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Zhang LH, Li JN, Li YH, Min XZ, Kong DY, Han Y, Jiang C, Xiao H, Liang B, Zhang ZF. Tracing residual patterns and microbial communities of pharmaceuticals and personal care products from 17 urban landfills leachate in China. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 477:135295. [PMID: 39047556 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.135295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 07/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Landfill leachate contributes significantly to the presence of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in the environment, and is a crucial source of contamination. To examine the occurrence of PPCPs and microbial communities, this study comprehensively investigated the concentrations of PPCPs and the abundance of microorganisms in the leachate from 17 municipal landfills across China. Generally, Lidocaine, Linear alkylbenzene sulfonate-C11, and Triclocarban, which are closely associated with human activities, exhibited a detection frequency of 100 % in the leachate. Driven by consumer demand, analgesic and antipyretic drugs have emerged as the most prominent PPCPs in leachate (accounting for 39.9 %). Notably, the Ibuprofen peaked at 56.3 μg/L. Regarding spatial distribution, the contamination of PPCPs in leachates from the eastern regions of China was significantly higher than that in other regions, owing to the level of economic development and demographic factors. Furthermore, the 16S rRNA results revealed significant differences in microbial communities among the leachates from different areas. Although the impact of PPCPs on microbial communities may not be as significant as that of environmental factors, most positive correlations between PPCPs and microorganisms indicate their potential role in providing nutrients and creating favorable conditions for microbial growth. Overall, this research offers new perspectives on the residual features of PPCPs and the microbial community structure in leachates from various regions in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Hui Zhang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment/School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin 150090, China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Jin-Nong Li
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment/School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin 150090, China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Yi-Hao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xi-Ze Min
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment/School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin 150090, China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - De-Yong Kong
- Liaoning HaiTianGe Environmental Protection Technology Co. Ltd., Fushun 113122, China
| | - Yue Han
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), Heilongjiang Institute of Labor Hygiene and Occupational Diseases/The Second Hospital of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin 150028, China
| | - Chao Jiang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), Heilongjiang Institute of Labor Hygiene and Occupational Diseases/The Second Hospital of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin 150028, China
| | - Hang Xiao
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Bin Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Zi-Feng Zhang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment/School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin 150090, China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
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Xu J, Zhan Y, Imtiyaz Cheema A, Cao R, Yang C, Wang H, Jin Z, Xie Z, Dong B. Low-cost optimization of industrial textile landfill sludge re-dewatering using ferrous sulfate and blast furnace slag. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 366:121748. [PMID: 38991352 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.121748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Revised: 06/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
This study was based on an industrial sludge landfill with a scale of 1 million cubic meters, which had been filled for more than 10 years. It focused on the secondary dewatering of industrial textile landfill sludge (LS) with a total organic carbon (TOC) content greater than 50% and a volatile suspended solids to suspended solids (VSS/SS) ratio of 0.59. A response surface methodology (RSM) model was established using the coagulant ferrous sulfate (FeSO4) and conditioning agents such as hydrated magnesium oxide (MgO), blast furnace slag (BFS), and calcium oxide (CaO). By solving the RSM equations for the respective indicators, the optimal dosages of FeSO4, MgO, and BFS were determined to be 90 mg/g of dry sludge (DS), and for CaO 174.85 mg/g DS. Further examinations of the dewatering performance, apparent properties, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) components, rheological characteristics, moisture distribution, and pollutant content variation led to the development of a green waste-based dewatering agent composed of FeSO4 and BFS. In small-scale diaphragm plate and frame filter press tests, the optimal water content (WC) was 69.11%. In the final production-scale experiments, it was 65.72%, with the actual application cost being only 13.07 $/ton DS. Additionally, when FeSO4 and BFS were used together, the combined action of Fe and Si could significantly reduce the biotoxicity of heavy metals (HMs), cut down 75.2% of the LS's TOC, and effectively reduced the leaching of organic substances from the leachate, which was beneficial for subsequent disposal. In conclusion, the combined use of FeSO4 and BFS for the secondary dewatering of industrial textile LS was economically efficient, effective in dewatering, and had significant harm reduction effects, making it a worthwhile for waste treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Xu
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, PR China
| | - Yong Zhan
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, PR China
| | - Ayesha Imtiyaz Cheema
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China
| | - Runqin Cao
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, PR China
| | - Chaoqi Yang
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, PR China
| | - Hui Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China
| | - Zhihao Jin
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, PR China
| | - Zelin Xie
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, PR China
| | - Bin Dong
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China.
