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Deguchi S, Iwakami A, Tujigiwa M, Otake H, Mano Y, Yamamoto N, Nakazawa Y, Misra M, Nagai N. Recovery from indomethacin-induced gastrointestinal bleeding by treatment with teprenone. J Pharm Health Care Sci 2023; 9:44. [PMID: 38012767 PMCID: PMC10683117 DOI: 10.1186/s40780-023-00312-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastrointestinal injuries caused by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is a serious side effect in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, effective therapeutic strategies have yet to be established. In this study, we investigated the therapeutic effects of teprenone (TEP), a gastric mucosal protective drug, on NSAID-induced gastrointestinal injuries in rats with RA (AA rats). METHODS Gastrointestinal injury was induced by oral administration of indomethacin (IMC), a typical NSAID. TEP was orally administered after IMC-induced gastrointestinal bleeding, and the stomach, jejunum, and ileum were excised. RESULTS On day 14 of IMC administration, lesion areas in the stomach, jejunum, and ileum were significantly larger in AA rats than in normal rats. When TEP was orally administered to AA rats, the lesion areas in the stomach, jejunum, and ileum significantly decreased compared with those in control rats (IMC-induced AA rats). Therefore, we measured NOS2 mRNA and NO levels, which were significantly decreased in rats with IMC-induced AA after treatment with TEP. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the oral administration of TEP may be useful for the treatment of NSAID-induced gastrointestinal injuries in patients with RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saori Deguchi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka,Osaka, 577-8502, Japan
| | - Ayusa Iwakami
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka,Osaka, 577-8502, Japan
| | - Mizuki Tujigiwa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka,Osaka, 577-8502, Japan
| | - Hiroko Otake
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka,Osaka, 577-8502, Japan
| | - Yu Mano
- Department of Pharmacy, Bell Land General Hospital, 500-3, Higashiyama, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8247, Japan
| | - Naoki Yamamoto
- Support Office for Bioresource Research, Research Promotion Headquarters, Fujita Health University, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Yosuke Nakazawa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8512, Japan
| | - Manju Misra
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research; Opposite AirForce Station, Palaj Basan Road, Village Palaj, Gandhinagar, 382355, Gujarat, India
- Graduate school of Pharmacy, Gujarat Technological University Gandhinagar Campus Nr. Government Polytechnic K-6 Circle, E-4 Electronic Estate G.I.D.C, Sector-26, Gandhinagar, 382028, Gujarat, India
| | - Noriaki Nagai
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka,Osaka, 577-8502, Japan.
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Xu J, Lv Q, Pan S, Qiu H, Liao Y, Zhou M, Li W, Li C, Zhang P, Li Y, Xu G, Yu Q. M378 exhibits anti-inflammatory activities through NLRP3 signaling pathway. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 933:175261. [PMID: 36100126 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.175261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are frequently used drugs due to their values in attenuating pain, fever and inflammation. Unfortunately, conspicuous adverse effects, such as gastrointestinal (GI) damage and/or cardiovascular events have impeded their application in clinic. M378 is a novel hydrogen sulfide-releasing NSAIDs with uncompromised potency and negligible toxicity compared to the existing NSAIDs. However, its anti-inflammatory activity and mechanism are still an enigma. Here we investigated the effect of M378 on the NLRP3 inflammasome signaling pathway and addressed the underlying molecular mechanism. Our data in vitro showed that M378 dose-dependently inhibited the cleavage of Caspase-1 and the secretion of active IL-1β and blocked NLRP3-dependent pyroptosis in LPS-primed J774A.1 macrophages. Furthermore, M378 remarkably inhibited upstream ASC oligomerization and ROS production regarding the process of NLRP3 inflammasome assembly. Our data in vivo demonstrated that M378 protected mice from acute liver injury, reducing the levels of ALT/AST and IL-1β and improving hepatic pathological damages. Immunoblot analysis revealed that M378 inhibited the expressions of Caspase-1 and IL-1β in liver tissues of ALI mice. We also showed that M378 alleviated IL-1β secretion and peritoneal neutrophils infiltration in MSU-elicited acute peritonitis mice. In conclusion, M378 exerted its anti-inflammatory effect both in vitro and in vivo and its mechanisms are at least connected to its inhibitory performance on the generation of ASC oligomers and ROS production. These findings give an insight. into the molecular mechanism of hydrogen sulfide-releasing NSAIDs and support a potent therapeutic role of M378 in the treatment of NLRP3-driven inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinling Xu
- College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qi Lv
- College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shumin Pan
- College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huanhuan Qiu
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Liao
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ming Zhou
- College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weijie Li
- College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Caiyan Li
- College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Pan Zhang
- College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yujian Li
- College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guanglin Xu
- College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Qingfeng Yu
- School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.
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Hama Amin RR, Aziz TA. Gastroprotective Effect of Azilsartan Through Ameliorating Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Restoring Hydroxyproline, and Gastrin Levels in Ethanol-Induced Gastric Ulcer. J Inflamm Res 2022; 15:2911-2923. [PMID: 35592072 PMCID: PMC9113664 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s365090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The present study was designed to evaluate the possible gastroprotective effects of different doses of azilsartan in ethanol-induced gastric ulcers in rats. Methodology Forty-eight male adult Wistar rats were used and allocated randomly into four groups: negative control treated with distilled water, positive control treated with ethanol, lansoprazole treated group, and azilsartan (1mg, 5mg, and 10mg/kg) treated group. The treatment protocol was for 15 days, and all the groups except for the negative control group received 1mL of ethanol on the last day 1hr before scarification. Gastric content was collected for measuring the volume, free acidity, and pH. The stomach was used for measuring the gastric lesion area and ulcer index. Blood samples were collected for measuring serum hydroxyproline, gastrin, CRP, TNF-α, MDA, and TAOC. Gastric tissues were sent for histopathological examinations. Results Ethanol administration significantly increased gastric lesion, gastric ulcer index, and gastric acidity. Ethanol also decreased serum levels of hydroxyproline and TAOC and increased serum gastrin, CRP, TNF-α, and MDA. Azilsartan 10mg/kg was able to decrease the lesion by 43.6% and increase gastric pH and significantly decreased MDA level. Both 5mg/kg and 10mg/kg azilsartan have successfully restored the level of hydroxyproline, gastrin, and TNF-α. The histopathological finding showed gastroprotection by azilsartan in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusion The study revealed that azilsartan possesses a gastroprotective effect. The proposed mechanisms could be increased blood flow to the stomach, antioxidant capacity, and anti-inflammatory activity along with restoring hydroxyproline and gastrin levels. These findings suggest azilsartan as a promising candidate to be tested in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renas Raouf Hama Amin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimani, Iraq
| | - Tavga Ahmed Aziz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimani, Iraq
- Correspondence: Tavga Ahmed Aziz, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimani, Iraq, Tel +9647701523544, Email
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Krukowska K, Magierowski M. Carbon monoxide (CO)/heme oxygenase (HO)-1 in gastrointestinal tumors pathophysiology and pharmacology - possible anti- and pro-cancer activities. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 201:115058. [PMID: 35490732 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) tract cancers pose a significant pharmacological challenge for researchers in terms of the discovery of molecular agents and the development of targeted therapies. Although many ongoing clinical trials have brought new perspectives, there is still a lack of successful long-term treatment. Several novel pharmacological and molecular agents are being studied in the prevention and treatment of GI cancers. On the other hand, pharmacological tools designed to release an endogenous gaseous mediator, carbon monoxide (CO), were shown to prevent the gastric mucosa against various types of injuries and exert therapeutic properties in the treatment of GI pathologies. In this review, we summarized the current evidence on the role of CO and heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) as a CO producing enzyme in the pathophysiology of GI tumors. We focused on a beneficial role of HO-1 and CO in biological systems and common pathological conditions. We further discussed the complex and ambiguous function of the HO-1/CO pathway in cancer cells with a special emphasis on molecular and cellular pro-cancerous and anti-cancer mechanisms. We also focused on the role that HO-1/CO plays in GI cancers, especially within upper parts such as esophagus or stomach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Krukowska
- Cellular Engineering and Isotope Diagnostics Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Poland
| | - Marcin Magierowski
- Cellular Engineering and Isotope Diagnostics Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Poland.
