1
|
Zhang Z, Qi H, Chen H, Zhang X, Tan C, Bai X, Gong Y, Li H. The control efficiency and mechanism of heavy metals by permeable pavement system in runoff based on enhanced infiltration materials. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 329:117042. [PMID: 36566735 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.117042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
As one of the commonly used stormwater management measures, permeable pavement system (PPS) played a prominent role in controlling runoff pollution and alleviating urban waterlogging. In this study, new enhanced infiltration materials (construction waste brick, coal gangue, activated carbon, multi-walled carbon nanotube, multi-layer graphene) were applied in PPS and the control efficiency and mechanism of typical heavy metals (HMs, Mn2+, Pb2+, Zn2+, Cu2+, Cd2+, Ni2+) was investigated in runoff. Furthermore, the influences of different rainfall intensities and antecedent dry periods on HMs removal by PPS were evaluated. The results showed that all PPS with enhanced infiltration materials have little leaching effect on HMs (<3 μg/L). All the selected enhanced infiltration materials meet the requirements of PPS. The concentration of HMs in the effluent of PPS dropped sharply first, followed rebounded and then maintained at a stable range. Activated carbon PPS (AC), Multi-walled carbon nanotube PPS (MCN), and Multi-layer graphene PPS (MG) could significantly improve the control effect of PPS on nearly all selected HMs. The average removal rates of AC, MCN and MG for six HMs were 75.48%-99.35%, 81.30%-97.59%, and 73.03%-99.33%, respectively. Compared with Traditional PPS (TR), the effluent concentrations of HMs in construction waste brick PPS (CW) and coal gangue PPS (CG) were relatively higher and unstable. AC, CN and MG could adapt to different rainfall conditions and the maximum removal rates of most HMs exceed to 99%. With antecedent dry periods increased, the control effect of HMs was significantly improved. The influences of the antecedent drying period on HMs removal followed as: CW>CG>TR>MG>CN>AC. This study provided novel methods to eliminating HMs in runoff and provides implications for the design of PPS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ziyang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Stormwater System and Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, 102616, China.
| | - Hao Qi
- Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Urban Sewage System Construction and Risk Control, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, 102616, China
| | - Hongrui Chen
- CRRC Environmental Science & Technology Cooperation, Beijing, 100067, China
| | - Xiaoran Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Stormwater System and Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, 102616, China
| | - Chaohong Tan
- Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Urban Sewage System Construction and Risk Control, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, 102616, China
| | - Xiaojuan Bai
- Key Laboratory of Urban Stormwater System and Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, 102616, China
| | - Yongwei Gong
- Key Laboratory of Urban Stormwater System and Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, 102616, China
| | - Haiyan Li
- Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Urban Sewage System Construction and Risk Control, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, 102616, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wan H, Wang C, Gong L, Zhu X, Yan J, Lu J, Zhang W. Potential Application of Discarded Natural Coal Gangue for the Removal of Tetracycline Hydrochloride (TC) from an Aqueous Solution. TOXICS 2022; 11:20. [PMID: 36668746 PMCID: PMC9865974 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The generation and accumulation of discarded coal gangue (CG) have severe environmental impacts. CG can adsorb other pollutants in the aquatic environment. However, previous studies have not assessed whether CG can adsorb the emerging contaminant tetracycline hydrochloride (TC). Here, discarded CG taken from a mine was pretreated by crushing, cleaning, and sieving and subsequently applied to the adsorption of TC. The adsorption studies were carried out by batch equilibrium adsorption experiments. Our findings indicated that the adsorption behavior could be accurately described using the quasi-first order kinetic and Langmuir adsorption isotherm models, indicating that monolayer adsorption was the main mechanism mediating the interaction between CG and TC. The adsorption process was classified as a thermodynamic endothermic and spontaneous reaction, which was controlled by chemical and physical adsorption, including electrostatic interaction and cation exchange. The pH of the solution had a great influence on the TC adsorption capacity of GC, with higher adsorption occurring in acidic environments compared to alkaline environments. This was attributed to the changes in CG Zeta potential and TC pKa at different pH conditions. Collectively, our findings demonstrated the potential applicability of discarded CG for the adsorption of TC and provided insights into the adsorption mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongyou Wan
