1
|
Kotsia D, Sympikou T, Topi E, Pappa F, Matsoukas C, Fountoulakis MS. Use of recycled construction and demolition waste as substrate in constructed wetlands for the wastewater treatment of cheese production. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 362:121324. [PMID: 38830284 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.121324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Recycled building debris has recently emerged as a suitable wetland infill substrate due to its low density, exceptional water absorption capabilities, and high porosity. This study investigated, for the first time, the use of construction demolition wastes (CDW), and rock processing residues (RPR) as substrate materials in vertical-horizontal flow hybrid constructed wetlands for the treatment of cheese production wastewater. Results showed that the use of both CDW as well as RPR, as substrate material, provided an equal or even better quality of treated wastewater compared to the conventional use of gravel as a substrate. High removal efficiencies were recorded for turbidity (CDW: 91-92%, RPR: 97%), solids (CDW: 85-88%, RPR: 96-97%), organic matter (CDW: 79-84%, RPR: 96-98%), and total phosphorus (CDW: 72-76%, RPR: 87%) for both examined recycled materials. During the experiment, different loadings rates (HLR) were tested: 25 mm d-1 and 37.5 mm d-1. Radiological measurements indicate that, their use did not cause toxic effects on the environment, as the amounts of radioactivity found in the effluent of the systems are not significant. Increasing the hydraulic loading rate appeared to have no negative effect on pollutant removal, as the systems and plants were fully acclimated and mature. This approach offers several advantages, including the use of readily available and abundant waste material, potential cost savings, and the environmental benefits of recycling CDW and RPR instead of disposing of them in landfills.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dimitra Kotsia
- Department of Environment, University of the Aegean, 81100, Mytilene, Greece.
| | - Theodora Sympikou
- Department of Environment, University of the Aegean, 81100, Mytilene, Greece
| | - Eleftheria Topi
- Department of Environment, University of the Aegean, 81100, Mytilene, Greece
| | - Filothei Pappa
- Department of Environment, University of the Aegean, 81100, Mytilene, Greece
| | - Christos Matsoukas
- Department of Environment, University of the Aegean, 81100, Mytilene, Greece
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sharma PK, Rausa K, Rani A, Mukherjee S, Kumar M. Biopurification of dairy farm wastewater through hybrid constructed wetland system: Groundwater quality and health implications. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 200:111426. [PMID: 34116019 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Groundwater is under heavily threat owing to enormous infilteration of dairy farm originated wastewater into it. The anoxic environment in the groundwater due to mixing of organic rich wastewater can produce significant alterations in the groundwater quality. It is therefore necessary to treat such wastewaters before discharging to surrounding areas. Therefore, in this study we evaluated a hybrid constructed wetland (CW) system(40 m2 area) consisting of three beds, i.e. Vertical (16 m2) - Horizontal (18 m2) - Vertical (6 m2) connected in series for the treatment of dairy farm wastewater under typical high humid climate in northern India. Tropical perennial plant such as Arundo donax L. was grown on both vertical beds, whereas Hibiscus esculentus L. and Solanum melongena L. were grown on the horizontal bed of the system.The average purification of TSS, BOD3, total N, and P was significant (p < 0.05) in HF bed and recorded as 92.2 ± 6.1, 95 ± 3.8, 83.6 ± 9.0 and 86.1 ± 10.0% respectively.The average load of BOD3, total N, and P in the influent and effluent was recorded (with no significant differences, p > 0.05) as 7.0 ± 7.17, 1.9 ± 0.7, 0.72 ± 0.5 g m-2 day-1and 0.3 ± 0.2, 0.3 ± 0.2 and 0.04 ± 0.01 g m-2 day-1 respectively.The average values of total biomass content of Arundo donax L. were differed significantly and recorded as 0.31 ± 0.06, 0.43 ± 0.17, and 0.43 ± 0.16 g g-1 fresh wt. in control, VF-1, and VF-2 respectively. Therefore, the hybrid CW system can be efficiently used for the treatment of dairy farm wastewater with implications on groundwater and health. Future research may focus on performance analysis of upgraded combined anaerobic reactor and hybrid CW system planted with series of macrophytes for on-site treatment of high strength dairy farm wastewater in tropical regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Kumar Sharma
- Department of Environmental Science, Graphic Era Deemed to be University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248002, India.
