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Dimassi SN, Hahladakis JN, Chamkha M, Ahmad MI, Al-Ghouti MA, Sayadi S. Investigation on the effect of several parameters involved in the biodegradation of polyethylene (PE) and low-density polyethylene (LDPE) under various seawater environments. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:168870. [PMID: 38040377 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
This work investigates the biodegradation of polyethylene (PE) and low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and the leaching of their harmful additives. Micro/macro-plastics of both types were subjected to different laboratory-controlled conditions for 3 months. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS) results revealed that leachate concentrations ranged from 0.40 ± 0.07 μg/L to 96.36 ± 0.11 μg/L. It was concluded that the additives' leaching process was promoted by light. However, light was not the only factor examined; microorganisms, pH, salinity, aeration/mixing and temperature influenced the biodegradation process, too. GC-MS results showed a prodigious impact on the biodegradation process when Pseudomonas aeruginosa was added to the artificial seawater compared to plastics exposed to light/air only. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) micrographs demonstrated a significant alteration in the plastics' morphologies. Similarly, Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra showed obvious changes in plastics characteristic peaks, especially microplastics. Furthermore, it was shown that PE was more susceptible to degradation/biodegradation than LDPE. Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES) findings showed that some toxic metals were present in water samples after experiments, with concentrations above the permissible limits. For instance, bio-augmentation/bio-stimulation experiments showed that the concentrations of Pb, Sr, and Zn were 0.59 mg/L, 70.09 mg/L, and 0.17 mg/L, respectively; values above the permissible limits. It is crucial to emphasise that plastics must be meticulously engineered to avoid environmental and human impacts, originated from their degradation by-products. Furthermore, a holistic approach engaging stakeholders, researchers, policymakers, industries and consumers, is essential to effectively tackle the global challenge of marine plastic pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarra N Dimassi
- Center for Sustainable Development, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, P.O. Box: 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - John N Hahladakis
- Center for Sustainable Development, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, P.O. Box: 2713, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Mohamed Chamkha
- Laboratory of Environmental Bioprocesses, Center of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax, PO Box 1177, 3018 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Mohammad I Ahmad
- Central Laboratories Unit, Qatar University, P.O. Box: 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mohammad A Al-Ghouti
- Environmental Science Program, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, P.O. Box: 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Sami Sayadi
- Center for Sustainable Development, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, P.O. Box: 2713, Doha, Qatar.
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Conde-Díaz A, Santana-Mayor Á, Herrera-Herrera AV, Socas-Rodríguez B, Rodríguez-Delgado MÁ. Assessment of endocrine disruptor pollutants and their metabolites in environmental water samples using a sustainable natural deep eutectic solvent-based analytical methodology. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 338:139480. [PMID: 37453517 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
In this work, an evaluation of the occurrence of fifteen phthalates, four metabolites and one adipate in different groundwater, seawater and wastewater samples has been carried out due to their relevance on human health as they act as endocrine disruptors. For this purpose, a sustainable, fast and easy-handling vortex-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction method using a natural hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent based on menthol and carvacrol as extraction agent, combined with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry technique, has been developed and applied for the first time. An optimization was performed to evaluate four important factors affecting the extraction performance, and an analytical validation was carried out in terms of matrix effect, linearity, extraction efficiency, and sensitivity. Recovery values were obtained in the range 72-119% for all analytes (except for monoethyl phthalate: 61.1-72.3%) with relative standard deviation values lower than 17%. Limits of quantification were found between 0.91 and 8.09 μg L-1. As a result of the assessment of 31 different environmental water samples, monoethyl phthalate, diethyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate and bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate were detected and quantified at different concentrations in the range 2.59-21.17 μg L-1 in 6 samples, and diallyl phthalate, butyl benzyl phthalate, dipentyl phthalate, dicyclohexyl phthalate, dihexyl phthalate and bis (2-ethylhexyl) adipate were detected in 20 more, showing the exposition of the population to these hazardous substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Conde-Díaz
- Departamento de Química, Unidad Departamental de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL). Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, s/nº. 38206, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, España
| | - Álvaro Santana-Mayor
- Departamento de Química, Unidad Departamental de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL). Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, s/nº. 38206, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, España
| | - Antonio V Herrera-Herrera
- Departamento de Química, Unidad Departamental de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL). Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, s/nº. 38206, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, España; Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica Antonio González, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, 2, 38206, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, España
| | - Bárbara Socas-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Química, Unidad Departamental de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL). Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, s/nº. 38206, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, España.
| | - Miguel Ángel Rodríguez-Delgado
- Departamento de Química, Unidad Departamental de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL). Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, s/nº. 38206, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, España.