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Liu S, Liu H, Wei G, Zhu Y, Zhao H, Shi H, Lian Y. Comparative life cycle assessment of landfill sludge treatment technologies in China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:41208-41220. [PMID: 38849616 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33862-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Reasonable treatment of large amounts of sludge excavated from landfills has gained increasing attention due to the diminishing availability of landfill space in China. In this study, five landfill sludge (LS) treatment technologies using life cycle assessment (LCA) and life cycle cost (LCC) were investigated, i.e., co-incineration in coal-fired power plants (CFPP) and waste incineration power plant (WIPP), co-processing in cement kiln, bricks production, and sintering ceramsite. The LCA results demonstrate that sintering ceramsite outperforms other technologies and LCC results indicate sintering ceramsite also provides the highest economic benefit ($869.94). To further enhance environmental and economic performances of the LS treatment, the substitution of coal with natural gas and biomass can reduce Energy Conservation and Emission Reduction (ECER) index by 74% and 98%, respectively. This substitution can increase economic returns by 24% and 26%, respectively. Furthermore, national-level economic benefit and carbon emission reduction potential of different LS treatment technology alternative scenarios were assessed. Results display that a combination of 50% CFPP, 25% bricks, and 25% ceramsite (biomass) offers the highest economic gain, which is 3.02 times that of 50% CFPP and 50% cement (original case). Conversely, the replacement of 25% brick with 25% cement in the above combination result in the lowest carbon reduction, which is 9.35 times that of the original case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqi Liu
- School of Environment and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Hanqiao Liu
- School of Environment and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin, 300384, China
- School of Energy and Safety Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Guoxia Wei
- School of Science, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Yuwen Zhu
- School of Energy and Safety Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin, 300384, China.
| | - Hailong Zhao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Huizhen Shi
- School of Energy and Safety Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Yi Lian
- Tianjin Urban Planning and Design Institute Co., Ltd, Tianjin, 300000, China
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Liu L, Shi L, Li P, Ma X, Hou X, Jiang S, Lv J, Xu H, Cheng Y, Han B. Seasonal dynamics survey and association analysis of microbiota communities, antibiotic resistance genes distribution, and biotoxicities characterization in landfill-leachate. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 245:114103. [PMID: 36155335 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To reflect the potential and intrinsic association among microbiota structure, antibiotic resistance genes distribution and biological toxicity of landfill-leachate according to seasonal change, and accurately assess the potential threat of leachate to the surrounding environment. METHODS On the basis of the leachate water quality monitoring data from January to December 2020, principal component analysis (PCA) was used to identify the main pollutants in the leachate; Vibrio fischeri luminescence inhibition test was used to detect the comprehensive biotoxicity of the leachate; 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing was used for leachate microbiota. q-PCR was used to detect the class 1 integron (intI1), and eight antibiotic resistance genes (sul1, sul2, tetA, tetB, tetM, tetQ, mefA, and mexF); Canonical correspondence (CCA) analysis was carried out for the association analysis. RESULT The biotoxicity of leachate in the second quarter was the highest. The dominant phylum of leachate microbiota from 1st quarters to 4th quarters was Proteobacteria (94.97 %, 85.43 %, 88.20 %, and 84.11 %), and the dominant genera were Thiomonas (60.41 %, 26.83 %, 25.66 %, and 30.51 %), Pseudomonas (5.89 %, 1.86 %, 0.68 %, and 4.72 %), Desulfurella (8.52 %, 0.57 %, 3.81 %, and 8.25 %), and Acidithiobacillus (4.71 %, 0.69 %, 0.87 %, and 5.91 %); Nitrospirillum was negatively correlated with chemical oxygen demand (COD) (R=-0.561, P = 0.008) and five-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) (R=-0.591, P = 0.005); Limnohabitans was positively correlated with pH (R=0.444, P = 0.044). Four AR genes (sul1, sul2,tetM, and tetQ) were detected in all the samples, while the second quarter had the highest concentration of sul1(6.31 ± 0.49 lg copies/ng DNA), tetM (3.01 ± 1.38 lg copies/ng DNA) and tetQ (3.64 ± 0.90 lg copies/ng DNA). CONCLUSION As the mature landfill, the quality of this leachate met the pollution control standards for domestic waste landfills. Thiomycetes, Pseudomonas, Desulfurization, and Thiopterus acidophyllum constitute the dominant microbiota. However, leachate in the second quarter had more serious contamination, the higher biotoxicity, higher concentration of AR genes, together with higher microbiota richness and diversity, which deserved more attention for the potential threat to the surrounding environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Liu
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lu Shi
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Pu Li
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xinxin Ma
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xinyao Hou
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Sijin Jiang
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jia Lv
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hongmei Xu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yue Cheng
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China; Key Laboratory for Disease Prevention and Control and Health Promotion of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an, China
| | - Bei Han
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China; Key Laboratory for Disease Prevention and Control and Health Promotion of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an, China.