- School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Synergetic Control of Environmental Pollution and Carbon Emissions of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Chen Wang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Lin Gong
- School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xinfeng Zhu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Rehabilitation Technology, Pingdingshan 467036, China
| | - Jingwei Yan
- School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Jiajia Lu
- School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Synergetic Control of Environmental Pollution and Carbon Emissions of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Rehabilitation Technology, Pingdingshan 467036, China
- Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Water Resource and Environment, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Yellow River Institute for Ecological Protection and Regional Coordination Development, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Water Cycle Simulation and Environmental Protection, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Water Resources Conservation and Intensive Utilization in the Yellow River Basin, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang H, Zhang X, Liu J, Zhang L, Li G, Zhang Z, Gong Y, Li H, Li J. Coal gangue modified bioretention system for runoff pollutants removal and the biological characteristics. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 314:115044. [PMID: 35427943 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study, coal gangue (CG) was applied as media in bioretention system to remove runoff pollutant. CG modified bioretention systems show good removal efficiency towards runoff pollutant due to the high adsorption capacity of CG. The removal of total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen (TN), ammonia (NH4+-N) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) by CG modified bioretention systems was influenced by diverse rainfall conditions including rainfall concentration, recurrence period and drying period, and their removal rate ranged 94-99%, 30-70%, 83-97% and 33-86%, respectively. The effluent concentration of Zn, Pb and Cu was as low as 3.14-10.99 μg/L, 0.66-2.56 μg/L and 0.60-3.15 μg/L, respectively. In addition, CG could promote the plant heavy metal uptake and thus decrease their accumulation in soil to a certain extent. Meanwhile, Malondialdehyde (MDA) content and peroxidases (POD) activities of plants in CG modified bioretention were lower than that in tradition bioretention, indicating that CG could help plants recovery and lessened the oxidative stress for the negative impact of high heavy metals accumulation. CG-based media alleviated the inhibitory effect of rainwater runoff pollutant accumulation (especially heavy metals) on microbial diversity and the enhancement of the dominant bacteria (such as Proteobacteria and Bacteroidota) could conduce the nutrients removal in the bioretention systems. In overall, this study demonstrated that the CG modified bioretention systems show an excellent removal performance combine with biological effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huakang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Stormwater System and Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, 102616, China
| | - Xiaoran Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Stormwater System and Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, 102616, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Urban Sewage System Construction and Risk Control, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, 100044, China.
| | - Junfeng Liu
- Department of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Beijing Vocational College of Agriculture, Beijing, 102442, China
| | - Liming Zhang
- Shanxi Water Affairs Group Construction Investment Co., Ltd, Taiyuan, 030000, China
| | - Guodong Li
- Shanxi Water Affairs Group Construction Investment Co., Ltd, Taiyuan, 030000, China
| | - Ziyang Zhang
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Urban Sewage System Construction and Risk Control, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Yongwei Gong
- Key Laboratory of Urban Stormwater System and Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, 102616, China
| | - Haiyan Li
- Key Laboratory of Urban Stormwater System and Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, 102616, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Urban Sewage System Construction and Risk Control, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Junqi Li
- Key Laboratory of Urban Stormwater System and Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, 102616, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Urban Sewage System Construction and Risk Control, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, 100044, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Afolabi HK, Nasef MM, Nordin NAHM, Ting TM, Harun NY, Saeed AAH. Isotherms, kinetics, and thermodynamics of boron adsorption on fibrous polymeric chelator containing glycidol moiety optimized with response surface method. ARAB J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2021.103453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
|
5
|
