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Moradeeya PG, Sharma A, Kumar MA, Basha S. Titanium dioxide based nanocomposites - Current trends and emerging strategies for the photocatalytic degradation of ruinous environmental pollutants. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 204:112384. [PMID: 34785207 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Many ruinous pollutants are omnipresent in the environment and among them; pesticides are xenobiotic and pose to be a bio-recalcitrance. Their detrimental ecological and environmental impacts attract attention of environmental excerpts and the surge of stringent regulations have endows the need of a technically feasible treatment. This critical review emphasizes about the occurrence, abundance and fate of structurally distinct pesticides in different environment. The practiced remedial strategies and in particular, the advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) those utilize the photo-catalytic properties of nano-composites for the degradation of pollutants are critically discussed. Photo-catalytic degradation utilizes many composite materials at nano-scale level, wherein synthesis of nano-composites with appropriate precursors and other adjoining functional moieties are of prime importance. Therefore, suitable starter materials along with the reaction conditions are prerequisite for effectively tailoring the nano-composites. The aforementioned aspects and their customized applications are critically discussed. The associated challenges, opportunities and process economics of degradation using photo-catalytic AOP techniques are highlighted and in addition, the review tries to explain how best the photo-degradation can be a stand-alone tool with a societal importance. Conclusively, the future prospects for undertaking new researches in photo-catalytic breakdown of pollutants that can be judiciously sustainable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pareshkumar G Moradeeya
- Hyderabad Zonal Laboratory, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, IICT Campus, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, 500 007, Telangana, India; Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Marwadi Education Foundation, Rajkot, 360 003, Gujarat, India
| | - Archana Sharma
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Marwadi Education Foundation, Rajkot, 360 003, Gujarat, India
| | - Madhava Anil Kumar
- Analytical and Environmental Science Division & Centralized Instrument Facility, CSIR-Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar, 364 002, Gujarat, India
| | - Shaik Basha
- Hyderabad Zonal Laboratory, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, IICT Campus, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, 500 007, Telangana, India.
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Environmental Distribution, Metabolic Fate, and Degradation Mechanism of Chlorpyrifos: Recent and Future Perspectives. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2022; 194:2301-2335. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-021-03713-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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3
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Saad H, Nour El-Dien FA, El-Gamel NEA, Abo Dena AS. Matrix-dispersed magnetic molecularly-imprinted polyaniline for the effective removal of chlorpyrifos pesticide from contaminated water. RSC Adv 2021; 11:39768-39780. [PMID: 35494104 PMCID: PMC9044561 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra07833j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a new adsorbent nanocomposite material based on matrix-dispersed superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) in molecularly-imprinted polyaniline for the removal of chlorpyrifos (CPF), a hazardous organophosphate pesticide, from water. The synthesized magnetic molecularly-imprinted polymer (MMIP) was characterized by FTIR spectroscopy, XRD, magnetic susceptibility, DLS, zeta potential measurement, SEM and high-resolution TEM imaging. The average size of the naked SPIONs ranges from 15 to 30 nm according to the high-resolution TEM analysis. Moreover, the adsorption kinetics, thermodynamic parameters (ΔG, ΔH and ΔS), adsorption isotherms and rebinding conditions were investigated in detail. The proposed MMIP has an imprinting factor of 1.64. In addition, it showed a high experimental adsorption capacity of 1.77 mg g-1 and a removal efficiency of nearly 80%. The fabricated MMIP material demonstrated excellent magnetic susceptibility allowing for easy separation using an external magnetic field. The adsorption mechanism of CPF onto the MMIP adsorbent followed the second-order kinetics model and fitted to the Temkin adsorption isotherm. By studying the adsorption thermodynamics, negative ΔG values (-1.955 kJ mol-1 at room temperature) were obtained revealing that the adsorption process is spontaneous. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity was obtained at room temperature (ca. 303 K), neutral pH and using a high CPF concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadeel Saad
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University Giza 12613 Egypt
| | - F A Nour El-Dien
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University Giza 12613 Egypt
| | - Nadia E A El-Gamel
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University Giza 12613 Egypt
| | - Ahmed S Abo Dena
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, National Organization for Drug Control and Research (NODCAR) Giza Egypt
- Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine, Future University in Egypt (FUE) New Cairo Egypt
