysis for exposure to pathogens present in the water was based on the probability of occurrence of diseases associated with Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and enterococci. PTEs risk analysis was performed using a Monte Carlo simulation approach. The results showed that the highest microbial risk due to exposure to water contaminated by E. coli, P. aeruginosa and enterococci was recorded in the Miraflores and Chia rivers. Meanwhile, the analysis of carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk by PTEs in adults and children revealed that the Chia river presents a high risk of contamination by PTEs, especially the carcinogenic risk for children. The Monte Carlo simulation indicated a 56.16% and 94.85% probability of exceeding the limit value of 0.0001 for carcinogenic risk in adults and children, respectively. It can be concluded that children consuming the waters of the Chia river are potentially at risk of As toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Custodio
- Centro de Investigación en Medicina de Altura y Medio Ambiente, Facultad de Medicina Humana, Universidad Nacional del Centro del Perú, Av. Mariscal Castilla N° 3989-4089, Huancayo, Peru.
| | - Richard Peñaloza
- Centro de Investigación en Medicina de Altura y Medio Ambiente, Facultad de Medicina Humana, Universidad Nacional del Centro del Perú, Av. Mariscal Castilla N° 3989-4089, Huancayo, Peru
| | - Salomé Ochoa
- Centro de Investigación en Medicina de Altura y Medio Ambiente, Facultad de Medicina Humana, Universidad Nacional del Centro del Perú, Av. Mariscal Castilla N° 3989-4089, Huancayo, Peru
| | - Heidi De la Cruz
- Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional del Centro del Perú, Av. Mariscal Castilla N° 3989-4089, Huancayo, Peru
| | - Ciro Rodríguez
- Centro de Investigación en Medicina de Altura y Medio Ambiente, Facultad de Medicina Humana, Universidad Nacional del Centro del Perú, Av. Mariscal Castilla N° 3989-4089, Huancayo, Peru
| | - Walter Cuadrado
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma Altoandina de Tarma, Jr. Huaraz 431, Tarma, Peru
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Boggs C, Shiferawe K, Karsten E, Hamlet J, Altheide ST, Marion JW. Evaluation of a Tetracycline-Resistant E. coli Enumeration Method for Correctly Classifying E. coli in Environmental Waters in Kentucky, USA. Pathogens 2023; 12:1090. [PMID: 37764898 PMCID: PMC10537314 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12091090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The global concern over antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and its impact on human health is evident, with approximately 4.95 million annual deaths attributed to antibiotic resistance. Regions with inadequate water, sanitation, and hygiene face challenges in responding to AMR threats. Enteric bacteria, particularly E. coli, are common agents linked to AMR-related deaths (23% of cases). Culture-based methods for detecting tetracycline-resistant E. coli may be of practical value for AMR monitoring in limited resource environments. This study evaluated the ColiGlow™ method with tetracycline for classifying tetracycline-resistant E. coli. A total of 61 surface water samples from Kentucky, USA (2020-2022), provided 61 presumed E. coli isolates, of which 28 isolates were obtained from tetracycline-treated media. Species identification and tetracycline resistance evaluation were performed. It was found that 82% of isolates were E. coli, and 18% were other species; 97% were identified as E. coli when using the API20E identification system. The MicroScan system yielded Enterobacter cloacae false positives in 20% of isolates. Adding tetracycline to ColiGlow increased the odds of isolating tetracycline-resistant E. coli 18-fold. Tetracycline-treated samples yielded 100% tetracycline-resistant E. coli when the total E. coli densities were within the enumeration range of the method. ColiGlow with tetracycline shows promise for monitoring tetracycline-resistant E. coli in natural waters and potentially aiding AMR surveillance in resource-limited settings among other environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Callie Boggs
- Environmental Health Science and Sustainability Program, Eastern Kentucky University, Richmond, KY 40475, USA; (C.B.); (K.S.)
| | - Kidus Shiferawe
- Environmental Health Science and Sustainability Program, Eastern Kentucky University, Richmond, KY 40475, USA; (C.B.); (K.S.)
| | - Eckhardt Karsten
- Department of Microbiology, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45042, USA;
| | - Jayden Hamlet
- School of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Stockton University, Galloway, NJ 08205, USA;
| | - S. Travis Altheide
- Medical Laboratory Science Program, Eastern Kentucky University, Richmond, KY 40475, USA;
| | - Jason W. Marion
- Environmental Health Science and Sustainability Program, Eastern Kentucky University, Richmond, KY 40475, USA; (C.B.); (K.S.)