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Mi L, Xie Z, Xu W, Waniek JJ, Pohlmann T, Mi W. Air-Sea Exchange and Atmospheric Deposition of Phthalate Esters in the South China Sea. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:11195-11205. [PMID: 37459505 PMCID: PMC10399291 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c09426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Phthalate esters (PAEs) have been investigated in paired air and seawater samples collected onboard the research vessel SONNE in the South China Sea in the summer of 2019. The concentrations of ∑7PAEs ranged from 2.84 to 24.3 ng/m3 with a mean of 9.67 ± 5.86 ng/m3 in air and from 0.96 to 8.35 ng/L with a mean of 3.05 ng/L in seawater. Net air-to-seawater deposition dominated air-sea exchange fluxes of DiBP, DnBP, DMP, and DEP, while strong water-to-air volatilization was estimated for bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP). The estimated net atmospheric depositions were 3740 t/y for the sum of DMP, DEP, DiBP, and DnBP, but DEHP volatilized from seawater to air with an average of 900 t/y. The seasonally changing monsoon circulation, currents, and cyclones occurring in the Pacific can significantly influence the concentration of PAEs, and alter the direction and magnitude of air-sea exchange and particle deposition fluxes. Consequently, the dynamic air-sea exchange process may drive the transport of PAEs from marginal seas and estuaries toward remote marine environments, which can play an important role in the environmental transport and cycling of PAEs in the global ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijie Mi
- Institute of Coastal Environmental Chemistry, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Geesthacht 21502, Germany
- Institute of Oceanography, University of Hamburg, Hamburg 20146, Germany
| | - Zhiyong Xie
- Institute of Coastal Environmental Chemistry, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Geesthacht 21502, Germany
| | - Weihai Xu
- Key Laboratory of Ocean and Marginal Sea Geology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Joanna J Waniek
- Department of Marine Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde, Rostock 18119, Germany
| | - Thomas Pohlmann
- Institute of Oceanography, University of Hamburg, Hamburg 20146, Germany
| | - Wenying Mi
- MINJIE Institute of Environmental Science and Health Research, Geesthacht 21502, Germany
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Sahoo TP, Kumar MA. Remediation of phthalate acid esters from contaminated environment—Insights on the bioremedial approaches and future perspectives. Heliyon 2023; 9:e14945. [PMID: 37025882 PMCID: PMC10070671 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Phthalates are well-known emerging pollutants that are toxic to the environment and human health. Phthalates are lipophilic chemicals used as plasticizers in many of the items for improving their material properties. These compounds are not chemically bound and are released to the surroundings directly. Phthalate acid esters (PAEs) are endocrine disruptors and can interfere with hormones, which can cause issues with development and reproduction, thus there is a huge concern over their existence in various ecological surroundings. The purpose of this review is to explore the occurrence, fate, and concentration of phthalates in various environmental matrices. This article also covers the phthalate degradation process, mechanism, and outcomes. Besides the conventional treatment technology, the paper also aims at the recent advancements in various physical, chemical, and biological approaches developed for phthalate degradation. In this paper, a special focus has been given on the diverse microbial entities and their bioremedial mechanisms executes the PAEs removal. Critically, the analyses method for determining intermediate products generated during phthalate biotransformation have been discussed. Concluisvely, the challenges, limitations, knowledge gaps and future opportunities of bioremediation and their significant role in ecology have also been highlighted.