Zhao Y, Liu H, Chen T, Chen D, Chen C, Qing C. Performance of Nano Zero-Valent Iron Derived from the Decomposition of Siderite in the Removal of Phosphate. JOURNAL OF NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 21:623-631. [PMID: 33213662 DOI: 10.1166/jnn.2021.18447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Natural siderite was selected as a raw material for preparing nano zero-valent iron (nZVI). The efficiency of the as-synthesized nZVI for PO3-₄-P removal was investigated, and the effects of the annealing temperature, pH, initial PO3-₄-P concentration, adsorption temperature and oxygen were investigated. The results indicated that after annealing at 550 °C, nZVI exhibited an average crystal size of 56.3 nm and a surface area of 14.1 m²/g. A decrease in pH and an increase in oxygen availability enhanced the removal efficiency. The adsorption process, which was spontaneous and exothermic according to the thermodynamic analysis, agreed well with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Based on the Langmuir equilibrium isotherms, the capacity of nZVI to adsorb phosphorus was determined to be 33.18 mg/L. The optimized conditions for the experimental conditions were defined by an orthogonal experiment as follows: initial P concentration 2 mg/L, initial pH 4, iron dose 2 g/L, adsorption time 60 min. The experimental results suggested that the as-prepared nZVI was a promising adsorbent for the removal of phosphate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yueling Zhao
- Laboratory for Nanomineralogy and Environmental Material, School of Resources & Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 230009, China
| | - Haibo Liu
- Laboratory for Nanomineralogy and Environmental Material, School of Resources & Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 230009, China
| | - Tianhu Chen
- Laboratory for Nanomineralogy and Environmental Material, School of Resources & Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 230009, China
| | - Dong Chen
- Laboratory for Nanomineralogy and Environmental Material, School of Resources & Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 230009, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Laboratory for Nanomineralogy and Environmental Material, School of Resources & Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 230009, China
| | - Chengsong Qing
- Laboratory for Nanomineralogy and Environmental Material, School of Resources & Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 230009, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bai S, Han J, Du C, Li J, Ding W. Removal of boron and silicon by a modified resin and their competitive adsorption mechanisms. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:30275-30284. [PMID: 32451895 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09308-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Boron and silicon are essential trace elements for living organisms. However, these are undesirable in excess amounts owing to the toxic effects of boron on plants, animals, and humans, and the silica scale formation by silicon in water treatment processes. Herein, a new diol-type adsorbent (T-resin) was synthesized by grafting tiron (disodium 4,5-dihydroxy-1,3-benzenedisulfonate) onto an ion-exchange resin (grafting amount is 1.2 mmol/g dry) to separate boron and silicon from a solution. The effects of pH, initial concentration, and coexisting anions, particularly, the effect of the coexistence of silicate ion on the adsorption of boron, were investigated. T-resin showed good adsorption properties for both boron and silicon in a wide pH range (pH 2-10). The adsorption of boron and silicon was effectively described by the Langmuir isotherm, and the maximum adsorption capacities of boron and silicon were 21.25 mg/g and 8.36 mg/g, respectively. In a competitive adsorption system, boron and silicon were simultaneously adsorbed on the T-resin, but the adsorption rate of boron was faster than silicon. However, silicon could replace the boron adsorbed on the resin, indicating that the adsorption of silicon was more stable than boron. 11B and 29Si solid state NMR data confirmed the different adsorption mechanisms of the two elements. Boron was adsorbed via two types of complexes, a triangular complex of [LB(OH)], as well as 1:1 tetrahedral complex of [LB(OH)2] and 1:2 tetrahedral complex of [BL2], whereas silicon was only adsorbed via a 1:3 octahedral complex of [SiL3]. Graphical abstract A new diol-type absorbent was synthesized by grafting tiron onto an ion-exchange resin to separate boron and silicon from a solution. Boron and silicon competitively adsorbed on the T-resin, and silicon could replace the boron adsorbed on the resin. 11B and 29Si solid state NMR data confirmed the different adsorption mechanisms of the two elements. Boron was adsorbed via two types of complexes, a triangular complex of [LB(OH)], as well as 1:1 tetrahedral complex of [LB(OH)2] and 1: 2 tetrahedral complex of [BL2], whereas silicon was only adsorbed via a 1:3 octahedral complex of [SiL3].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuqin Bai
- Green Intelligence Environmental School, Yangtze Normal University, No. 16 Juxian Road, Fuling, Chongqing, 408100, China.
- School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, No. 235 West University Road, Saihan, Hohhot, 010021, China.