- Eastern Scientific LLC, Richmond, KY 40475, USA
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Kemper MA, Veenman C, Blaak H, Schets FM. A membrane filtration method for the enumeration of Escherichia coli in bathing water and other waters with high levels of background bacteria. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2023; 21:995-1003. [PMID: 37632376 PMCID: wh_2023_004 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2023.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
The presence and level of faecal indicator bacteria are important factors in estimating the microbiological quality of surface water and the risk of human infection upon exposure to this water. Until 2014, ISO 9308-1:2000 was available and used to enumerate faecal indicator Escherichia coli in bathing water. In 2014, this ISO was technically revised and replaced by ISO 9308-1:2014. This ISO introduced a less selective method for enumeration of E. coli that allows non-specific growth from waters containing high levels of bacteria, such as surface waters. This implies that currently there is no suitable reference membrane filtration method for the compliance monitoring of official bathing sites for E. coli according to the European Bathing Water Directive. Here, the performance characteristics of three chromogenic culture media, namely Tryptone Bile X-glucuronide (TBX) agar, Chromogenic Coliform Agar (CCA), and CHROMagar E. coli/Coliform (ECC) were investigated at 44 °C for water with varying levels of bacteria according to ISO 13843:2017. Based on performance characteristics, colony counts, and practical usage, TBX appeared the most suitable culture medium for the enumeration of E. coli in bathing water and other waters with high levels of background bacteria, such as surface water in agricultural areas and wastewater discharge points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merel A Kemper
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Infectious Disease Control, P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands E-mail:
| | - Christiaan Veenman
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Infectious Disease Control, P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Hetty Blaak
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Infectious Disease Control, P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Franciska M Schets
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Infectious Disease Control, P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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Hassanein F, Masoud IM, Fekry MM, Abdel-Latif MS, Abdel-Salam H, Salem M, Shehata AI. Environmental health aspects and microbial infections of the recreational water : Microbial Infections and Swimming pools. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:302. [PMID: 36765300 PMCID: PMC9912523 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-15183-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Swimming pools are places for practicing sports, recreation, relaxation, and socialization. However, swimming pools can expose swimmers to physicochemical and microbiological risks. Accordingly, we studied the environmental health aspects and microbial infections for such recreational water aiming to disclose the possible risks they pose on swimmers. METHODS 26 pools in Alexandria, Egypt were checked for water quality; 13 pools were checked in winter then summer, and other 13 pools were checked in summer only. Water was collected from both the top and the bottom of each pool; a total of 78 samples were collected in sterile containers. Each sample was divided into three parts; the first part was used for assessing the bacteriological quality of water. They were tested for total colony count (TCC), total coliform (TC), fecal coliform, and E. coli. The second part was used for chemical analysis. The third part was checked for parasitological study. RESULTS Obtained data showed that only 7.7%, 78.2%, and 100% of the examined water samples have been found to fulfill the Egyptian standards for TCC, TC, and E. coli, respectively. Moreover, parasitic infection (PI) was noticed in 73.1% of the collected water samples; mainly Cyclospra and Isospora (37.2% each), followed by Cryptosporidium spp., Giradia lamblia, Microsporidia spp., and Blastocystis spp. (34.6%, 21.8%, 15.4%, and 14.1%, respectively). Acanthameba spp. was detected but at a lower rate (5.1%). The frequency of cleaning the swimming pools, flow rate, Cl2, and total dissolved solids are significantly affected PI, independently. CONCLUSION The tested water samples don't meet Egyptian bacteriological criteria. High parasitic contamination despite high residual chlorine level mainly intestinal coccidia, G. lamblia, microsporidia, and Blastocystis spp. Thus, monitoring pool's water quality and improving the disinfection system are mandatory. Consequently, Health education regarding hygienic behaviors before and during swimming should be included in governmental programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faika Hassanein