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El-Nahhal I, El-Nahhal Y. Pesticide residues in drinking water, their potential risk to human health and removal options. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 299:113611. [PMID: 34526283 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The application of pesticides in agricultural and public health sectors has resulted in substantially contaminated water resources with residues in many countries. Almost no reviews have addressed pesticide residues in drinking water globally; calculated hazard indices for adults, children, and infants; or discussed the potential health risk of pesticides to the human population. The objectives of this article were to summarize advances in research related to pesticide residues in drinking water; conduct health risk assessments by estimating the daily intake of pesticide residues consumed only from drinking water by adults, children, and infants; and summarize options for pesticide removal from water systems. Approximately 113 pesticide residues were found in drinking water samples from 31 countries worldwide. There were 61, 31, and 21 insecticide, herbicide, and fungicide residues, respectively. Four residues were in toxicity class IA, 14 residues were in toxicity class IB, 55 residues were in toxicity class II, 17 residues were in toxicity class III, and 23 residues were in toxicity class IV. The calculated hazard indices (HIs) exceeded the value of one in many cases. The lowest HI value (0.0001) for children was found in Canada, and the highest HI value (30.97) was found in Egypt, suggesting a high potential health risk to adults, children, and infants. The application of advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) showed efficient removal of many pesticide classes. The combination of adsorption followed by biodegradation was shown to be an effective and efficient purification option. In conclusion, the consumption of water contaminated with pesticide residues may pose risks to human health in exposed populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yasser El-Nahhal
- Dept. of Earth and Environmental Science Faculty of Science, The Islamic University, Gaza, Palestine.
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Sheikhi S, Dehghanzadeh R, Aslani H. Advanced oxidation processes for chlorpyrifos removal from aqueous solution: a systematic review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2021; 19:1249-1262. [PMID: 34150308 PMCID: PMC8172757 DOI: 10.1007/s40201-021-00674-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Chlorpyrifos (CPF), an organophosphate insecticide, due to its high efficiency and low cost is widely used in the agricultural industry. CPF may lead to lung deficiency, central nervous system damage, developmental and autoimmune disorders. In recent decades, the advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) have been considered in water and wastewater treatment due to their high efficiency in decomposition of organic and inorganic compounds, specially hardly biodegradable or non-biodegradable compounds. In the present review study, the most common AOPs (such as Fenton and Photo-Fenton processes, UV/H2O2 photolysis, UV/TiO2 heterogeneous photo catalysis, electrochemical processes, sonolysis technology, gamma irradiation technology and sulfate-based AOPs) applied for CPF removal from aqueous matrices has been investigated. It can be concluded that the use of AOPs are effective for CPF removal from aqueous media. In addition, Fenton and photocatalytic processes appear to be the most common techniques for CPF degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Sheikhi
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Reza Dehghanzadeh
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hassan Aslani
- Health and Environment Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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He J, Evans NM, Liu H, Zhu Y, Zhou T, Shao S. UV treatment for degradation of chemical contaminants in food: A review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2021; 20:1857-1886. [PMID: 33486857 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Application of ultraviolet (UV) irradiation for the degradation of chemical contaminants in food products has gained more and more interest in the past two decades. The majority of the research in this field was on mycotoxins, especially aflatoxins and patulin, with limited studies on pesticide residues and other chemical contaminants in food. These studies have been focused on identifying the structure and toxicity of degradation products, investigating the influence of UV treatment factors on the degradation efficiency, determining the impact of UV treatment on the quality of food products, and developing updated UV treatment methods such as TiO2 induced photocatalytic degradation. The summary of published literatures provided insights into future research opportunities in this area, which include determining a standard for the UV treatment description, working with naturally contaminated samples rather than artificially spiked samples, conducting pilot plant or industrial scale studies, examining more targets and conducting multi-targets studies, and developing more innovative methods for UV treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang He
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.,College of Life and Environmental Science, Hunan University of Arts and Science, Changde, Hunan, China
| | - Natasha Marie Evans
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Huaizhi Liu
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yan Zhu
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ting Zhou
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Suqin Shao
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Degradation of chlorpyrifos formulation in water by the UV/H2O2 process: Lumped kinetic modelling of total organic carbon removal. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2020.112924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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8