| | - Kalpana Rausa
- Department of Environmental Science, Graphic Era Deemed to be University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248002, India
| | - Anju Rani
- Department of Life Sciences, Graphic Era Deemed to be University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248002, India
| | - Santanu Mukherjee
- School of Agriculture Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Bajhol, PO Sultanpur, Distt. Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173229, India
| | - Manish Kumar
- Discipline of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382355, India.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Treatment of Combined Dairy and Domestic Wastewater with Constructed Wetland System in Sicily (Italy). Pollutant Removal Efficiency and Effect of Vegetation. WATER 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/w13081086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Dairy wastewater (DWW) contains large amounts of mineral and organic compounds, which can accumulate in soil and water causing serious environmental pollution. A constructed wetland (CW) is a sustainable technology for the treatment of DWW in small-medium sized farms. This paper reports a two-year study on the performance of a pilot-scale horizontal subsurface flow system for DWW treatment in Sicily (Italy). The CW system covered a total surface area of 100 m2 and treated approximately 6 m3 per day of wastewater produced by a small dairy farm, subsequent to biological treatment. Removal efficiency (RE) of the system was calculated. The biomass production of two emergent macrophytes was determined and the effect of plant growth on organic pollutant RE was recorded. All DWW parameters showed significant differences between inlet and outlet. For BOD5 and COD, RE values were 76.00% and 62.00%, respectively. RE for total nitrogen (50.70%) was lower than that of organic compounds. RE levels of microbiological parameters were found to be higher than 80.00%. Giant reed produced greater biomass than umbrella sedge. A seasonal variation in RE of organic pollutants was recorded due to plant growth rate Our findings highlight the efficient use of a CW system for DWW treatment in dairy-cattle farms.
Collapse
|
4
|
Varma M, Gupta AK, Ghosal PS, Majumder A. A review on performance of constructed wetlands in tropical and cold climate: Insights of mechanism, role of influencing factors, and system modification in low temperature. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 755:142540. [PMID: 33038812 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Constructed wetlands (CWs) are one of the most promising and sustainable alternatives for wastewater treatment that are being successfully implemented in several countries, especially in tropical and sub-tropical regions. The predominant mechanisms of removal of contaminants in CWs are microbial degradation, phytodegradation, phytoextraction, filtration, sedimentation, and adsorption, etc. Vertical flow subsurface CWs and hybrid CWs demonstrated promising results in terms of TN, BOD, and COD removal, while horizontal flow subsurface CWs were proficient in removal of TP. The performance of the CWs depends upon a various factors, such as hydraulic loading rate, pH, dissolved oxygen, temperature, etc. Among these, low temperature had the most antagonistic effect on the performance of the CWs because freezing ambient temperature lead to ice formation, hydraulic imperfections, malfunctioning of biotic and abiotic components, etc. Over the past three decades, thousands of studies have been conducted involving treatment of wastewater using CWs, among which only few have addressed the issues and concerns of cold climate representing a significant research gap in this field. Furthermore, the performance of CWs in terms of TN, TP, and COD removal was significantly lower in cold climates than that in tropical and sub-tropical climates. In order to find suitable remedies to overcome the challenges faced in cold climate various modifications, such as incorporating greenhouse structure, providing insulating materials, bio-augmentation, identification of suitable macrophytes, etc., in around 20 different scenarios have been studied. Greenhouse construction led to 20% increase in removal of TN and COD, while plant collocation accounted for up to 18% increase in the removal of COD. Artificial aeration, insulation and bio-augmentation also enhanced the performance of the CWs in low temperatures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Varma
- Environmental Engineering Division, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721 302, India.
| | - Ashok Kumar Gupta
- Environmental Engineering Division, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721 302, India.
| | - Partha Sarathi Ghosal
- School of Water Resources, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721 302, India.