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Dentistry, Pharos University in Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Inas M. Masoud
- grid.442603.70000 0004 0377 4159Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharos University in Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Marwa M. Fekry
- grid.7155.60000 0001 2260 6941Department of Microbiology, High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mohamed S. Abdel-Latif
- grid.442603.70000 0004 0377 4159Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences Technology, Pharos University in Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Hussein Abdel-Salam
- grid.7155.60000 0001 2260 6941Department of Water Sports Training, Faculty of Fitness Education, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Salem
- grid.7155.60000 0001 2260 6941Department of Water Sports Training, Faculty of Fitness Education, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Amany I Shehata
- grid.7155.60000 0001 2260 6941Department of Tropical Health, High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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Tiwari A, Kauppinen A, Räsänen P, Salonen J, Wessels L, Juntunen J, Miettinen IT, Pitkänen T. Effects of temperature and light exposure on the decay characteristics of fecal indicators, norovirus, and Legionella in mesocosms simulating subarctic river water. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 859:160340. [PMID: 36423850 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge of the decay characteristics of health-related microbes in surface waters is important for modeling the transportation of waterborne pathogens and for assessing their public health risks. Although water temperature and light exposure are major factors determining the decay characteristics of enteric microbes in surface waters, such effects have not been well studied in subarctic surface waters. This study comprehensively evaluated the effect of temperature and light on the decay characteristics of health-related microbes [Escherichia coli, enterococci, microbial source tracking markers (GenBac3 & HF183 assays), coliphages (F-specific and somatic), noroviruses GII and Legionella spp.] under simulated subarctic river water conditions. The experiments were conducted in four different laboratory settings (4 °C/dark, 15 °C/dark, 15 °C/light, and 22 °C/light). The T90 values (time required for a 90 % reduction in the population of a target) of all targets were higher under cold and dark (2.6-51.3 days depending upon targets) than under warm and light conditions (0.6-3.5 days). Under 4 °C/dark (simulated winter) water conditions, F-specific coliphages had 27.2 times higher, and coliform bacteria had 3.3 times higher T90 value than under 22 °C/light (simulated summer) water conditions. Bacterial molecular markers also displayed high variation in T90 values, with the greatest difference between 4 °C/dark and 22 °C/light recorded for HF183 DNA (20.6 times) and the lowest difference for EC23S857 RNA (6.6 times). E. coli, intestinal enterococci, and somatic coliphages were relatively more sensitive to light than water temperature, but F-specific coliphages, norovirus, and all bacterial rDNA and rRNA markers were relatively more sensitive to temperature than light exposure. Due to the slow microbial decay in winter under subarctic conditions, the microbial quality of river water might remain low for a long time after a sewage spill. This increased risk associated with fecal pollution during winter may deserve more attention, especially when river waters are used for drinking water production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananda Tiwari
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Expert Microbiology Unit, Kuopio, Finland; University of Helsinki, Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Ari Kauppinen
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Expert Microbiology Unit, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Pia Räsänen
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Expert Microbiology Unit, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jenniina Salonen
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Expert Microbiology Unit, Kuopio, Finland; University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Laura Wessels
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Expert Microbiology Unit, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Janne Juntunen
- Finnish Environment Institute, Freshwater Center, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Ilkka T Miettinen
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Expert Microbiology Unit, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tarja Pitkänen
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Expert Microbiology Unit, Kuopio, Finland; University of Helsinki, Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Helsinki, Finland.