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Li H, Qiu L, Chen B, Wang H, Liu H, Long Y, Hu L, Fang C. Vertical distribution of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes in a representative municipal solid waste landfill, China. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 242:113919. [PMID: 35901592 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The vertical distribution of sulfonamides (SAs), tetracyclines (TCs), macrolides (MLs), and their related antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) were comprehensively investigated and characterized in a representative municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill in China. The total concentrations of target antibiotics in the MSW landfill were SAs > TCs > MLs. The abundances of mexF (10.78 ± 0.65 log10copies/g) and sul genes (9.15 ± 0.54 log10copies/g) were relatively high, while the tet genes (7.19 ± 0.77 log10copies/g) were the lowest. Both the abundance of antibiotics and genes fluctuated with landfill depth, and the ARGs of the same antibiotics were consistent with depth change. Intl1 and sul genes (sul1, sul2) were tightly connected, and a close relationship also existed between tet genes (tetM, tetQ) and MLs resistance genes (ermB, mefA). High-throughput sequencing showed the dominant genera were Sporosarcina (38%) and Thiobacillus (17%) at sampling points A and C, while the microbial community varied with depth increase at point B were Brevundimonas (20%), Sporosarcina (20%), Pseudomonas (24%), Lysobacter (28%), and Thioalkalimicrobium (14%), respectively. Network analysis further visualized the relationship among antibiotics, genes, and microbial communities and the results indicated the non-random connection among them and the possible host of the target gene. Even at 12.0 m below the landfill surface, the pollution of antibiotics resistance was still serious, which posed difficulties for subsequent landfill remediation and pollution control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Li
- College of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Libo Qiu
- College of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Binhui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Recycling and Eco-treatment of Waste Biomass of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Recycling and Eco-treatment of Waste Biomass of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Hongyuan Liu
- College of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China.
| | - Yuyang Long
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Recycling, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Lifang Hu
- College of Quality and Safety Engineering, Institution of Industrial Carbon Metrology, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Chengran Fang
- College of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China; Key Laboratory of Recycling and Eco-treatment of Waste Biomass of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China.
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Zhao X, Lan Z, Yang J, Chen G, Qiu Z, Wu J, Zeng L, Wu W, Liang J, Zhou Z. Insights into the dewatering of excavated landfill sludge conditioned by polyferric silicate sulfate. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 315:115147. [PMID: 35490485 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Large quantities of landfill sludge (LS) with higher water content (WC) were stored underground, and excavation and re-dewatering of LS is a sustainable and economic strategy to save landfill space and reduce the leaching of contaminants. In this study, polyferric silicate sulfate (PFSS) was first applied in the conditioning of excavated LS, and the effects of the Si/Fe mass ratio and PFSS dosage on physicochemical properties, dewaterability and rheological properties were investigated. At the best Si/Fe of 0.18, PFSS conditioning obtained compact aggregates with the strongest internal structure, thus achieving the lowest WC. Large sludge flocs were formed, and slime and loosely-bound extracellular polymeric substances were effectively removed with the PFSS dosage above 100 mg/g dried solids, which made the WC to be lower than 51.4%. The whole mechanical compression process of conditioned LS can be described by the modified Terzaghi-Voigt model, and increasing the PFSS dosage induced the release of bound water and migration of the consolidation stage from ternary to secondary. PFSS is an economically sustainable conditioner for LS, integrating multiple functions such as charge neutralization, particle aggregation, interparticle bridging and skeleton building in one chemical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodan Zhao
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Energy - Saving in Heat Exchange Systems, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai, 200090, China
| | - Ziwei Lan
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Energy - Saving in Heat Exchange Systems, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai, 200090, China
| | - Jiazhe Yang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Energy - Saving in Heat Exchange Systems, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai, 200090, China
| | - Guang Chen
- Shanghai Chengtou Wastewater Treatment Co., Ltd., Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Zhan Qiu
- Shanghai Chengtou Wastewater Treatment Co., Ltd., Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Jun Wu
- Shanghai Chengtou Wastewater Treatment Co., Ltd., Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Li Zeng
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Energy - Saving in Heat Exchange Systems, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai, 200090, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Energy - Saving in Heat Exchange Systems, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai, 200090, China
| | - Junyu Liang
- Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Zhen Zhou
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Energy - Saving in Heat Exchange Systems, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai, 200090, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, China.