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Efficient Malathion Removal in Constructed Wetlands Coupled to UV/H2O2 Pretreatment. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10155306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Intensive agriculture has led to the increasing application of pesticides, such as malathion, thus generating large volumes of untreated cropland wastewater (CropWW). In this work, a hybrid system constructed wetlands (CW) coupled in continuous with an optimized UV/H2O2 pretreatment was evaluated for the efficient removal of malathion contained in CropWW. In the first stage, 90 min UV irradiation time (UV IR) and 65 mM hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) were identified as optimal operation parameters through a central composite design. The second stage consisted of CW planted with Phragmites australis collected from the agricultural discharge area and operated as a piston flow reactor. Furthermore, CW hydraulic residence times (HRT) of 1, 2 and 3 days, including hydraulic coupling, were evaluated. The removal efficiencies obtained in the first stage (UV/H2O2) were 94 ± 2.5% of malathion and 45 ± 2.5% of total organic carbon (TOC). In stage two (CW) 65 ± 9.6% TOC removal was achieved during the first 17 days, from which around 24% was associated to the biosorption of malathion byproducts. Subsequently, and until the operation ends, CW removed about 80% of TOC for 2 and 3 days HRT, with no significant differences (p > 0.2), which is higher than those reported in several studies involving only advanced oxidation processes (AOP) with UV IR times above 240 min and even for systems using catalysts. The results obtained indicate that the system UV/H2O2-CW is a technically suitable option for the treatment of CropWW with a high content of malathion mainly found in developing countries. Moreover, the hybrid system proposed also represent significant reduction in the size of the treatment plant.
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Degradation of chlorpyrifos and inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Aspergillus niger on apples using an advanced oxidation process. Food Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.106920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Vigneshwaran S, Preethi J, Meenakshi S. Removal of chlorpyrifos, an insecticide using metal free heterogeneous graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) incorporated chitosan as catalyst: Photocatalytic and adsorption studies. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 132:289-299. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.03.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Utzig LM, Lima RM, Gomes MF, Ramsdorf WA, Martins LRR, Liz MV, Freitas AM. Ecotoxicity response of chlorpyrifos in Aedes aegypti larvae and Lactuca sativa seeds after UV/H 2O 2 and UVC oxidation. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 169:449-456. [PMID: 30471582 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Chlorpyrifos (CP) is an organophosphate pesticide widely used in agriculture known to cause neurological and immunological effects in addition to interfering in the reproduction and development of organisms. In this study, CP degradation by UV/H2O2 process and UVC radiation was investigated, and the ecotoxicity and phytotoxicity was evaluated using bioassays of Aedes aegypti larvae and Lactuca sativa seeds. CP degradation was monitored by HPLC-DAD, and kinetic parameters were calculated for all processes evaluated. Results demonstrated that both processes are efficient, showing a reduction of over 97% of initial CP after 20 and 60 min of UV/H2O2 and UVC radiation, respectively. However, samples treated by UV/H2O2 process demonstrated increase of toxicity, leading to larvae mortality (>90% of organisms) and inhibition effects in seed root growth. The relationship between increased toxicity and the CP byproducts formed was not confirmed due to its low concentration. However, the direct influence of acetonitrile solvent, specifically their toxic byproducts, was observed. This study provides insights into parent compound abatement using oxidative treatment and the changes in toxicity due to the transformation of CP byproducts and complex mixtures (acetonitrile as solvent and hydrogen peroxide).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rubia M Lima
- Federal University of Technology - Paraná, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Marcus V Liz
- Federal University of Technology - Paraná, Brazil
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Mehrabadi Z, Faghihian H. Elimination of highly consumed herbicide; 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid from aqueous solution by TiO 2 impregnated clinoptilolite, study of degradation pathway. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2018; 204:248-259. [PMID: 29936222 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2018.06.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Revised: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this research, the degradation of the highly consumed herbicide, 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid, was evaluated by a nanophotocatalyst prepared by impregnation of natural zeolite clinoptilolite with TiO2. The photodegradation process of was studied under UV and visible light irradiations. To optimize the influencing parameters on the degradation efficiency, the Design Expert software and the Response surface methodology were used. The predicted values obtained by the methods were in good agreement with the experimental data. The degradation efficiency determined by UV-Vis spectroscopy indicated that the optimized degradation efficiency (58% by UV, and 31% by visible light) was obtained at pH = 6, catalyst dose of 0.4 g L-1, pollutant concentration of 6 mg L-1, and irradiation time of 95 min. The reaction mechanism was studied by Gaussian 03 program and a computer simulation method (density functional theory). The results were in good agreement with the results of the HPLC method used for identification of the degradation products. The mineralization of the pollutant was evaluated by measurement of total organic carbon of the degradation solution before and after irradiations. The results indicated that the degraded pollutant was mostly mineralized and converted to of CO2 and H2O.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Mehrabadi
- Department of Chemistry, Islamic Azad University, Shahreza Branch, Shahreza, Iran
| | - Hossein Faghihian
- Department of Chemistry, Islamic Azad University, Shahreza Branch, Shahreza, Iran.