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Chukwu VA, Smith JU, Strachan NJC, Avery LM, Obiekezie SO. Impacts of different treatment methods for cattle manure on the spread of faecal indicator organisms from soil to lettuce in Nigeria. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 132:618-632. [PMID: 34161637 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM This study investigated impacts of different organic waste treatment methods on reduction and spread of faecal indicator organisms to food crops in a developing country. METHODS AND RESULTS Fresh cattle manure was subjected to three different treatments; anaerobic digestion, burning and composting. Escherichia coli, coliforms and nitrogen content of cattle manure were measured before and after treatment in the amended soil and harvested lettuce. All treatments significantly reduced E. coli and coliform counts but differed in the ratio of E. coli or coliforms to nitrogen. Application of the recommended nitrogen dose of 120 kg ha-1 as bioslurry resulted in significantly lower E. coli and coliform contamination of soil than the same nitrogen rate applied as compost or ash. The E. coli content of lettuces grown on soil amended with treated wastes at recommended rates did not differ between treatments but was significantly lower than in lettuces grown on soil amended with untreated manure. CONCLUSIONS Treatment of manure before use as an organic fertilizer significantly reduces potential contamination of both soil and food crops with E. coli and coliforms. To best reduce the spread of E. coli from organic fertilizers, manures should be treated by anaerobic digestion. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Information from this study quantifies potential risks associated with use of manures in growing food crops by determining the ratio between pathogen content and required nitrogen application rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vince A Chukwu
- Environmental Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Jo U Smith
- Environmental Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Norval J C Strachan
- Environmental Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | | | - Smart O Obiekezie
- Department of Microbiology, Nasarawa State University, Keffi, Nigeria
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Molecular Methods for Pathogenic Bacteria Detection and Recent Advances in Wastewater Analysis. WATER 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/w13243551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
With increasing concerns about public health and the development of molecular techniques, new detection tools and the combination of existing approaches have increased the abilities of pathogenic bacteria monitoring by exploring new biomarkers, increasing the sensitivity and accuracy of detection, quantification, and analyzing various genes such as functional genes and antimicrobial resistance genes (ARG). Molecular methods are gradually emerging as the most popular detection approach for pathogens, in addition to the conventional culture-based plate enumeration methods. The analysis of pathogens in wastewater and the back-estimation of infections in the community, also known as wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE), is an emerging methodology and has a great potential to supplement current surveillance systems for the monitoring of infectious diseases and the early warning of outbreaks. However, as a complex matrix, wastewater largely challenges the analytical performance of molecular methods. This review synthesized the literature of typical pathogenic bacteria in wastewater, types of biomarkers, molecular methods for bacterial analysis, and their recent advances in wastewater analysis. The advantages and limitation of these molecular methods were evaluated, and their prospects in WBE were discussed to provide insight for future development.
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Unveiling the Virulent Genotype and Unusual Biochemical Behavior of Escherichia coli ST59. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 87:e0074321. [PMID: 34085857 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00743-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) is a leading cause of human and animal infections worldwide. The utilization of selective and differential media to facilitate the isolation and identification of E. coli from complex samples, such as water, food, sediment, and gut tissue, is common in epidemiological studies. During a surveillance study, we identified an E. coli strain isolated from human blood culture that displayed atypical light cream-colored colonies in chromogenic agar and was unable to produce β-glucuronidase and β-galactosidase in biochemical tests. Genomic analysis showed that the strain belongs to sequence type 59 (ST59) and phylogroup F. The evaluation in silico of 104 available sequenced lineages of ST59 complex showed that most of them belong to serotype O1:K1:H7, are β-glucuronidase negative, and harbor a virulent genotype associated with the presence of important virulence markers such as pap, kpsE, chuA, fyuA, and yfcV. Most of them were isolated from extraintestinal human infections in diverse countries worldwide and could be clustered/subgrouped based on papAF allele analysis. Considering that all analyzed strains harbor a virulent genotype and most do not exhibit biochemical behavior typical of E. coli, we report that they could be misclassified or underestimated, especially in epidemiological studies where the screening criteria rely only on typical biochemical phenotypes, as happens when chromogenic media are used. IMPORTANCE The use of selective and differential media guides presumptive bacterial identification based on specific metabolic traits that are specific to each bacterial species. When a bacterial specimen displays an unusual phenotype in these media, this characteristic may lead to bacterial misidentification or a significant delay in its identification, putting a patient at risk depending on the infection type. In the present work, we describe a virulent E. coli sequence type (ST59) that does not produce beta-glucuronidase (GUS negative), production of which is the metabolic trait widely used for E. coli presumptive identification in diverse differential media. The recognition of this unusual metabolic trait may help in the proper identification of ST59 isolates, the identification of their reservoir, and the evaluation of the frequency of these pathogens in places where automatic identification methods are not available.
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Tiwari A, Oliver DM, Bivins A, Sherchan SP, Pitkänen T. Bathing Water Quality Monitoring Practices in Europe and the United States. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:5513. [PMID: 34063910 PMCID: PMC8196636 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18115513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Many countries including EU Member States (EUMS) and the United States (U.S.) regularly monitor the microbial quality of bathing water to protect public health. This study comprehensively evaluates the EU bathing water directive (BWD) and the U.S. recreational water quality criteria (RWQC) as regulatory frameworks for monitoring microbial quality of bathing water. The major differences between these two regulatory frameworks are the provision of bathing water profiles, classification of bathing sites based on the pollution level, variations in the sampling frequency, accepted probable illness risk, epidemiological studies conducted during the development of guideline values, and monitoring methods. There are also similarities between the two approaches given that both enumerate viable fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) as an index of the potential risk to human health in bathing water and accept such risk up to a certain level. However, enumeration of FIB using methods outlined within these current regulatory frameworks does not consider the source of contamination nor variation in inactivation rates of enteric microbes in different ecological contexts, which is dependent on factors such as temperature, solar radiation, and salinity in various climatic regions within their geographical areas. A comprehensive "tool-box approach", i.e., coupling of FIB and viral pathogen indicators with microbial source tracking for regulatory purposes, offers potential for delivering improved understanding to better protect the health of bathers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananda Tiwari
- Expert Microbiology Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 95, FI-70701 Kuopio, Finland;
| | - David M. Oliver
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK;
| | - Aaron Bivins
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering & Earth Science, University of Notre Dame, 156 Fitzpatrick Hall, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA;
| | - Samendra P. Sherchan
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Tulane University, 1440 Canal Street, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA;
| | - Tarja Pitkänen
- Expert Microbiology Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 95, FI-70701 Kuopio, Finland;
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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Faecal Indicator Bacteria and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Marine Coastal Waters: Is there a Relationship? Pathogens 2019; 9:pathogens9010013. [PMID: 31877730 PMCID: PMC7169392 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
To estimate the quality of coastal waters, European Union Directive 2006/7/EC provides guidelines to assess levels of faecal bacteria, including Escherichia coli and intestinal enterococci. These microbiological criteria are based on studies that determine the risk of bathers having diseases caused by enteric bacteria, not necessarily measuring the potential danger associated with the presence of nonenteric pathogens. The association between the presence of faecal contaminant indicators and nonenteric pathogenic microorganisms has not been well defined yet. The purpose of this study is to establish a relationship between Pseudomonas aeruginosa and microbiological indicators of faecal contamination. Presence of microbiological contamination in the coastal waters near the sewage treatment plant (STP) of Peniche (Portugal) was confirmed (P. aeruginosa 135.8 Colony Forming Unit/100 mL, Escherichia coli 1100.1 Most Probable Number/100 mL, intestinal enterococci 2685.9 MPN/100 mL) with much lower levels in the areas located south of the STP, along the main water coastal current (beach 1: 0.7 CFU/100 mL, 16.5 MPN/100 mL, 100.5 MPN/100 mL; beach 2: 0.3 CFU/100 mL, 74.0 MPN/100 mL, 145.9 MPN/100 mL, respectively). Analysis of Pearson’s correlation revealed a strong positive correlation between E. coli and P. aeruginosa, suggesting E. coli as an indicator of P. aeruginosa presence.
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Tsuchioka H, Izumiyama S, Endo T, Wada T, Harada H, Hashimoto A. Hydroxyapatite powder cake filtration reduces false positives associated with halophilic bacteria when evaluating Escherichia coli in seawater using Colilert-18. J Microbiol Methods 2019; 159:69-74. [PMID: 30797892 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2019.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia coli is an important fecal indicator bacterium that is used to evaluate the microbiological quality of water. The Colilert-18 (Quanti-Tray/2000) is a widely used, rapid, and simple quantitative method for detecting E. coli in drinking water, bathing water, and wastewater. However, Colilert-18 method is less reliable for seawater; false positives are often caused by halophilic bacteria such as Vibrio. While false positives can be avoided by diluting the sample by 10 times or more, the resulting decrease in detection limit makes it difficult to quantify E. coli in seawater. In this study, we combined cake filtration, using hydroxyapatite powder, with the Colilert-18 method to remove salinity without diluting the water sample. When quantifying E. coli in river water, the E. coli concentration obtained from the cake filtration/Colilert-18 method showed a high quantitative value of 90% or more, on average, compared to the concentration obtained with the original Colilert-18 method. The E. coli concentrations in seawater determined using the developed method were similar to those determined using the modified m-TEC method, with no false positives. Highly reliable quantitative values can be obtained using the proposed method because it is possible to measure 100 times as much sample compared to the dilution method. Thus, the developed method is expected to be a powerful tool that can eliminate the problem of false positives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Tsuchioka
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan; Hiroshima Environment and Health Association, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Shinji Izumiyama
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuro Endo
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takaomi Wada
- Hiroshima Environment and Health Association, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Harada
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Atsushi Hashimoto
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan.
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Jozić S, Vukić Lušić D, Ordulj M, Frlan E, Cenov A, Diković S, Kauzlarić V, Fiorido Đurković L, Stilinović Totić J, Ivšinović D, Eleršek N, Vučić A, Peroš-Pucar D, Unić Klarin B, Bujas L, Puljak T, Mamić M, Grilec D, Jadrušić M, Šolić M. Performance characteristics of the temperature-modified ISO 9308-1 method for the enumeration of Escherichia coli in marine and inland bathing waters. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2018; 135:150-158. [PMID: 30301024 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Revised: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study defines performance characteristics of the temperature-modified ISO 9308-1 method for E. coli enumeration in bathing water. After a 4-hour resuscitation period at 36 ± 2 °C, the incubation temperature was changed to 44 ± 0.5 °C. Elevated incubation temperature significantly suppressed the growth of thermo-intolerant bacteria, and enhanced the selectivity of Chromogenic Coliform Agar (CCA) up to 49.5% for inland and up to 66.0% for coastal water. Consequently, most of the selectivity-related performance characteristics are improved. Relative recovery was determined by comparing an alternative method against the reference, ISO 9308-1:2014 method, following the criteria set out in ISO 17994:2014. Temperature modification did not significantly alter the results and the methods were evaluated as "not different" for both, coastal and inland waters. Chromogenic Coliform Agar was assessed as a suitable medium for reliable E. coli enumeration in bathing water when incubated for 17-19 h at 44 ± 0.5 °C after the 4-5 h resuscitation period at 36 ± 2 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slaven Jozić
- Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Laboratory of Microbiology, P.O. Box 500, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Darija Vukić Lušić
- Teaching Institute of Public Health of Primorje-Gorski Kotar County, Department of Environmental Health, Krešimirova 52a, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia; Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Department of Environmental Health, Braće Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia.
| | - Marin Ordulj
- Univesity of Split, University Department of Marine Studies, Livanjska 5, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Erina Frlan
- Teaching Institute of Public Health of Primorje-Gorski Kotar County, Department of Environmental Health, Krešimirova 52a, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Arijana Cenov
- Teaching Institute of Public Health of Primorje-Gorski Kotar County, Department of Environmental Health, Krešimirova 52a, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Sonja Diković
- Institute of Public Health of Istra County, Health Ecology Service, Department for Protection and Improvement of the Environment, Nazorova 23, 52100 Pula, Croatia
| | - Vesna Kauzlarić
- Institute of Public Health of Istra County, Health Ecology Service, Department for Protection and Improvement of the Environment, Nazorova 23, 52100 Pula, Croatia
| | - Lara Fiorido Đurković
- Institute of Public Health of Istra County, Health Ecology Service, Department for Protection and Improvement of the Environment, Nazorova 23, 52100 Pula, Croatia
| | - Jasmina Stilinović Totić
- Institute of Public Health of Lika - Senj County, Department of Health Ecology, Senjskih žrtava 2, 53000 Gospić, Croatia
| | - Danijela Ivšinović
- Institute of Public Health of Lika - Senj County, Department of Health Ecology, Senjskih žrtava 2, 53000 Gospić, Croatia
| | - Nives Eleršek
- Institute of Public Health of Zadar County, Health Ecology Sevice, Department of Microbiology and Biology, Kolovare 2, 23000 Zadar, Croatia
| | - Anita Vučić
- Institute of Public Health of Zadar County, Health Ecology Sevice, Department of Microbiology and Biology, Kolovare 2, 23000 Zadar, Croatia
| | - Danijela Peroš-Pucar
- Institute of Public Health of Zadar County, Health Ecology Sevice, Department of Microbiology and Biology, Kolovare 2, 23000 Zadar, Croatia
| | - Branka Unić Klarin
- Institute of Public Health of Šibenik - Knin County, Department of Ecology, Matije Gupca 95, 22000 Šibenik, Croatia
| | - Lidija Bujas
- Institute of Public Health of Šibenik - Knin County, Department of Ecology, Matije Gupca 95, 22000 Šibenik, Croatia
| | - Tatjana Puljak
- Teaching Institute of Public Health of Split-Dalmatia County, Department of Environmental Ecology Division of Sanitary Microbiology, Laboratory for Seawater Quality and Environmental Biology, Vukovarska 46, 2000 Split, Croatia
| | - Mirna Mamić
- Teaching Institute of Public Health of Split-Dalmatia County, Department of Environmental Ecology Division of Sanitary Microbiology, Laboratory for Seawater Quality and Environmental Biology, Vukovarska 46, 2000 Split, Croatia
| | - Dolores Grilec
- Institute of Public Health of Dubrovnik - Neretva County, Department of Environmental Health, Environmental Section, Dr. Ante Šercera 4, 20000 Dubrovnik, Croatia
| | - Marija Jadrušić
- Institute of Public Health of Dubrovnik - Neretva County, Department of Environmental Health, Environmental Section, Dr. Ante Šercera 4, 20000 Dubrovnik, Croatia
| | - Mladen Šolić
- Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Laboratory of Microbiology, P.O. Box 500, 21000 Split, Croatia
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Lušić DV, Jozić S, Cenov A, Glad M, Bulić M, Lušić D. Escherichia coli in marine water: Comparison of methods for the assessment of recreational bathing water samples. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2016; 113:438-443. [PMID: 27771099 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Bathing Water Directive (2006/7/EC) specifies two reference methods for Escherichia coli detection: ISO 9308-1 and 9308-3. The revised ISO 9308-1 is recommended only for waters with a low bacterial background flora. Considering the extended time needed for analysis and, generally, the lack of experience in using ISO 9308-3 in the Mediterranean, the suitability of ISO 9308-1 for the examination of E. coli in bathing water was evaluated. The present study was aimed at a comparison of data obtained by the reference method in seawater samples (110 beaches, N=477) with data received from six alternative methods. Results show that recently used TSA/TBA method may overestimate E. coli numbers in marine waters. The temperature modified ISO 9308-1 (44°C) did not significantly alter the results, but outperformed the antibiotic supplemented agar at reducing non-E. coli bacteria on the plates, allowing the use of the respective method for monitoring coastal water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darija Vukić Lušić
- Teaching Institute of Public Health of Primorje-Gorski Kotar County, Department of Environmental Health, Krešimirova 52a, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia; University of Rijeka, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Environmental Health, Braće Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia.
| | - Slaven Jozić
- Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Šetalište Ivana Meštrovića 63, 21000 Split, Croatia.
| | - Arijana Cenov
- Teaching Institute of Public Health of Primorje-Gorski Kotar County, Department of Environmental Health, Krešimirova 52a, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia.
| | - Marin Glad
- Teaching Institute of Public Health of Primorje-Gorski Kotar County, Department of Environmental Health, Krešimirova 52a, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia.
| | - Marko Bulić
- University of Rijeka, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Environmental Health, Braće Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia.
| | - Dražen Lušić
- University of Rijeka, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Environmental Health, Braće Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia.
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