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In situ formation of deep eutectic solvents based dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for the enrichment of trace phthalate esters in aqueous samples. Microchem J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2023.108537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
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Hidalgo-Serrano M, Borrull F, Marcé RM, Pocurull E. Phthalate esters in marine ecosystems: analytical methods, occurrence and distribution. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Arpna Kumari, Rajinder Kaur. Chromatographic Methods for the Determination of Phthalic Acid Esters in Different Samples. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934821010056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Zhu F, Zhang H, Qiu M, Wu N, Zeng K, Du D. Dual-label time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay as an advantageous approach for investigation of diethyl phthalate & dibutyl phthalate in surface water. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 695:133793. [PMID: 31425996 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Due to the extensive presence of phthalate esters (PAEs) in the environment, it is very important to develop highly efficient methods for determining their environmental concentrations and for risk assessment. In this study, europium (Eu3+) and samarium (Sm3+) were employed as fluorescent labels to develop a dual-labeled time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay (TRFIA) for the sensitive detection of diethyl phthalate (DEP) and dibutyl phthalate (DBP) in aquatic environments. Under optimum conditions, the half-maximal inhibition concentration (IC50) and limit of detection (LOD, IC10) of the TRFIA were 28.1 and 4.9ng/mL for DEP, and 33.4 and 3.9ng/mL for DBP, respectively. The cross-reactivities of the TRFIA between these two phthalates and with their analogues were negligible. The proposed method indicated satisfactory accuracy with recoveries of 78.30-120.13% for DEP and 78.58-113.07% for DBP, which were in good agreement with the gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry analysis results of the same samples. Meanwhile, the results of the immunoassay were used to evaluate the presence and environmental risk of those pollutants in the inner rivers of Zhenjiang city. The concentrations of DEP and DBP ranged from non-detectable to 61.31ng/mL and from non-detectable to 94.57ng/mL, respectively. The results of the potential ecological risk assessment by the risk quotient method showed that there were some sampling points exceeding risk limits, and the total ecological risk of DBP was higher than that of DEP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Zhu
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Hu Zhang
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Min Qiu
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Nan Wu
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Kun Zeng
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Daolin Du
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
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Melamine-formaldehyde aerogel functionalized with polydopamine as in-tube solid-phase microextraction coating for the determination of phthalate esters. Talanta 2019; 199:317-323. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.02.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Mi L, Xie Z, Zhao Z, Zhong M, Mi W, Ebinghaus R, Tang J. Occurrence and spatial distribution of phthalate esters in sediments of the Bohai and Yellow seas. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 653:792-800. [PMID: 30759605 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Phthalate esters (PEs) are a class of synthetic chemicals that have been widely used as plasticizers in industrial products and households. The occurrence of PEs in the marine environment has been a concern for many years because of their adverse impacts on marine organisms and human health. In this study, six major PEs, i.e. diethyl phthalate (DEP), di‑isobutyl phthalate (DiBP), di‑n‑butyl phthalate (DnBP), benzylbutyl phthalate (BBP), dicyclohexyl phthalate (DCHP) and di‑(2‑ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), were analyzed in sediment samples collected in the Bohai and Yellow seas. The sum concentrations of the six PEs ranged from 1.4 to 24.6 ng/g and the average was 9.1 ng/g. The highest concentrations of PEs in the sediment samples were those of DEHP with a median concentration of 3.77 ng/g, followed by DiBP (median, 1.60 ng/g), DnBP (0.91 ng/g), DEP (0.32 ng/g), BBP (0.03 ng/g) and DCHP (0.01 ng/g). Generally, concentrations of PEs in the Bohai Sea are higher than those in the Yellow Sea. The varying spatial distributions of the individual PEs can be the result of discharge sources, regional ocean circulation patterns, and mud areas in the Bohai and Yellow seas. Significant positive correlations were found between total organic carbon content and the concentrations of DiBP, DnBP, and DEHP. It is estimated that the inventories of the ∑6PEs were 20.73 tons in the Bohai Sea and 65.87 tons in the Yellow Sea. Both riverine discharge and atmospheric deposition are major input sources for the PE sedimentation, while massive plastic litter and microplastics sinking to the ocean floor can directly release PEs into sediment. This study provides an appropriate data set for the assessment of the risk of PEs to the marine ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijie Mi
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, CAS, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Zhiyong Xie
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Centre for Materials and Coastal Research, Institute of Coastal Research, Geesthacht 21502, Germany.
| | - Zhen Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environment Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Mingyu Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, CAS, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Wenying Mi
- MINJIE Institute of Environmental Science and Health Research, Geesthacht 21502, Germany
| | - Ralf Ebinghaus
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Centre for Materials and Coastal Research, Institute of Coastal Research, Geesthacht 21502, Germany
| | - Jianhui Tang
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, CAS, Yantai 264003, China
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