| | - Abhradeep Majumder
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Schierano MC, Panigatti MC, Maine MA, Griffa CA, Boglione R. Horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland for tertiary treatment of dairy wastewater: Removal efficiencies and plant uptake. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2020; 272:111094. [PMID: 32854894 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
There are different physicochemical and biological methods to treat effluents. However, their efficiency is not enough to meet the effluents discharge limits. For this reason, it could be possible to employ a polished treatment. A suitable alternative for this goal could be constructed wetlands (CWs). The aim of the present research was to evaluate contaminants removal efficiency of a pilot scale horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland (HSSFW) for tertiary treatment of dairy wastewater. A vegetation study was also conducted in order to determine the role of plants on nutrient removal. A pilot scale HSSFW planted with Typha domingensis was built in a dairy factory, after the biological treatment. The substrate used was river gravel. During a seven-month research period, thirty-two samples (influent and effluent) were taken and analyzed to determine physicochemical and microbiological parameters as well as removal efficiencies. Biomass, TP, TKN and organic matter content in plants was determined at the beginning and end of the monitoring period. Suspended solids showed significant differences between inlet and outlet, with a mean removal efficiency of 78.4%. For BOD and COD, mean removal efficiencies were respectively 57.9 and 68.7%. Removal percentages for TKN, Nitrates and TP were lower than other parameters (25.7%, 47.8% and 29.9%, respectively). Fecal Coliform bacteria decreased one order of magnitude in final effluent. In the case of Escherichia coli and Pseudomona aeruginosa results were variable. Total biomass increased 4.6 times at the end of the monitoring period. The study of plants indicated its important contribution in terms of contaminant uptake and retention. HSSFW would be an advisable alternative as a tertiary treatment of dairy wastewater.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María C Schierano
- Instituto de Química Aplicada del Litoral (IQAL) Química Analítica, Facultad de Ingeniería Química. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Santiago del Estero, 2829, Santa Fe, Santa Fe, Argentina; Grupo de Estudios de Medio Ambiente (GEM) Universidad Tecnológica Nacional. Facultad Regional Rafaela, Acuña 49, Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina.
| | - María C Panigatti
- Grupo de Estudios de Medio Ambiente (GEM) Universidad Tecnológica Nacional. Facultad Regional Rafaela, Acuña 49, Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - María A Maine
- Instituto de Química Aplicada del Litoral (IQAL) Química Analítica, Facultad de Ingeniería Química. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Santiago del Estero, 2829, Santa Fe, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Carina A Griffa
- Grupo de Estudios de Medio Ambiente (GEM) Universidad Tecnológica Nacional. Facultad Regional Rafaela, Acuña 49, Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Rosana Boglione
- Grupo de Estudios de Medio Ambiente (GEM) Universidad Tecnológica Nacional. Facultad Regional Rafaela, Acuña 49, Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Elfanssi S, Ouazzani N, Latrach L, Hejjaj A, Mandi L. Phytoremediation of domestic wastewater using a hybrid constructed wetland in mountainous rural area. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION 2018; 20:75-87. [PMID: 28598199 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2017.1337067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficiency of hybrid constructed wetlands (HCWs) in a rural mountainous area. The experiment was set up in small rural community named Tidili within the region of Marrakech, Morocco. The wastewater treatment plant was composed of three vertical flow constructed wetlands (VFCWs) working in parallel, followed by two parallel horizontal-subsurface flow constructed wetlands (HFCWs), with hydraulic loading rates of 0.5 and 0.75 m3/m2.d, respectively. The two units were planted with Phragmites australis at a density of 4 plants/m2. Wastewater samples were collected at the inlet of the storage tank and at the outlet of the whole system (VFCWs, HFCWs) stages. The main removal percentages of total suspended solids (TSS), biochemical oxygen demand measured in a 5-day test (BOD5), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen, and total phosphorus were respectively 95%, 93%, 91%, 67%, and 62%. The system showed a very high capacity to remove total coliforms, fecal coliforms, and fecal streptococci (4.46, 4.31, and 4.10 Log units, respectively). Artificial neural networks (ANNs) were used to model the quality parameters (TSS, BOD5, COD) and total coliforms and fecal streptococci. Based on the obtained results, the ANN model could be considered as an efficient tool to predict the studied phytoremediation performances using HCWs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saloua Elfanssi
- a National Center for Research and Studies on Water and Energy (CNEREE), Cadi Ayyad University , Marrakech , Morocco
- b Laboratory of Hydrobiology , Ecotoxicology and Sanitation (LHEA, URAC 33), Faculty of Sciences Semlalia , Marrakech , Morocco
| | - Naaila Ouazzani
- a National Center for Research and Studies on Water and Energy (CNEREE), Cadi Ayyad University , Marrakech , Morocco
- b Laboratory of Hydrobiology , Ecotoxicology and Sanitation (LHEA, URAC 33), Faculty of Sciences Semlalia , Marrakech , Morocco
| | - Lahbib Latrach
- a National Center for Research and Studies on Water and Energy (CNEREE), Cadi Ayyad University , Marrakech , Morocco
- b Laboratory of Hydrobiology , Ecotoxicology and Sanitation (LHEA, URAC 33), Faculty of Sciences Semlalia , Marrakech , Morocco
| | - Abdessamed Hejjaj
- a National Center for Research and Studies on Water and Energy (CNEREE), Cadi Ayyad University , Marrakech , Morocco
| | - Laila Mandi
- a National Center for Research and Studies on Water and Energy (CNEREE), Cadi Ayyad University , Marrakech , Morocco
- b Laboratory of Hydrobiology , Ecotoxicology and Sanitation (LHEA, URAC 33), Faculty of Sciences Semlalia , Marrakech , Morocco
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhang X, Inoue T, Kato K, Izumoto H, Harada J, Wu D, Sakuragi H, Ietsugu H, Sugawara Y. Multi-stage hybrid subsurface flow constructed wetlands for treating piggery and dairy wastewater in cold climate. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2017; 38:183-191. [PMID: 27244242 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2016.1187206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study followed three field-scale hybrid subsurface flow constructed wetland (CW) systems constructed in Hokkaido, northern Japan: piggery O (2009), dairy G (2011), and dairy S (2006). Treatment performance was monitored from the outset of operation for each CW. The ranges of overall purification efficiency for these systems were 70-86%, 40-85%, 71-90%, 91-96%, 94-98%, 84-97%, and 70-97% for total N (TN), NH4-N, total P, chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand, suspended solid, and total Coliform, respectively. The hybrid system's removal rates were highest when influent loads were high. COD removal rates were 46.4 ± 49.2, 94.1 ± 36.6, and 25.1 ± 15.5 g COD m-2 d-1 in piggery O, dairy G, and dairy S, with average influent loads of 50.5 ± 51.5, 98.9 ± 37.1, and 26.9 ± 16.0 g COD m-2 d-1, respectively. The systems had overall COD removal efficiencies of around 90%. TN removal efficiencies were 62 ± 19%, 82 ± 9%, and 82 ± 15% in piggery O, dairy G, and dairy S, respectively. NH4-N removal efficiency was adversely affected by the COD/TN ratio. Results from this study prove that these treatment systems have sustained and positive pollutant removal efficiencies, which were achieved even under extremely cold climate conditions and many years after initial construction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomeng Zhang
- a Graduate School of Agriculture , Hokkaido University , Sapporo , Hokkaido , Japan
| | - Takashi Inoue
- a Graduate School of Agriculture , Hokkaido University , Sapporo , Hokkaido , Japan
| | - Kunihiko Kato
- b NARO Tohoku Agricultural Research Center , Morioka , Iwate , Japan
| | - Hayato Izumoto
- a Graduate School of Agriculture , Hokkaido University , Sapporo , Hokkaido , Japan
| | - June Harada
- a Graduate School of Agriculture , Hokkaido University , Sapporo , Hokkaido , Japan
| | - Da Wu
- a Graduate School of Agriculture , Hokkaido University , Sapporo , Hokkaido , Japan
| | - Hiroaki Sakuragi
- a Graduate School of Agriculture , Hokkaido University , Sapporo , Hokkaido , Japan
| | | | - Yasuhide Sugawara
- d NARO Hokkaido Agricultural Research Center , Sapporo , Hokkaido , Japan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Harada J, Inoue T, Kato K, Izumoto H, Zhang X, Sakuragi H, Wu D, Ietsugu H, Sugawara Y. Long-term nitrogen compound removal trends of a hybrid subsurface constructed wetland treating milking parlor wastewater throughout its 7 years of operation. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2016; 73:1018-1024. [PMID: 26942522 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2015.568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the nitrogen compound removal efficiency of a hybrid subsurface constructed wetland, which began treating milking parlor wastewater in Hokkaido, northern Japan, in 2006. The wetland's overall removal rates of total nitrogen (TN) and ammonium (NH4(+)-N) improved after the second year of operation, and its rate of organic nitrogen (Org-N) removal was stable at 90% efficiency. Only nitrate (NO3(-)-N) levels were increased following the treatment. Despite increased NO3(-)-N (maximum of 3 mg-N/L) levels, TN removal rates were only slightly affected. Removal rates of TN and Org-N were highest in the first vertical bed. NH4(+)-N removal rates were highest in the second vertical bed, presumably due to water recirculation and pH adjustment. Concentrations of NO3(-)-N appeared when total carbon (TC) levels were low, which suggests that low TC prevented complete denitrification in the second vertical bed and the final horizontal bed. In practice, the beds removed more nitrogen than the amount theoretically removed by denitrification, as calculated by the amount of carbon removed from the system. This carbon-nitrogen imbalance may be due to other nitrogen transformation mechanisms, which require less carbon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Harada
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, N9W9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8589, Japan E-mail:
| | - T Inoue
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, N9W9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8589, Japan E-mail:
| | - K Kato
- NARO Tohoku Agricultural Research Center, Shimo-Kuriyagawa, Morioka, Iwate, 020-0198, Japan
| | - H Izumoto
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, N9W9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8589, Japan E-mail:
| | - X Zhang