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Bakalarz D, Surmiak M, Yang X, Wójcik D, Korbut E, Śliwowski Z, Ginter G, Buszewicz G, Brzozowski T, Cieszkowski J, Głowacka U, Magierowska K, Pan Z, Wang B, Magierowski M. Organic carbon monoxide prodrug, BW-CO-111, in protection against chemically-induced gastric mucosal damage. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:456-475. [PMID: 33643824 PMCID: PMC7893125 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Metal-based carbon monoxide (CO)-releasing molecules have been shown to exert anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties maintaining gastric mucosal integrity. We are interested in further development of metal-free CO-based therapeutics for oral administration. Thus, we examine the protective effect of representative CO prodrug, BW-CO-111, in rat models of gastric damage induced by necrotic ethanol or aspirin, a representative non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Treatment effectiveness was assessed by measuring the microscopic/macroscopic gastric damage area and gastric blood flow by laser flowmetry. Gastric mucosal mRNA and/or protein expressions of HMOX1, HMOX2, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, COX1, COX2, iNos, Anxa1 and serum contents of TGFB1, TGFB2, IL1B, IL2, IL4, IL5, IL6, IL10, IL12, tumor necrosis factor α, interferon γ, and GM-CSF were determined. CO content in gastric mucosa was assessed by gas chromatography. Pretreatment with BW-CO-111 (0.1 mg/kg, i.g.) increased gastric mucosal content of CO and reduced gastric lesions area in both models followed by increased GBF. These protective effects of the CO prodrug were supported by changes in expressions of molecular biomarkers. However, because the pathomechanisms of gastric damage differ between topical administration of ethanol and aspirin, the possible protective and anti-inflammatory mechanisms of BW-CO-111 may be somewhat different in these models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Bakalarz
- Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow 31-531, Poland
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Institute of Forensic Research, Cracow 31-033, Poland
| | - Marcin Surmiak
- Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow 31-531, Poland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow 31-531, Poland
| | - Xiaoxiao Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Dagmara Wójcik
- Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow 31-531, Poland
| | - Edyta Korbut
- Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow 31-531, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Śliwowski
- Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow 31-531, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Ginter
- Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow 31-531, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Buszewicz
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin 20-093, Poland
| | - Tomasz Brzozowski
- Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow 31-531, Poland
| | - Jakub Cieszkowski
- Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow 31-531, Poland
| | - Urszula Głowacka
- Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow 31-531, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Magierowska
- Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow 31-531, Poland
| | - Zhixiang Pan
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Binghe Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Marcin Magierowski
- Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow 31-531, Poland
- Corresponding authors.
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Amiri M, Seidler UE, Nikolovska K. The Role of pH i in Intestinal Epithelial Proliferation-Transport Mechanisms, Regulatory Pathways, and Consequences. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:618135. [PMID: 33553180 PMCID: PMC7862550 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.618135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
During the maturation of intestinal epithelial cells along the crypt/surface axis, a multitude of acid/base transporters are differentially expressed in their apical and basolateral membranes, enabling processes of electrolyte, macromolecule, nutrient, acid/base and fluid secretion, and absorption. An intracellular pH (pHi)-gradient is generated along the epithelial crypt/surface axis, either as a consequence of the sum of the ion transport activities or as a distinctly regulated entity. While the role of pHi on proliferation, migration, and tumorigenesis has been explored in cancer cells for some time, emerging evidence suggests an important role of the pHi in the intestinal stem cells (ISCs) proliferative rate under physiological conditions. The present review highlights the current state of knowledge about the potential regulatory role of pHi on intestinal proliferation and differentiation.
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Magierowska K, Bakalarz D, Wójcik D, Korbut E, Danielak A, Głowacka U, Pajdo R, Buszewicz G, Ginter G, Surmiak M, Kwiecień S, Chmura A, Magierowski M, Brzozowski T. Evidence for Cytoprotective Effect of Carbon Monoxide Donor in the Development of Acute Esophagitis Leading to Acute Esophageal Epithelium Lesions. Cells 2020; 9:cells9051203. [PMID: 32408627 PMCID: PMC7291282 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to acidic gastric content due to malfunction of lower esophageal sphincter leads to acute reflux esophagitis (RE) leading to disruption of esophageal epithelial cells. Carbon monoxide (CO) produced by heme oxygenase (HMOX) activity or released from its donor, tricarbonyldichlororuthenium (II) dimer (CORM-2) was reported to protect gastric mucosa against acid-dependent non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced damage. Thus, we aimed to investigate if CO affects RE-induced esophageal epithelium lesions development. RE induced in Wistar rats by the ligation of a junction between pylorus and forestomach were pretreated i.g. with vehicle CORM-2; RuCl3; zinc protoporphyrin IX, or hemin. CORM-2 was combined with NG-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA), indomethacin, capsazepine, or capsaicin-induced sensory nerve ablation. Esophageal lesion score (ELS), esophageal blood flow (EBF), and mucus production were determined by planimetry, laser flowmetry, histology. Esophageal Nrf-2, HMOXs, COXs, NOSs, TNF-α and its receptor, IL-1 family and IL-1 receptor antagonist (RA), NF-κB, HIF-1α, annexin-A1, suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS3), TRPV1, c-Jun, c-Fos mRNA/protein expressions, PGE2, 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanozine (8-OHdG) and serum COHb, TGF-β1, TGF-β2, IL-1β, and IL-6 content were assessed by PCR, immunoblotting, immunohistochemistry, gas chromatography, ELISA or Luminex platform. Hemin or CORM-2 alone or combined with L-NNA or indomethacin decreased ELS. Capsazepine or capsaicin-induced denervation reversed CORM-2 effects. COHb blood content, esophageal HMOX-1, Nrf-2, TRPV1 protein, annexin-A1, HIF-1α, IL-1 family, NF-κB, c-Jun, c-Fos, SOCS3 mRNA expressions, and 8-OHdG levels were elevated while PGE2 concentration was decreased after RE. CO donor-maintained elevated mucosal TRPV1 protein, HIF-1 α, annexin-A1, IL-1RA, SOCS3 mRNA expression, or TGF-β serum content, decreasing 8-OHdG level, and particular inflammatory markers expression/concentration. CORM-2 and Nrf-2/HMOX-1/CO pathway prevent esophageal mucosa against RE-induced lesions, DNA oxidation, and inflammatory response involving HIF-1α, annexin-A1, SOCS3, IL-1RA, TGF-β-modulated pathways. Esophagoprotective and hyperemic CO effects are in part mediated by afferent sensory neurons and TRPV1 receptors activity with questionable COX/PGE2 or NO/NOS systems involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Magierowska
- Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-531 Cracow, Poland; (D.B.); (D.W.); (E.K.); (A.D.); (U.G.); (R.P.); (G.G.); (M.S.); (S.K.); (A.C.); (M.M.)