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López A, Coll A, Lescano M, Zalazar C. Advanced oxidation of commercial herbicides mixture: experimental design and phytotoxicity evaluation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:21393-21402. [PMID: 28477253 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9041-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the suitability of the UV/H2O2 process for commercial herbicides mixture degradation was studied. Glyphosate, the herbicide most widely used in the world, was mixed with other herbicides that have residual activity as 2,4-D and atrazine. Modeling of the process response related to specific operating conditions like initial pH and initial H2O2 to total organic carbon molar ratio was assessed by the response surface methodology (RSM). Results have shown that second-order polynomial regression model could well describe and predict the system behavior within the tested experimental region. It also correctly explained the variability in the experimental data. Experimental values were in good agreement with the modeled ones confirming the significance of the model and highlighting the success of RSM for UV/H2O2 process modeling. Phytotoxicity evolution throughout the photolytic degradation process was checked through germination tests indicating that the phytotoxicity of the herbicides mixture was significantly reduced after the treatment. The end point for the treatment at the operating conditions for maximum TOC conversion was also identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro López
- INTEC-UNL-CONICET, Colectora RN 168 km 472.5, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Andrea Coll
- INTEC-UNL-CONICET, Colectora RN 168 km 472.5, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Maia Lescano
- INTEC-UNL-CONICET, Colectora RN 168 km 472.5, Santa Fe, Argentina.
- FHUC-UNL-Departamento Ciencias Naturales, Ciudad Universitaria, Santa Fe, Argentina.
| | - Cristina Zalazar
- INTEC-UNL-CONICET, Colectora RN 168 km 472.5, Santa Fe, Argentina
- FICH-UNL-Departamento Medio Ambiente, Ciudad Universitaria, Santa Fe, Argentina
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Liu J, Tan L, Wang J, Wang Z, Ni H, Li L. Complete biodegradation of chlorpyrifos by engineered Pseudomonas putida cells expressing surface-immobilized laccases. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 157:200-207. [PMID: 27231878 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The long-term abuse use of chlorpyrifos-like pesticides in agriculture and horticulture has resulted in significant soil or water contamination and a worldwide ecosystem threat. In this study, the ability of a solvent-tolerant bacterium, Pseudomonas putida MB285, with surface-displayed bacterial laccase, to biodegrade chlorpyrifos was investigated. The results of compositional analyses of the degraded products demonstrate that the engineered MB285 was capable of completely eliminating chlorpyrifos via direct biodegradation, as determined by high-performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry assays. Two intermediate metabolites, namely 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCP) and diethyl phosphate, were temporarily detectable, verifying the joint and stepwise degradation of chlorpyrifos by surface laccases and certain cellular enzymes, whereas the purified free laccase incompletely degraded chlorpyrifos into TCP. The degradation reaction can be conducted over a wide range of pH values (2-7) and temperatures (5-55 °C) without the need for Cu(2+). Bioassays using Caenorhabditis elegans as an indicator organism demonstrated that the medium was completely detoxified of chlorpyrifos by degradation. Moreover, the engineered cells exhibited a high capacity of repeated degradation and good performance in continuous degradation cycles, as well as a high capacity to degrade real effluents containing chlorpyrifos. Therefore, the developed system exhibited a high degradation capacity and performance and constitutes an improved approach to address chlorpyrifos contamination in chlorpyrifos-remediation practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Luming Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhiyong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Hong Ni
- College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Lin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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