| | - Jue Han
- School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, No. 235 West University Road, Saihan, Hohhot, 010021, China
| | - Cong Du
- School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, No. 235 West University Road, Saihan, Hohhot, 010021, China
| | - Jiaxin Li
- School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, No. 235 West University Road, Saihan, Hohhot, 010021, China
| | - Wei Ding
- School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Removal of Phosphate Ions from Aqueous Solutions by Adsorption onto Leftover Coal. WATER 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/w12051381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
High loadings of wastewater with phosphors (P) require purification measures, which can be challenging to realize in regions where the technical and financial frame does not allow sophisticated applications. Simple percolation devices employing various kinds of adsorbents might be an alternative. Here, we investigated the application of leftover coal, which was collected from Ethiopian coal mining areas, as an adsorbent for the removal of phosphate from aqueous solutions in a classical slurry batch set-up. The combined effects of operational parameters such as contact time, initial concentration, and solution pH on P retention efficiency was studied employing the Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The maximum phosphate adsorption (79% removal and 198 mg kg−1 leftover coal) was obtained at a contact time of 200 min, an initial phosphate concentration of 5 mg/L, and a solution pH of 2.3. The Freundlich isotherm was fitted to the experimental data. The pseudo second-order equation describes the experimental data well, with a correlation value of R2 = 0.99. The effect of temperature on the adsorption reveals that the process is exothermic. The results demonstrate that leftover coal material could potentially be applied for the removal of phosphate from aqueous media, but additional testing in a flow-through set-up using real wastewater is required to draw definite conclusions.
Collapse
|
8
|
Ayoub GM, Kalinian H, Zayyat R. Efficient phosphate removal from contaminated water using functional raw dolomite powder. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-019-0833-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
|
9
|
Phosphate Removal from Secondary Effluents Using Coal Gangue Loaded with Zirconium Oxide. SUSTAINABILITY 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/su11092453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Phosphorus from secondary effluents and coal gangue from coal mining have caused serious environmental problems. The feasibility of phosphate removal from secondary effluents using calcinated coal gangue loaded with zirconium oxide (CCG-Zr) was explored. Major influencing factors like the calcinated temperature, CCG-Zr ratio, adsorbent dose, time and solution pH, etc. were investigated. Newly developed CCG-Zr accomplished a significantly higher phosphate removal for phosphate (93%) compared with CCG (35%) at a calcinated temperature of 600 °C and CCG-Zr mass ratio of 1:1. For CCG-Zr the maximum phosphate removal rate (93%) was noted at an initial phosphate concentration of 2 mg/L within 20 min. The CCG-Zr displayed a higher phosphate removal rate (85–98%) over a wide range of solution pH (2.5~8.5). The adsorption isotherms fitted better to the Freundlich (R2 = 0.975) than the Langmuir model (R2 = 0.967). The maximum phosphate adsorption capacity of the CCG-Zr was 8.55 mg/g. These results suggested that the CCG-Zr could potentially be applied for the phosphate removal from secondary effluents.
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhou L, Zhou H, Hu Y, Yan S, Yang J. Adsorption removal of cationic dyes from aqueous solutions using ceramic adsorbents prepared from industrial waste coal gangue. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 234:245-252. [PMID: 30634117 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Industrial solid waste coal gangue has huge utilization potential. Low-cost ceramic microsphere adsorbents were prepared from coal gangue by spray drying and sintering method and applied to remove cationic red X-5GN and cationic blue X-GRRL from aqueous solutions. The structural properties of the adsorbents were characterized. Adsorption kinetics, adsorption isotherms and effect of solution pH were studied. Adsorption mechanism and disposal of the spent adsorbents were also discussed. The results showed that the adsorption capacity of the cationic red and cationic blue onto the ceramic adsorbents was 1.044 mg g-1 and 2.170 mg g-1 respectively, according to the Langmuir model. The adsorption equilibrium time was quickly reached with the removal of both dyes over 90% within 1 min. The adsorbents exhibited favorable applicability with varying solution pH. Electrostatic attractions, n-π interactions and hydrogen bonding were proposed to be involved in the adsorption process based on the adsorption behavior. Using coal gangue ceramic adsorbents to treat colored wastewater could achieve the purpose of treating wastes with wastes. Therefore, the gangue adsorbent has promising application prospects for its comprehensive economic and environmental benefits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhou
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China.
| | - Hongjie Zhou
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Yuxue Hu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Shu Yan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Jinlong Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Mahmoud AS, Mostafa MK, Nasr M. Regression model, artificial intelligence, and cost estimation for phosphate adsorption using encapsulated nanoscale zero-valent iron. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2018.1504799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed S. Mahmoud
- Sanitary and Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Housing and Building National Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed K. Mostafa
- Environmental Engineering Program, Zewail City of Science and Technology, 6th October City, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Nasr
- Sanitary Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|