- Correspondence: (K.M.); (T.B.); Tel.: +48124211006 (T.B.)
| | - Dominik Bakalarz
- Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-531 Cracow, Poland; (D.B.); (D.W.); (E.K.); (A.D.); (U.G.); (R.P.); (G.G.); (M.S.); (S.K.); (A.C.); (M.M.)
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Institute of Forensic Research, 31-033 Cracow, Poland
| | - Dagmara Wójcik
- Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-531 Cracow, Poland; (D.B.); (D.W.); (E.K.); (A.D.); (U.G.); (R.P.); (G.G.); (M.S.); (S.K.); (A.C.); (M.M.)
| | - Edyta Korbut
- Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-531 Cracow, Poland; (D.B.); (D.W.); (E.K.); (A.D.); (U.G.); (R.P.); (G.G.); (M.S.); (S.K.); (A.C.); (M.M.)
| | - Aleksandra Danielak
- Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-531 Cracow, Poland; (D.B.); (D.W.); (E.K.); (A.D.); (U.G.); (R.P.); (G.G.); (M.S.); (S.K.); (A.C.); (M.M.)
| | - Urszula Głowacka
- Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-531 Cracow, Poland; (D.B.); (D.W.); (E.K.); (A.D.); (U.G.); (R.P.); (G.G.); (M.S.); (S.K.); (A.C.); (M.M.)
| | - Robert Pajdo
- Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-531 Cracow, Poland; (D.B.); (D.W.); (E.K.); (A.D.); (U.G.); (R.P.); (G.G.); (M.S.); (S.K.); (A.C.); (M.M.)
| | - Grzegorz Buszewicz
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Grzegorz Ginter
- Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-531 Cracow, Poland; (D.B.); (D.W.); (E.K.); (A.D.); (U.G.); (R.P.); (G.G.); (M.S.); (S.K.); (A.C.); (M.M.)
| | - Marcin Surmiak
- Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-531 Cracow, Poland; (D.B.); (D.W.); (E.K.); (A.D.); (U.G.); (R.P.); (G.G.); (M.S.); (S.K.); (A.C.); (M.M.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-066 Cracow, Poland
| | - Sławomir Kwiecień
- Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-531 Cracow, Poland; (D.B.); (D.W.); (E.K.); (A.D.); (U.G.); (R.P.); (G.G.); (M.S.); (S.K.); (A.C.); (M.M.)
| | - Anna Chmura
- Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-531 Cracow, Poland; (D.B.); (D.W.); (E.K.); (A.D.); (U.G.); (R.P.); (G.G.); (M.S.); (S.K.); (A.C.); (M.M.)
| | - Marcin Magierowski
- Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-531 Cracow, Poland; (D.B.); (D.W.); (E.K.); (A.D.); (U.G.); (R.P.); (G.G.); (M.S.); (S.K.); (A.C.); (M.M.)
| | - Tomasz Brzozowski
- Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-531 Cracow, Poland; (D.B.); (D.W.); (E.K.); (A.D.); (U.G.); (R.P.); (G.G.); (M.S.); (S.K.); (A.C.); (M.M.)
- Correspondence: (K.M.); (T.B.); Tel.: +48124211006 (T.B.)
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Głowacka U, Brzozowski T, Magierowski M. Synergisms, Discrepancies and Interactions between Hydrogen Sulfide and Carbon Monoxide in the Gastrointestinal and Digestive System Physiology, Pathophysiology and Pharmacology. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10030445. [PMID: 32183095 PMCID: PMC7175135 DOI: 10.3390/biom10030445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Endogenous gas transmitters, hydrogen sulfide (H2S), carbon monoxide (CO) and nitric oxide (NO) are important signaling molecules known to exert multiple biological functions. In recent years, the role of H2S, CO and NO in regulation of cardiovascular, neuronal and digestive systems physiology and pathophysiology has been emphasized. Possible link between these gaseous mediators and multiple diseases as well as potential therapeutic applications has attracted great attention from biomedical scientists working in many fields of biomedicine. Thus, various pharmacological tools with ability to release CO or H2S were developed and implemented in experimental animal in vivo and in vitro models of many disorders and preliminary human studies. This review was designed to review signaling functions, similarities, dissimilarities and a possible cross-talk between H2S and CO produced endogenously or released from chemical donors, with special emphasis on gastrointestinal digestive system pathologies prevention and treatment.
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Wallace JL, Nagy P, Feener TD, Allain T, Ditrói T, Vaughan DJ, Muscara MN, de Nucci G, Buret AG. A proof-of-concept, Phase 2 clinical trial of the gastrointestinal safety of a hydrogen sulfide-releasing anti-inflammatory drug. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:769-777. [PMID: 30834513 PMCID: PMC7024706 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE ATB-346 is a hydrogen sulfide (H2 S)-releasing anti-inflammatory and analgesic drug. Animal studies demonstrated negligible gastrointestinal (GI) damage despite marked inhibition of COX activity and significant analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects. In humans, ATB-346 (250 mg once daily) was found to inhibit COX to the same extent as naproxen (550 mg twice daily). EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Two hundred forty-four healthy volunteers completed a 2-week, double-blind study, taking either ATB-346 (250 mg once daily) or naproxen (550 mg twice daily), with upper GI ulceration being examined endoscopically. KEY RESULTS Forty-two per cent of the subjects taking naproxen developed at least one ulcer (≥3-mm diameter), while only 3% of the subjects taking ATB-346 developed at least one ulcer. The two drugs produced comparable and substantial (>94%) suppression of COX activity. Subjects in the naproxen group developed more ulcers per subject than ATB-346-treated subjects and a greater incidence of larger ulcers (≥5-mm diameter). The incidence of dyspepsia, abdominal pain, gastro-oesophageal reflux, and nausea was lower with ATB-346 than with naproxen. Subjects treated with ATB-346 had significantly higher plasma levels of H2 S than those treated with naproxen. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS This Phase 2B study provides unequivocal evidence for a marked reduction of GI toxicity of the H2 S-releasing analgesic/anti-inflammatory drug, ATB-346, as compared to the conventional dose of naproxen that produced equivalent suppression of COX. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Hydrogen Sulfide in Biology & Medicine. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v177.4/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- John L. Wallace
- Department of Physiology and PharmacologyUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryABCanada
- Antibe Therapeutics Inc.TorontoONCanada
| | - Peter Nagy
- National Institute of OncologyBudapestHungary
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of DebrecenDebrecenHungary
| | - Troy D. Feener
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryABCanada
| | - Thibault Allain
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryABCanada
| | | | | | | | | | - Andre G. Buret
- National Institute of OncologyBudapestHungary
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of DebrecenDebrecenHungary
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10
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Wallace JL, Vaughan D, Dicay M, MacNaughton WK, de Nucci G. Hydrogen Sulfide-Releasing Therapeutics: Translation to the Clinic. Antioxid Redox Signal 2018; 28:1533-1540. [PMID: 28388861 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Shortly after the discovery of the role of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in many physiological and pathological processes, attempts were made to develop novel pharmaceuticals that may be of benefit for treatment or prevention of a wide range of disorders. The promise of H2S-based therapeutics is now being demonstrated in clinical trials. Recent Advances: H2S-releasing drugs, such as SG1002 for cardiovascular disorders, and ATB-346 for arthritis, have progressed into clinical trials and have shown considerable promise. Some older drugs, such as zofenopril, have now been recognized to produce at least some of the beneficial effects through release of H2S. CRITICAL ISSUES There remains a need to better understand the underlying mechanisms for some of the observed effects of H2S-releasing drugs in a clinical setting, such as the marked increase in analgesic potency that has been observed with ATB-346. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The proof-of-concept clinical studies reviewed herein pave the way for examination, in a clinical setting, of several other potential applications of H2S-based drugs in a wide range of disorders, including diabetes, hypertension, and cancer chemoprevention. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 28, 1533-1540.
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Affiliation(s)
- John L Wallace
- 1 Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary , Calgary, Canada .,2 Antibe Therapeutics, Inc. , Toronto, Canada .,3 Universidade Camilo Castelo Branco , Department of Medicine, Fernandopolis, Brazil
| | | | - Michael Dicay
- 1 Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary , Calgary, Canada
| | - Wallace K MacNaughton
- 1 Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary , Calgary, Canada
| | - Gilberto de Nucci
- 3 Universidade Camilo Castelo Branco , Department of Medicine, Fernandopolis, Brazil
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11
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Emerging role of carbon monoxide in regulation of cellular pathways and in the maintenance of gastric mucosal integrity. Pharmacol Res 2018; 129:56-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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12
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He J, Yang X, Guo Y, Zhang F, Wan H, Sun X, Tuo B, Dong H. Ca 2+ signaling in HCO 3- secretion and protection of upper GI tract. Oncotarget 2017; 8:102681-102689. [PMID: 29254280 PMCID: PMC5731990 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The cytosolic calcium ([Ca2+]cyt) is one of the most important cell signaling that can modulate gastrointestinal (GI) epithelial secretion and promote GI mucosal wound repair. The GI mucosal bicarbonate secretion is the main mechanism of mucosal protection. Our research team has been working in this field and provided solid evidence for the important role of Ca2+ signaling in the regulation of GI epithelial secretion and the underlying molecular mechanisms. In this review, we attempt to systemically review the current status of our knowledge on the role of Ca2+ signaling in the regulation of intestinal bicarbonate secretion and in the upper GI epithelial protection. We expect that novel targets could be identified for drug development to better protect GI mucosa and treat mucosal injury with the advance in this filed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialin He
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital, Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, China
| | - Xin Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yanjun Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fenglian Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hanxing Wan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xuemei Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Biguang Tuo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital, Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, China
| | - Hui Dong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital, Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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13
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Diligustilide releases H2S and stabilizes S-nitrosothiols in ethanol-induced lesions on rat gastric mucosa. Inflammopharmacology 2017; 26:611-619. [DOI: 10.1007/s10787-017-0392-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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14
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Wallace JL, Ianaro A, de Nucci G. Gaseous Mediators in Gastrointestinal Mucosal Defense and Injury. Dig Dis Sci 2017; 62:2223-2230. [PMID: 28733867 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-017-4681-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Of the numerous gaseous substances that can act as signaling molecules, the best characterized are nitric oxide, carbon monoxide and hydrogen sulfide. Contributions of each of these low molecular weight substances, alone or in combination, to maintenance of gastrointestinal mucosal integrity have been established. There is considerable overlap in the actions of these gases in modulating mucosal defense and responses to injury, and in some instances they act in a cooperative manner. Each also play important roles in regulating inflammatory and repair processes throughout the gastrointestinal tract. In recent years, significant progress has been made in the development of novel anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective drugs that exploit the beneficial activities of one or more of these gaseous mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- John L Wallace
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada. .,Department of Medicine, Universidade Camilo Castelo Branco, Fernandopolis, SP, Brazil.
| | - Angela Ianaro
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Gilberto de Nucci
- Department of Medicine, Universidade Camilo Castelo Branco, Fernandopolis, SP, Brazil
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15
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Magierowski M, Magierowska K, Hubalewska-Mazgaj M, Sliwowski Z, Ginter G, Pajdo R, Chmura A, Kwiecien S, Brzozowski T. Carbon monoxide released from its pharmacological donor, tricarbonyldichlororuthenium (II) dimer, accelerates the healing of pre-existing gastric ulcers. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:3654-3668. [PMID: 28768046 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Carbon monoxide (CO), a gaseous mediator produced by haem oxygenases (HOs), has been shown to prevent stress-, ethanol-, aspirin- and alendronate-induced gastric damage; however, its role in gastric ulcer healing has not been fully elucidated. We investigated whether CO released from tricarbonyldichlororuthenium (II) dimer (CORM-2) can affect gastric ulcer healing and determined the mechanisms involved in this healing action. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Gastric ulcers were induced in Wistar rats by serosal application of acetic acid. Animals received 9 days of treatment with RuCl3 [2.5 mg·kg-1 intragastrically (i.g.)], haemin (5 mg·kg-1 i.g.), CORM-2 (0.1-10 mg·kg-1 i.g.) administered alone or with zinc protoporphyrin IX (ZnPP, 10 mg·kg-1 i.g.), 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ, 5 mg·kg-1 i.g.), NG -nitro-l-arginine (l-NNA, 15 mg·kg-1 i.g.), indomethacin (5 mg·kg-1 i.g.) or glibenclamide (10 mg·kg-1 i.g.). Gastric ulcer area and gastric blood flow (GBF) were assessed planimetrically, microscopically and by laser flowmeter respectively. Gastric mRNA/protein expressions of EGF, EGF receptors, VEGFA, HOs, nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2), COX-2, hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α and pro-inflammatory iNOS, IL-1β and TNF-α were determined by real-time PCR or Western blots. KEY RESULTS CORM-2 and haemin but not RuCl3 or ZnPP decreased ulcer size while increasing GBF. These effects were reduced by ODQ, indomethacin, l-NNA and glibenclamide. CORM-2 significantly decreased the expression of pro-inflammatory markers, Nrf2/HO1 and HIF-1α, and up-regulated EGF. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS CO released from CORM-2 or endogenously produced by the HO1/Nrf2 pathway accelerates gastric ulcer healing via an increase in GBF, an up-regulation in EGF expression and down-regulation of the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Magierowski
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Magierowska
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland
| | | | - Zbigniew Sliwowski
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Ginter
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland
| | - Robert Pajdo
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland
| | - Anna Chmura
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland
| | - Slawomir Kwiecien
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland
| | - Tomasz Brzozowski
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland
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Magierowski M, Magierowska K, Hubalewska-Mazgaj M, Adamski J, Bakalarz D, Sliwowski Z, Pajdo R, Kwiecien S, Brzozowski T. Interaction between endogenous carbon monoxide and hydrogen sulfide in the mechanism of gastroprotection against acute aspirin-induced gastric damage. Pharmacol Res 2016; 114:235-250. [PMID: 27825819 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) is mainly recognized as painkiller or anti-inflammatory drug. However, ASA causes serious side effects towards gastrointestinal (GI) tract which limits its usefulness. Carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) have been described to act as important endogenous messengers and mediators of gastroprotection but whether they can interact in gastroprotection against acute ASA-induced gastric damage remains unknown. In this study male Wistar rats were pretreated with 1) vehicle (saline, i.g.), 2) tricarbonyldichlororuthenium (II) dimer (CORM-2, 5mg/kg i.g.), 3) sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS, 5mg/kg i.g.), 4) zinc protoporphyrin (ZnPP, 10mg/kg i.p.), 5) D,L-propargylglycine (PAG, 30mg/kg i.g.), 6) ZnPP combined with NaHS, 7) PAG combined with CORM-2 or 8) 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ, 10mg/kg i.p.) combined with CORM-2 or NaHS and 30min later ASA was administered i.g. in a single dose of 125mg/kg. After 1h, gastric blood flow (GBF) was determined by H2 gas clearance technique and gastric lesions were assessed by planimetry and histology. CO content in gastric mucosa and COHb concentration in blood were determined by gas chromatography and H2S production was assessed in gastric mucosa using methylene blue method. Protein and/or mRNA expression for cystathionine-γ-lyase (CSE), cystathionine-β-synthase (CBS), 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (3-MST), heme oxygenase (HO)-1, HO-2, hypoxia inducible factor-alpha (HIF)-1α, nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf-2), cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and COX-2, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and interleukin (IL)-1β were determined by Western blot or real-time PCR, respectively. ASA caused hemorrhagic gastric mucosal damage and significantly decreased GBF, H2S production, CO content, mRNA or protein expression for CSE, 3-MST, HO-2 and increased mRNA and/or protein expression for CBS, HO-1, Nrf-2, HIF-1α, iNOS, IL-1β, COX-2 in gastric mucosa and COHb concentration in blood. Pretreatment with CORM-2 or NaHS but not with PAG decreased ASA-damage and increased GBF. ZnPP reversed protective and hyperemic effect of NaHS but PAG failed to affect CORM-2-induced gastroprotection. CORM-2 elevated CO content, mRNA or protein expression for HO-1, Nrf-2, and decreased expression of CBS, HIF-1α, COX-2, IL-1β, iNOS, the H2S production in gastric mucosa and COHb concentration in blood. NaHS raised mRNA or protein expression for CSE, COX-1 and decreased mRNA expression for IL-1β and COHb level in blood. We conclude that CO is involved in gastroprotection induced by H2S while beneficial protective action of CO released from CORM-2 in gastric mucosa seems to be H2S-independent. In contrast to H2S, CO ameliorates hypoxia, regulates Nrf-2 expression but similarly to H2S acts on sGC-dependent manner to restore gastric microcirculation and exhibit anti-inflammatory activity in gastric mucosa compromised by ASA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Magierowski
- Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 16 Grzegorzecka Street, 31-531 Cracow, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Magierowska
- Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 16 Grzegorzecka Street, 31-531 Cracow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Hubalewska-Mazgaj
- Department of Genetic Research and Nutrigenomics, Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 7A Gronostajowa Street, 30-387 Cracow, Poland
| | - Juliusz Adamski
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Institute of Forensic Research, 9 Westerplatte Street, 31-033 Cracow, Poland
| | - Dominik Bakalarz
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Institute of Forensic Research, 9 Westerplatte Street, 31-033 Cracow, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Sliwowski
- Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 16 Grzegorzecka Street, 31-531 Cracow, Poland
| | - Robert Pajdo
- Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 16 Grzegorzecka Street, 31-531 Cracow, Poland
| | - Slawomir Kwiecien
- Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 16 Grzegorzecka Street, 31-531 Cracow, Poland
| | - Tomasz Brzozowski
- Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 16 Grzegorzecka Street, 31-531 Cracow, Poland
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17
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Sun H, Zhang J, Shi Y, Gao Y, Shi G, Wang X, Guo P, Huang Y, Ren Y, Zheng S. Effect of exogenous hydrogen sulfide on gastric acid secretion. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 31:1280-3. [PMID: 26677834 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.13269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM H2 S is an important gasotransmitter in the gastrointestinal tract. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of exogenous H2 S on gastric acid secretion. METHODS Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into physiological saline (PS) group, sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS; 50, 100, and 150 µmol/kg body weight) group, glibenclamide + NaHS group, and SQ22536 + NaHS group. PH of gastric juice before injection and after injection were determined by a PH meter. RESULTS The results showed that NaHS, an exogenous H2 S donor, injected into the enterocoelia significantly reduced the PH of gastric juice, the same volume of PS administered similarly did not change PH of gastric juice, the promotional effect of NaHS on gastric acid secretion could be abolished by glibenclamide, an ATP-sensitive potassium channel K(ATP) blocker SQ22536, an inhibitor of adenyl cyclase. CONCLUSIONS The data from these experiments suggest that exogenous H2 S promoted gastric acid secretion, which may occur via K(ATP) channels and activate AC-cAMP pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhao Sun
- College of Life Science, Qi Lu Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- College of Life Science, Qi Lu Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Yuan Shi
- College of Life Science, Qi Lu Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Yan Gao
- College of Life Science, Qi Lu Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Guiyan Shi
- College of Life Science, Qi Lu Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Xin Wang
- College of Life Science, Qi Lu Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Peng Guo
- College of Life Science, Qi Lu Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Yu Huang
- College of Life Science, Qi Lu Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Yuning Ren
- College of Life Science, Qi Lu Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Shan Zheng
- College of Life Science, Qi Lu Normal University, Jinan, China
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18
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Magierowska K, Magierowski M, Surmiak M, Adamski J, Mazur-Bialy AI, Pajdo R, Sliwowski Z, Kwiecien S, Brzozowski T. The Protective Role of Carbon Monoxide (CO) Produced by Heme Oxygenases and Derived from the CO-Releasing Molecule CORM-2 in the Pathogenesis of Stress-Induced Gastric Lesions: Evidence for Non-Involvement of Nitric Oxide (NO). Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:442. [PMID: 27023525 PMCID: PMC4848898 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17040442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2016] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbon monoxide (CO) produced by heme oxygenase (HO)-1 and HO-2 or released from the CO-donor, tricarbonyldichlororuthenium (II) dimer (CORM-2) causes vasodilation, with unknown efficacy against stress-induced gastric lesions. We studied whether pretreatment with CORM-2 (0.1-10 mg/kg oral gavage (i.g.)), RuCl₃ (1 mg/kg i.g.), zinc protoporphyrin IX (ZnPP) (10 mg/kg intraperitoneally (i.p.)), hemin (1-10 mg/kg i.g.) and CORM-2 (1 mg/kg i.g.) combined with N(G)-nitro-l-arginine (l-NNA, 20 mg/kg i.p.), 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ, 10 mg/kg i.p.), indomethacin (5 mg/kg i.p.), SC-560 (5 mg/kg i.g.), and celecoxib (10 mg/kg i.g.) affects gastric lesions following 3.5 h of water immersion and restraint stress (WRS). Gastric blood flow (GBF), the number of gastric lesions and gastric CO and nitric oxide (NO) contents, blood carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) level and the gastric expression of HO-1, HO-2, hypoxia inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and inducible NO synthase (iNOS) were determined. CORM-2 (1 mg/kg i.g.) and hemin (10 mg/kg i.g.) significantly decreased WRS lesions while increasing GBF, however, RuCl₃ was ineffective. The impact of CORM-2 was reversed by ZnPP, ODQ, indomethacin, SC-560 and celecoxib, but not by l-NNA. CORM-2 decreased NO and increased HO-1 expression and CO and COHb content, downregulated HIF-1α, as well as WRS-elevated COX-2 and iNOS mRNAs. Gastroprotection by CORM-2 and HO depends upon CO's hyperemic and anti-inflammatory properties, but is independent of NO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Magierowska
- Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-531 Cracow, Poland.
| | - Marcin Magierowski
- Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-531 Cracow, Poland.
| | - Marcin Surmiak
- Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-531 Cracow, Poland.
- Division of Molecular Biology and Clinical Genetics, Department of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-006 Cracow, Poland.
| | - Juliusz Adamski
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Institute of Forensic Research, 31-033 Cracow, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Irena Mazur-Bialy
- Department of Ergonomics and Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-531 Cracow, Poland.
| | - Robert Pajdo
- Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-531 Cracow, Poland.
| | - Zbigniew Sliwowski
- Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-531 Cracow, Poland.
| | - Slawomir Kwiecien
- Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-531 Cracow, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Brzozowski
- Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-531 Cracow, Poland.
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19
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Epithelial Electrolyte Transport Physiology and the Gasotransmitter Hydrogen Sulfide. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:4723416. [PMID: 26904165 PMCID: PMC4745330 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4723416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a well-known environmental chemical threat with an unpleasant smell of rotten eggs. Aside from the established toxic effects of high-dose H2S, research over the past decade revealed that cells endogenously produce small amounts of H2S with physiological functions. H2S has therefore been classified as a "gasotransmitter." A major challenge for cells and tissues is the maintenance of low physiological concentrations of H2S in order to prevent potential toxicity. Epithelia of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tract are especially faced with this problem, since these barriers are predominantly exposed to exogenous H2S from environmental sources or sulfur-metabolising microbiota. In this paper, we review the cellular mechanisms by which epithelial cells maintain physiological, endogenous H2S concentrations. Furthermore, we suggest a concept by which epithelia use their electrolyte and liquid transport machinery as defence mechanisms in order to eliminate exogenous sources for potentially harmful H2S concentrations.
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Mard SA, Veisi A, Ahangarpour A, Gharib-Naseri MK. Gastric acid induces mucosal H2S release in rats by upregulating mRNA and protein expression of cystathionine gamma lyase. J Physiol Sci 2015; 65:545-54. [PMID: 26319795 PMCID: PMC10717216 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-015-0392-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that hydrogen sulfide (H2S) protects the gastric mucosa against gastric acid and other noxious stimulants by several mechanisms but until now the effect of gastric acid on H2S production has not been evaluated. This study was performed to determine the effect of basal and stimulated gastric acid secretion on mRNA and protein expression of cystathionine gamma lyase (CSE) and cystathionine beta synthase (CBS), and on mucosal release of H2S in rats. Seventy-two male rats were randomly assigned into 9 groups (8 in each)-control, distention, and pentagastrin-induced gastric acid secretion groups. The effects of 15% alcohol solution, propargylglycine (PAG), L-NAME, and pantoprazole were also investigated. Under anesthesia, animals underwent tracheostomy and midline laparotomy. A catheter was inserted into the stomach through the duodenum for gastric washout. At the end of the experiments, the animals were killed and the gastric mucosa was collected to measure H2S concentration and to quantify mRNA expression of CSE and CBS by quantitative real-time PCR, and expression of their proteins by western blot. Basal and stimulated gastric acid secretion increased mucosal levels of H2S, and mRNA and protein expression of CSE. Pantoprazole and L-NAME reversed H2S release and restored protein expression of CSE to the control level. Pantoprazole, but not propargylglycine, pretreatment inhibited the elevated level of protein expression of eNOS in response to distention-induced gastric acid secretion. Our findings indicated that NO mediated the stimulatory effect of gastric acid on H2S release and protein expression of CSE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyyed Ali Mard
- Physiology Research Center (PRC), Research Center for Infectious Diseases of Digestive System, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
| | - Ali Veisi
- Physiology Research Center (PRC), Research Center for Infectious Diseases of Digestive System, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Akram Ahangarpour
- Physiology Research Center (PRC), Diabetes research center, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Kazem Gharib-Naseri
- Physiology Research Center (PRC), Research Center for Infectious Diseases of Digestive System, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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21
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Sun HZ, Yu KH, Ai HB. Role of hydrogen sulfide within the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus in the control of gastric function in rats. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2015; 27:618-26. [PMID: 25773343 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hydrogen sulfide (H2 S) is a gaseous messenger and serves as an important neuromodulator in the central nervous system. This study aimed to clarify the role of H2 S within the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV) in the control of gastric function in rats. METHODS Cystathionine β-synthetase (CBS) is an important generator of endogenous H2 S in the brain. We investigated the distribution of CBS in the DMV using immunohistochemical method, and the effects of H2 S on gastric motility and on gastric acid secretion. KEY RESULTS CBS-immunoreactive (IR) neurons were detected in the rostral, intermediate and caudal DMV, with the highest number of CBS-IR neurons in the caudal DMV, and the lowest in the intermediate DMV. We also found that microinjection of the exogenous H2 S donor NaHS (0.04 and 0.08 mol/L; 0.1 μL; n = 6; p < 0.05) into the DMV significantly inhibited gastric motility with a dose-dependent trend, and promoted gastric acid secretion in Wistar rats. Microinjection of the same volume of physiological saline (PS; 0.1 μL, n = 6, p > 0.05) at the same location did not noticeably change gastric motility and acid secretion. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES The data from these experiments suggest that the CBS that produces H2 S is present in the DMV, and microinjection of NaHS into the DMV inhibited gastric motility and enhanced gastric acid secretion in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- H-Z Sun
- College of Life Science, Qi Lu Normal University, Jinan, China
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22
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Hydrogen sulfide-based therapeutics: exploiting a unique but ubiquitous gasotransmitter. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2015; 14:329-45. [PMID: 25849904 DOI: 10.1038/nrd4433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 568] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has become recognized as an important signalling molecule throughout the body, contributing to many physiological and pathological processes. In recent years, improved methods for measuring H2S levels and the availability of a wider range of H2S donors and more selective inhibitors of H2S synthesis have helped to more accurately identify the many biological effects of this highly reactive gaseous mediator. Animal studies of several H2S-releasing drugs have demonstrated considerable promise for the safe treatment of a wide range of disorders. Several such drugs are now in clinical trials.
