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Li X, Xu M, Geng Z, Liu Y. Functional hydrogels for the repair and regeneration of tissue defects. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1190171. [PMID: 37260829 PMCID: PMC10227617 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1190171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue defects can be accompanied by functional impairments that affect the health and quality of life of patients. Hydrogels are three-dimensional (3D) hydrophilic polymer networks that can be used as bionic functional tissues to fill or repair damaged tissue as a promising therapeutic strategy in the field of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. This paper summarises and discusses four outstanding advantages of hydrogels and their applications and advances in the repair and regeneration of tissue defects. First, hydrogels have physicochemical properties similar to the extracellular matrix of natural tissues, providing a good microenvironment for cell proliferation, migration and differentiation. Second, hydrogels have excellent shape adaptation and tissue adhesion properties, allowing them to be applied to a wide range of irregularly shaped tissue defects and to adhere well to the defect for sustained and efficient repair function. Third, the hydrogel is an intelligent delivery system capable of releasing therapeutic agents on demand. Hydrogels are capable of delivering therapeutic reagents and releasing therapeutic substances with temporal and spatial precision depending on the site and state of the defect. Fourth, hydrogels are self-healing and can maintain their integrity when damaged. We then describe the application and research progress of functional hydrogels in the repair and regeneration of defects in bone, cartilage, skin, muscle and nerve tissues. Finally, we discuss the challenges faced by hydrogels in the field of tissue regeneration and provide an outlook on their future trends.
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2
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Lin Y, Chen Z, Liu Y, Wang J, Lv W, Peng R. Recent Advances in Nano-Formulations for Skin Wound Repair Applications. Drug Des Devel Ther 2022; 16:2707-2728. [PMID: 35996567 PMCID: PMC9392552 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s375541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin injuries caused by accidents and acute or chronic diseases place a heavy burden on patients and health care systems. Current treatments mainly depend on preventing infection, debridement, and hemostasis and on supplementing growth factors, but patients will still have scar tissue proliferation or difficulty healing and other problems after treatment. Conventional treatment usually focuses on a single factor or process of wound repair and often ignores the influence of the wound pathological microenvironment on the final healing effect. Therefore, it is of substantial research value to develop multifunctional therapeutic methods that can actively regulate the wound microenvironment and reduce the oxidative stress level at the wound site to promote the repair of skin wounds. In recent years, various bioactive nanomaterials have shown great potential in tissue repair and regeneration due to their properties, including their unique surface interface effect, small size effect, enzyme activity and quantum effect. This review summarizes the mechanisms underlying skin wound repair and the defects in traditional treatment methods. We focus on analyzing the advantages of different types of nanomaterials and comment on their toxicity and side effects when used for skin wound repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Lin
- Department of Emergency, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shanghai University & Wenzhou No. 3 Clinical Institute Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou People’s Hospital, Wenzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zheyan Chen
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shanghai University & Wenzhou No. 3 Clinical Institute Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou People’s Hospital, Wenzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yinai Liu
- Institute of Life Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiawen Wang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shanghai University & Wenzhou No. 3 Clinical Institute Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou People’s Hospital, Wenzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wang Lv
- Department of Emergency, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shanghai University & Wenzhou No. 3 Clinical Institute Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou People’s Hospital, Wenzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Renyi Peng
- Institute of Life Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Renyi Peng, Tel +86 159-5771-6937, Email
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Marin MM, Ianchis R, Leu Alexa R, Gifu IC, Kaya MGA, Savu DI, Popescu RC, Alexandrescu E, Ninciuleanu CM, Preda S, Ignat M, Constantinescu R, Iovu H. Development of New Collagen/Clay Composite Biomaterials. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:401. [PMID: 35008826 PMCID: PMC8745677 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The fabrication of collagen-based biomaterials for skin regeneration offers various challenges for tissue engineers. The purpose of this study was to obtain a novel series of composite biomaterials based on collagen and several types of clays. In order to investigate the influence of clay type on drug release behavior, the obtained collagen-based composite materials were further loaded with gentamicin. Physiochemical and biological analyses were performed to analyze the obtained nanocomposite materials after nanoclay embedding. Infrared spectra confirmed the inclusion of clay in the collagen polymeric matrix without any denaturation of triple helical conformation. All the composite samples revealed a slight change in the 2-theta values pointing toward a homogenous distribution of clay layers inside the collagen matrix with the obtaining of mainly intercalated collagen-clay structures, according X-ray diffraction analyses. The porosity of collagen/clay composite biomaterials varied depending on clay nanoparticles sort. Thermo-mechanical analyses indicated enhanced thermal and mechanical features for collagen composites as compared with neat type II collagen matrix. Biodegradation findings were supported by swelling studies, which indicated a more crosslinked structure due additional H bonding brought on by nanoclays. The biology tests demonstrated the influence of clay type on cellular viability but also on the antimicrobial behavior of composite scaffolds. All nanocomposite samples presented a delayed gentamicin release when compared with the collagen-gentamicin sample. The obtained results highlighted the importance of clay type selection as this affects the performances of the collagen-based composites as promising biomaterials for future applications in the biomedical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Minodora Marin
- Advanced Polymer Materials Group, Politehnica University of Bucharest, 1-7 Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, Romania;
- Collagen Department, Leather and Footwear Research Institute, 93 Ion Minulescu Street, 031215 Bucharest, Romania; (M.G.A.K.); (M.I.); (R.C.)
| | - Raluca Ianchis
- National Research & Development Institute for Chemistry and Petrochemistry, ICECHIM, Spl. Independentei Nr. 202, 6th District, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (I.C.G.); (E.A.); (C.M.N.)
| | - Rebeca Leu Alexa
- Advanced Polymer Materials Group, Politehnica University of Bucharest, 1-7 Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Ioana Catalina Gifu
- National Research & Development Institute for Chemistry and Petrochemistry, ICECHIM, Spl. Independentei Nr. 202, 6th District, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (I.C.G.); (E.A.); (C.M.N.)
| | - Madalina Georgiana Albu Kaya
- Collagen Department, Leather and Footwear Research Institute, 93 Ion Minulescu Street, 031215 Bucharest, Romania; (M.G.A.K.); (M.I.); (R.C.)
| | - Diana Iulia Savu
- Department of Life and Environmental Physics, Horia Hulubei National Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering, 077125 Magurele, Romania; (D.I.S.); (R.C.P.)
| | - Roxana Cristina Popescu
- Department of Life and Environmental Physics, Horia Hulubei National Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering, 077125 Magurele, Romania; (D.I.S.); (R.C.P.)
| | - Elvira Alexandrescu
- National Research & Development Institute for Chemistry and Petrochemistry, ICECHIM, Spl. Independentei Nr. 202, 6th District, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (I.C.G.); (E.A.); (C.M.N.)
| | - Claudia Mihaela Ninciuleanu
- National Research & Development Institute for Chemistry and Petrochemistry, ICECHIM, Spl. Independentei Nr. 202, 6th District, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (I.C.G.); (E.A.); (C.M.N.)
| | - Silviu Preda
- Institute of Physical Chemistry “Ilie Murgulescu”, Romanian Academy, Spl. Independentei 202, 6th District, 060021 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Madalina Ignat
- Collagen Department, Leather and Footwear Research Institute, 93 Ion Minulescu Street, 031215 Bucharest, