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Hazra M, Joshi H, Williams JB, Watts JEM. Antibiotics and antibiotic resistant bacteria/genes in urban wastewater: A comparison of their fate in conventional treatment systems and constructed wetlands. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 303:135148. [PMID: 35640694 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing concern that the use and misuse of antibiotics can increase the detection of antibiotic resistant genes (ARGs) in wastewater. Conventional wastewater treatment plants provide a pathway for ARGs and antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) to be released into natural water bodies. Research has indicated that conventional primary and secondary treatment systems can reduce ARGs/ARB to varying degrees. However, in developing/low-income countries, only 8-28% of wastewater is treated via conventional treatment processes, resulting in the environment being exposed to high levels of ARGs, ARB and pharmaceuticals in raw sewage. The use of constructed wetlands (CWs) has the potential to provide a low-cost solution for wastewater treatment, with respect to removal of nutrients, pathogens, ARB/ARGs either as a standalone treatment process or when integrated with conventional treatment systems. Recently, CWs have also been employed for the reduction of antibiotic residues, pharmaceuticals, and emerging contaminants. Given the benefits of ARG removal, low cost of construction, maintenance, energy requirement, and performance efficiencies, CWs offer a promising solution for developing/low-income countries. This review promotes a better understanding of the performance efficiency of treatment technologies (both conventional systems and CWs) for the reduction of antibiotics and ARGs/ARB from wastewater and explores workable alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moushumi Hazra
- Department of Hydrology, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Himanshu Joshi
- Department of Hydrology, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
| | - John B Williams
- School of Civil Engineering and Surveying, University of Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Joy E M Watts
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, United Kingdom
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Lin CJ, Chyan JM, Zhuang WX, Vega FA, Mendoza RMO, Senoro DB, Shiu RF, Liao CH, Huang DJ. Application of an innovative front aeration and internal recirculation strategy to improve the removal of pollutants in subsurface flow constructed wetlands. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2020; 256:109873. [PMID: 31822455 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The pollutant removal performance of traditional horizontal subsurface flow (HSSF) constructed wetlands (CWs) is limited because of the dissolved oxygen (DO) supply is insufficient. The aeration of HSSF CWs usually improves their pollutant removal performance, but a high DO induces the accumulation of nitrate-nitrogen (NO3--N) and suppresses the improvement of total nitrogen (TN) removal. In this study, an integrated solution that involved in-tank front aeration and internal recirculation (FAIR) was used to improve the pollutant removal performance of HSSF CWs. Based on the experimental results, the FAIR system significantly increased the removal efficiencies of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) from 53.8-76.0% to 82.0-91.7% and reduced the BOD concentration in the effluent to below 10 mg L-1. The removal efficiency of ammonia-nitrogen (NH3-N) increased from 15.1-78.3% to 98.5-98.6% while the removal efficiencies of the total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) of the control and FAIR HSSF CWs were 18.2-77.1% and 93.5-94.3%, respectively. HSSF CWs with FAIR outperformed aerated HSSF CWs in the removal of NH3-N and TKN. The effects of two recirculation flow ratios (Rr = recirculation flow rate/influent flow rate), 14.3 and 3.0, on the improvement of pollutant removal performance were investigated. The lower Rr did not significantly affect the improvement of BOD, NH3-N, and TKN, but a higher Rr resulted in more severe accumulation of NO3--N. The removal efficiency of TN in control HSSF CWs ranged from 20.4% to 75.5%, and in the FAIR HSSF CW was 71.6% for Rr = 14.3 and 81.3% for Rr = 3.0. However, the FAIR system did not enhance the removal performance of total phosphorus, suggesting that the DO level and internal recirculation were not dominant mechanisms for the removal of phosphorous. The easy maintenance of the FAIR system made it a superior modification for improving the pollutant removal performance of HSSF CWs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien Jung Lin
- Department of Environmental Resources Management, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, 71710, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Jih Ming Chyan
- Department of Environmental Resources Management, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, 71710, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Wen Xue Zhuang
- Department of Environmental Resources Management, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, 71710, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Floradelle Aboga Vega
- Camarines Norte State College, Daet 4600 Camarines Norte, Philippines; Graduate School of Engineering, Adamson University, Ermita 1000, Manila, Philippines.
| | - Rose Marie O Mendoza
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Adamson University, Ermita 1000, Manila, Philippines.
| | - Delia B Senoro
- Civil Engineering and Environmental Engineering, Mapua University, Manila, 1101, Philippines.
| | - Ruei Feng Shiu
- Bioengineering, University of California, Merced, CA, USA.
| | - Chih Hsiang Liao
- Department of Environmental Resources Management, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, 71710, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Da Ji Huang
- Department of Environmental Resources Management, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, 71710, Taiwan, ROC.
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Lamori JG, Xue J, Rachmadi AT, Lopez GU, Kitajima M, Gerba CP, Pepper IL, Brooks JP, Sherchan S. Removal of fecal indicator bacteria and antibiotic resistant genes in constructed wetlands. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:10188-10197. [PMID: 30758793 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04468-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater discharge evidently increased bacterial diversity in the receiving waterbodies. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a constructed wetland in reducing fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) and antibiotic resistant genes (ARGs). We determined the prevalence and attenuation of fecal indicator bacteria including Escherichia coli and enterococci, along with ARGs, and human-associated Bacteroidales (HF183) markers by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) method. Three types of water samples (inlet, intermediate, and outlet) from a constructed wetland were collected once a month from May to December in 2013. The overall reduction of E. coli was 50.0% based on culture method. According to the qPCR result, the overall removal rate of E. coli was only 6.7%. Enterococci were found in 62.5% of the wetland samples. HF183 genetic marker was detected in all final effluent samples with concentration ranging from 1.8 to 4.22 log10 gene copies (GC)/100 ml. Of the ARGs tested, erythromycin resistance genes (ermF) were detected in 79.2% of the wetland samples. The class 1 integrase (intI1) was detected in all water samples with concentration ranging from 0.83 to 5.54 log10 GC/100 ml. The overall removal rates of enterococci, HF183, intI1, and ermF were 84.0%, 66.6%, 67.2%, and 13.1%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer G Lamori
- Department of Global Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Jia Xue
- Department of Global Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Andri T Rachmadi
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, North13 West8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8628, Japan
| | - Gerardo U Lopez
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The University of Arizona, 1007 E. Lowell St., Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Masaaki Kitajima
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, North13 West8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8628, Japan
| | - Charles P Gerba
- Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Science, The University of Arizona, 1117 E. Lowell St., Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Ian L Pepper
- Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Science, The University of Arizona, 1117 E. Lowell St., Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
- Water and Energy Sustainable Technology (WEST) Center, The University of Arizona, 2959 West Calle Agua Nueva, Tucson, AZ, 85745, USA
| | - John P Brooks
- Genetics and Sustainable Agriculture Unit, USDA-ARS, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA
| | - Samendra Sherchan
- Department of Global Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
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Rachmadi AT, Kitajima M, Pepper IL, Gerba CP. Enteric and indicator virus removal by surface flow wetlands. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 542:976-82. [PMID: 26562344 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the occurrence and attenuation of several human enteric viruses (i.e., norovirus, adenovirus, Aichi virus 1, polyomaviruses, and enterovirus) as well as a plant virus, pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV), at two surface flow wetlands in Arizona. The retention time in one of the wetlands was seven days, whereas in the other wetland it could not be defined. Water samples were collected at the inlet and outlet from the wetlands over nine months, and concentration of viral genomes was determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Of the human enteric viruses tested, adenovirus and Aichi virus 1 were found in the greatest prevalence in treated wastewater (i.e., inlet of the wetlands). Reduction efficiencies of enteric viruses by the wetlands ranged from 1 to 3 log10. Polyomaviruses were generally removed to below detection limit, indicating at least 2 to 4 log10 removal. PMMoV was detected in a greater concentration in the inlet of both wetlands for all the viruses tested (10(4) to 10(7) genome copies/L), but exhibited little or no removal (1 log10 or less). To determine the factors associated with virus genome attenuation (as determined by qPCR), the persistence of PMMoV and poliovirus type 1 (an enterovirus) was studied in autoclaved and natural wetland water, and deionized water incubated under three different temperatures for 21 days. A combination of elevated water temperature and biological activities reduced poliovirus by 1 to 4 log10, while PMMoV was not significantly reduced during this time period. Overall, PMMoV showed much greater persistence than human viruses in the wetland treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andri T Rachmadi
- Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Science, The University of Arizona, 1117 E. Lowell St., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Masaaki Kitajima
- Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Science, The University of Arizona, 1117 E. Lowell St., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Ian L Pepper
- Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Science, The University of Arizona, 1117 E. Lowell St., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Charles P Gerba
- Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Science, The University of Arizona, 1117 E. Lowell St., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
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Zhai J, Zou J, He Q, Ning K, Xiao H. Variation of dissolved oxygen and redox potential and their correlation with microbial population along a novel horizontal subsurface flow wetland. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2012; 33:1999-2006. [PMID: 23240193 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2012.655320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
AIMS This study was conducted to evaluate the performance of a novel horizontal subsurface flow wetland (HSFW) in naturally improving the dissolved oxygen (DO) and the impact on redox condition, microbial activity and the nitrogen removal in the HSFW bed. MATERIALS AND METHODS The HSFW, equipped with cascaded natural aeration ditches (NADs), was the second stage of a hybrid constructed wetland (CW) after vertical-baffled flow wetland beds. The performances of the HSFW for organics and nitrogen removal in a full-scale hybrid CW system treating municipal wastewater for more than three years have been analysed. The spatial distributions of the oxidation-reduction potential (ORP), DO, microbial population density and specific oxygen uptake rate were determined, and their correlations were analysed in one selected section of the HSFW bed. RESULTS A 7-m-long shallow NAD increased the DO concentration from 0.28 mg O2 L(-1) to 3.80 mg O2 L(-1) and the ORP from +37.3 mV to +247.7 mV, creating an aerobic zone with a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 0.5 h and an anoxic zone of another 0.5 h in series in the subsequent wetland bed. For the whole HSFW with three NADs, the macro aerobic and anoxic environment with a total HRT of 3 h can be created. CONCLUSIONS The unique DO distribution in HSFW may contribute to an optimum environment for partial nitrification and anammox, and obtain a high performance for nitrogen removal. Correlation analysis showed that the microbial activity in the HSFW relied obviously on the redox condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhai
- Chongqing University, Chongqing, P.R. China
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Cui Q, Wang X, Li D, Guo X. An ecosystem health assessment method integrating geochemical indicators of soil in Zoige wetland, southwest China. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.proenv.2012.01.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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