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Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide is an endogenous gaseous mediator that plays important roles in many physiological processes in microbes, plants, and animals. This chapter focuses on the important roles of hydrogen sulfide in protecting tissues against injury, promoting the repair of damage, and downregulating the inflammatory responses. The chapter focuses largely, but not exclusively, on these roles of hydrogen sulfide in the gastrointestinal tract. Hydrogen sulfide is produced throughout the gastrointestinal tract, and it contributes to maintenance of mucosal integrity. Suppression of hydrogen sulfide synthesis renders the tissue more susceptible to injury and it impairs repair. In contrast, administration of hydrogen sulfide donors can increase resistance to injury and accelerate repair. Hydrogen sulfide synthesis is rapidly and dramatically enhanced in the gastrointestinal tract after injury is induced. These increases occur specifically at the site of tissue injury. Hydrogen sulfide also plays an important role in promoting resolution of inflammation, and restoration of normal tissue function. In recent years, these beneficial actions of hydrogen sulfide have provided the basis for development of novel hydrogen sulfide-releasing drugs. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs that release small amounts of hydrogen sulfide are among the most advanced of the hydrogen sulfide-based drugs. Unlike the parent drugs, these modified drugs do not cause injury in the gastrointestinal tract, and do not interfere with healing of preexisting damage. Because of the increased safety profile of these drugs, they can be used in circumstances in which the toxicity of the parent drug would normally limit their use, such as in chemoprevention of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burcu Gemici
- Near East University, Nicosia, Northern Cyprus, Turkey
| | - John L Wallace
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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H2S-releasing drugs: anti-inflammatory, cytoprotective and chemopreventative potential. Nitric Oxide 2014; 46:25-31. [PMID: 25461269 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2014.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide exerts a number of cytoprotective and anti-inflammatory effects in many organ systems. In an effort to exploit these potent and beneficial effects, a number of hydrogen sulfide-releasing derivatives of existing drugs have been developed and extensively tested in pre-clinical models. In particular, efforts have been made by several groups to develop hydrogen sulfide-releasing derivatives of a number of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. The main goal of this approach is to reduce the gastrointestinal ulceration and bleeding caused by this class of drugs, particularly when used chronically such as in the treatment of arthritis. However, these drugs may also have utility for prevention of various types of cancer. This paper provides an overview of some of the mechanisms underlying the anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective actions of hydrogen sulfide. It also gives some examples of hydrogen sulfide-releasing anti-inflammatory drugs, and their actions in terms of reducing inflammation and attenuating the development of cancer in experimental models.
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25
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Zayachkivska O, Havryluk O, Hrycevych N, Bula N, Grushka O, Wallace JL. Cytoprotective effects of hydrogen sulfide in novel rat models of non-erosive esophagitis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110688. [PMID: 25333941 PMCID: PMC4204999 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-erosive esophagitis is a chronic inflammatory condition of the esophagus and is a form of gastroesophageal reflux disease. There are limited treatment options for non-erosive esophagitis, and it often progresses to Barrett's esophagus and esophageal carcinoma. Hydrogen sulfide has been demonstrated to be a critical mediator of gastric and intestinal mucosal protection and repair. However, roles for H2S in esophageal mucosal defence, inflammation and responses to injury have not been reported. We therefore examined the effects of endogenous and exogenous H2S in rat models of non-erosive esophagitis. Mild- and moderate-severity non-erosive esophagitis was induced in rats through supplementation of drinking water with fructose, plus or minus exposure to water-immersion stress. The effects of inhibitors of H2S synthesis or of an H2S donor on severity of esophagitis was then examined, along with changes in serum levels of a pro- and an anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-17 and IL-10, respectively). Exposure to water-immersion stress after consumption of the fructose-supplemented water for 28 days resulted in submucosal esophageal edema and neutrophil infiltration and the development of lesions in the muscular lamina and basal cell hyperplasia. Inhibition of H2S synthesis resulted in significant exacerbation of inflammation and injury. Serum levels of IL-17 were significantly elevated, while serum IL-10 levels were reduced. Treatment with an H2S donor significantly reduced the severity of esophageal injury and inflammation and normalized the serum cytokine levels. The rat models used in this study provide novel tools for studying non-erosive esophagitis with a range of severity. H2S contributes significantly to mucosal defence in the esophagus, and H2S donors may have therapeutic value in treating esophageal inflammation and injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksana Zayachkivska
- Physiology Department, Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Olena Havryluk
- Department of Pathology, Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Nazar Hrycevych
- Physiology Department, Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Nazar Bula
- Physiology Department, Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Oksana Grushka
- Central Scientific Research Laboratory, Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, Lviv, Ukraine
| | - John L. Wallace
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- * E-mail:
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26
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Brzozowski T. Role of renin-angiotensin system and metabolites of angiotensin in the mechanism of gastric mucosal protection. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2014; 19:90-8. [PMID: 25238456 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2014.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin II, the main effector of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), is generated from the precursor angiotensinogen by the actions of renin, angiotensin-converting enzyme, chymase and various peptidases. RAS is essential in the control of blood pressure and body fluid homeostasis but their involvement in the mechanism of the protection of gastric mucosa has not been extensively studied. On the other hand, angiotensin-(1-7) which acts on the Mas receptor, exhibits a potent vasodilatory activity and attenuates the gastric lesions induced by various ulcerogens. In this review, the mechanism of RAS, the antagonists of angiotensin AT1 and AT2 receptors and angiotensin-(1-7) in formation of gastric damage is discussed with possible translating relevance to treatment modalities in the protection against gastric mucosal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Brzozowski
- Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland.