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, N9W9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8589, Japan E-mail:
| | - H Sakuragi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, N9W9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8589, Japan E-mail:
| | - D Wu
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, N9W9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8589, Japan E-mail:
| | - H Ietsugu
- TUSK Co., Ltd, 2-8, Midorimachi-minami, Nakashibetsu-cho, Hokkaido, 086-1166, Japan
| | - Y Sugawara
- NARO Hokkaido Agricultural Research Center, Hitsujigaoka-1, Toyohira-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 062-8555, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhang X, Inoue T, Kato K, Harada J, Izumoto H, Wu D, Sakuragi H, Ietsugu H, Sugawara Y. Performance of hybrid subsurface constructed wetland system for piggery wastewater treatment. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2016; 73:13-20. [PMID: 26744930 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2015.457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate performance of a hybrid constructed wetland (CW) built for high organic content piggery wastewater treatment in a cold region. The system consists of four vertical and one horizontal flow subsurface CWs. The wetland was built in 2009 and water quality was monitored from the outset. Average purification efficiency of this system was 95±5, 91±7, 89±8, 70±10, 84±15, 90±6, 99±2, and 93±16% for biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total carbon (TC), total nitrogen (TN), ammonium-N (NH4-N), total phosphorus (TP), total coliform (T. Coliform), and suspended solids (SS), respectively during August 2010-December 2013. Pollutant removal rate was 15±18 g m(-2) d(-1), 49±52 g m(-2) d(-1), 6±4 g m(-2) d(-1), 7±5 g m(-2) d(-1), and 1±1 g m(-2) d(-1) for BOD5, COD, TN, NH4-N, and TP, respectively. The removal efficiency of BOD5, COD, NH4-N, and SS improved yearly since the start of operation. With respect to removal of TN and TP, efficiency improved in the first three years but slightly declined in the fourth year. The system performed well during both warm and cold periods, but was more efficient in the warm period. The nitrate increase may be attributed to a low C/N ratio, due to limited availability of carbon required for denitrification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- X Zhang
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, N9W9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan E-mail:
| | - T Inoue
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, N9W9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan E-mail:
| | - K Kato
- NARO Tohoku Agricultural Research Center, Shimo-Kuriyagawa, Morioka, Iwate 020-0198, Japan
| | - J Harada
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, N9W9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan E-mail:
| | - H Izumoto
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, N9W9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan E-mail:
| | - D Wu
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, N9W9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan E-mail:
| | - H Sakuragi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, N9W9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan E-mail:
| | - H Ietsugu
- TUSK Co., Ltd, 2-8, Midorimachi-minami, Nakashibetsu-cho, Hokkaido 086-1166, Japan
| | - Y Sugawara
- NARO Hokkaido Agricultural Research Center, Hitsujigaoka-1, Toyohira-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 062-8555, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Harada J, Inoue T, Kato K, Uraie N, Sakuragi H. Performance evaluation of hybrid treatment wetland for six years of operation in cold climate. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:12861-12869. [PMID: 25424033 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3843-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In Hokkaido, northern Japan, there are 12 hybrid subsurface constructed wetlands (HSCWs) and most of them are treating high concentrated organic wastewater. One of these systems is an HSCW situated in Embetsu, northern Hokkaido, and it has been in operation since November of 2006 to treat dairy milking parlor wastewater. The system is composed of two vertical flow beds and a horizontal flow bed. The influent and the effluent flow rates and pollutant concentrations and loads were extremely variable. Throughout its 6 years of operation, most of the pollutant removals were decently high. Removal efficiencies for COD, BOD5, and SS were ranging in the 90 %. Removal efficiencies for TN, NH4-N, and BOD5 were improving because of the development of the soil ecosystem and the Phragmites australis community. However, the removal efficiencies of TP were decreasing, presumably because of the declining adsorption ability. The accumulation of TP in the first and the second vertical beds had reached its plateau. Vertical beds had high removal efficiencies for TN, COD, BOD5, and SS. These high removal efficiencies of the first vertical bed may be caused from the efficient removal of solid material that is deposited as an organic layer of the first vertical bed. High NH4-N removal efficiencies exerted by the second vertical bed may be due to the recycling of wastewater. In conclusion, the HSCW was working excellently for its 6 years of operation, and it could be concluded that it has not reached its life yet.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- June Harada
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita 9, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8589, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|