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Zhao X, Jiang J, Zhou Z, Yang J, Chen G, Wu W, Sun D, Yao J, Qiu Z, He K, Wu Z, Lou Z. Applying organic polymer flocculants in conditioning and advanced dewatering of landfill sludge as a substitution of ferric trichloride and lime: Mechanism, optimization and pilot-scale study. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 260:127617. [PMID: 32683031 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, poly dimethyl diallyl ammonium chloride (PDADMAC) and polyacrylamide (PAM) were applied to substitute ferric trichloride (FeCl3) and lime conditioning for advanced dewatering of landfill sludge (LS). Four response surface methodology (RSM) models were constructed for FeCl3-lime, FeCl3-PAM, PDADMAC-lime and PDADMAC-PAM, and identical dosages, namely 29.86, 57.91, 5.73 and 2.99 mg/g dry solids (DS) for FeCl3, lime, PDADMAC and PAM, were obtained by solving the system of four RSM equations at water content of 60% to investigate conditioning mechanisms. Compared to FeCl3-lime, PDADMAC-PAM conditioning had strong charge neutralization and bridging performance, and obtained conditioned LS with large flocs size, strong network structure and rapid dewatering rate. By integrating RSM with nonlinear programming for optimization, the total cost of PDADMAC-PAM route was saved by 7.9% and close to FeCl3-lime, and the optimized condition with dosages of 1.93 and 3.47 kg/t DS was further confirmed by pilot-scale experiments. The results indicated that PDADMAC-PAM was a feasible substitute for FeCl3-lime in sludge conditioning, and showed more advantage if dewatered sludge was further treated by incineration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodan Zhao
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Energy - Saving in Heat Exchange Systems, College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai, 200090, China
| | - Jie Jiang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Energy - Saving in Heat Exchange Systems, College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai, 200090, China
| | - Zhen Zhou
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Energy - Saving in Heat Exchange Systems, College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai, 200090, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Jiazhe Yang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Energy - Saving in Heat Exchange Systems, College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai, 200090, China
| | - Guang Chen
- Shanghai Chengtou Wastewater Treatment Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Wei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Dongqi Sun
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Energy - Saving in Heat Exchange Systems, College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai, 200090, China
| | - Jie Yao
- Shanghai Chengtou Wastewater Treatment Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Zhan Qiu
- Shanghai Chengtou Wastewater Treatment Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Kankan He
- SNF (China) Flocculant Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Zhichao Wu
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Ziyang Lou
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
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Wei L, Zhu F, Li Q, Xue C, Xia X, Yu H, Zhao Q, Jiang J, Bai S. Development, current state and future trends of sludge management in China: Based on exploratory data and CO 2-equivaient emissions analysis. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 144:106093. [PMID: 32890889 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
This study statistically reported the current state of sludge treatment/disposal in China from the aspects of sources, technical routes, geographical distribution, and development by using observational data after 1978. By the end of 2019, 5476 municipal wastewater treatment plants were operating in China, leading to an annual sludge productivity of 39.04 million tons (80% water content). Overall, 29.3% of the sludge in China was disposed via land application, followed by incineration (26.7%) and sanitary landfills (20.1%). Incineration, compost, thermal hydrolysis and anerobic digestion were the mainstream technologies for sludge treatment in China, with capacities of 27,122, 11,250, 8342 and 6944 t/d in 2019, respectively. Incineration and drying were preferentially constructed in East China. In contrast, sludge compost was most frequently used in Northeast China (46.5%), East China (22.4%) and Central China (12.8%), while anaerobic digestion in East China, North China and Central China. The capacities of sludge facilities exhibited a sharp increase in 2009-2019, with an overall greenhouse gas emissions in China in 2019 reached 108.18 × 108 kg CO2-equivaient emissions, and the four main technical routes contributed as: incineration (45.11%) > sanitary landfills (23.04%) > land utilization (17.64%) > building materials (14.21%). Challenges and existing problems of sludge disposal in China, including high CO2 emissions, unbalanced regional development, low stabilization and land utilization levels, were discussed. Finally, suggestions regarding potential technical and administrative measures in China, and sustainable sludge management for developing countries, were also given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE); School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
| | - Fengyi Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE); School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Qiaoyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE); School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Chonghua Xue
- Center of Science & Technology of Construction of the Ministry of Housing and Urban Rural Development, China
| | - Xinhui Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE); School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Hang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE); School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Qingliang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE); School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Junqiu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE); School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Shunwen Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE); School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
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