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27
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Blackler RW, Gemici B, Manko A, Wallace JL. NSAID-gastroenteropathy: new aspects of pathogenesis and prevention. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2014; 19:11-6. [PMID: 24929967 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2014.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2014] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) remain among the most commonly used medications because of their effectiveness in reducing pain and inflammation. Inhibitors of gastric acid secretion can substantially reduce the damaging effects of NSAIDs in the stomach and duodenum. However, there are no proven effective preventative or curative treatments for NSAID-induced enteropathy. In recent years, substantial progress has been made in better understanding the pathogenesis of NSAID-enteropathy, and in particular the interplay of enteric bacteria, bile and the enterohepatic recirculation of the NSAIDs. Moreover, it is becoming clear that suppression of gastric acid secretion significantly worsens NSAID-enteropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rory W Blackler
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Anna Manko
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - John L Wallace
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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28
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Jung J, Lee MG. Role of calcium signaling in epithelial bicarbonate secretion. Cell Calcium 2014; 55:376-84. [PMID: 24598807 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2014.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Transepithelial bicarbonate secretion plays a key role in the maintenance of fluid and protein secretion from epithelial cells and the protection of the epithelial cell surface from various pathogens. Epithelial bicarbonate secretion is mainly under the control of cAMP and calcium signaling. While the physiological roles and molecular mechanisms of cAMP-induced bicarbonate secretion are relatively well defined, those induced by calcium signaling remain poorly understood in most epithelia. The present review summarizes the current status of knowledge on the role of calcium signaling in epithelial bicarbonate secretion. Specifically, this review introduces how cytosolic calcium signaling can increase bicarbonate secretion by regulating membrane transport proteins and how it synergizes with cAMP-induced mechanisms in epithelial cells. In addition, tissue-specific variations in the pancreas, salivary glands, intestines, bile ducts, and airways are discussed. We hope that the present report will stimulate further research into this important topic. These studies will provide the basis for future medicines for a wide spectrum of epithelial disorders including cystic fibrosis, Sjögren's syndrome, and chronic pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsei Jung
- Department of Pharmacology and Brain Korea 21 Plus Project for Medical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Republic of Korea; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Goo Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Brain Korea 21 Plus Project for Medical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Republic of Korea.
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29
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE The current literature regarding the effects of the gaseous signal molecule hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in the gastrointestinal system is reviewed. Bacterial, host and pharmaceutical-derived H2S are all considered and presented according to the physiological or pathophysiological effects of the gaseous signal molecule. These subjects include the toxicology of intestinal H2S with emphasis on bacterial-derived H2S, especially from sulfate-reducing bacteria, the role of endogenous and exogenous H2S in intestinal inflammation, and the roles of H2S in gastrointestinal motility, secretion and nociception. RECENT ADVANCES While its pro- and anti-inflammatory, smooth muscle relaxant, prosecretory, and pro- and antinociceptive actions continue to remain the major effects of H2S in this system; recent findings have expanded the potential molecular targets for H2S in the gastrointestinal tract. CRITICAL ISSUES Numerous discrepancies remain in the literature, and definitive molecular targets in this system have not been supported by the use of competitive antagonism. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Future work will hopefully resolve discrepancies in the literature and identify molecular targets and mechanisms of action for H2S. It is clear from the current literature that the long-appreciated relationship between H2S and the gastrointestinal tract continues to be strong as we endeavor to unravel its mysteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Linden
- Enteric NeuroScience Program, Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine , Rochester, Minnesota
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30
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Gastrointestinal HCO3- transport and epithelial protection in the gut: new techniques, transport pathways and regulatory pathways. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2013; 13:900-8. [PMID: 24280619 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Revised: 09/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The concept of a protective alkaline gastric and duodenal mucus layer is a century old, yet it is amazing how much new information on HCO3(-) transport pathways has emerged recently, made possible by the extensive utilization of gene-deleted and transgenic mice and novel techniques to study HCO3(-) transport. This review highlights recent findings regarding the importance of HCO3(-) for mucosal protection of duodenum and other gastrointestinal epithelia against luminal acid and other damaging factors. Recently, methods have been developed to visualize HCO3(-) transport in vivo by assessing the surface pH in the mucus layer, as well as the epithelial pH. New information about HCO3(-) transport pathways, and emerging concepts about the intricate regulatory network that governs duodenal HCO3(-) secretion are described, and new perspectives for drug therapy discussed.
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31
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Lang E, Qadri SM, Jilani K, Zelenak C, Lupescu A, Schleicher E, Lang F. Carbon monoxide-sensitive apoptotic death of erythrocytes. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2012; 111:348-55. [PMID: 22726235 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2012.00915.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Carbon monoxide (CO) intoxication severely interferes with the oxygen-transporting function of haemoglobin. Beyond that, CO participates in the regulation of apoptosis. CO could be generated from CO-releasing molecules (CORM), such as the tricarbonyl-dichlororuthenium (II) dimer (CORM-2), which is presently considered for the treatment of vascular dysfunction, inflammation, tissue ischaemia and organ rejection. CORM-2 is at least partially effective by modifying gene expression and mitochondrial potential. Erythrocytes lack nuclei and mitochondria but may undergo suicidal cell death or eryptosis, characterized by cell shrinkage and phospholipid scrambling of the cell membrane. Eryptosis is triggered by the increase in cytosolic Ca²⁺ activity ([Ca²⁺](i)). The present study explored whether CORM-2 influences eryptosis. To this end, [Ca²⁺](i) was estimated from Fluo-3-fluorescence, cell volume from forward scatter, phospholipid scrambling from annexin-V-binding and haemolysis from haemoglobin release. CO-binding haemoglobin (COHb) was estimated utilizing a blood gas analyser. As a result, exposure of erythrocytes for 24 hr to CORM-2 (≥5 μM) significantly increased COHb, [Ca²⁺](i) , forward scatter, annexin-V-binding and haemolysis. Annexin-V-binding was significantly blunted by 100% oxygen and was virtually abolished in the nominal absence of Ca²⁺. In conclusion, CORM-2 stimulates cell membrane scrambling of erythrocytes, an effect largely due to Ca²⁺ entry and partially reversed by O₂.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Lang
- Department of Physiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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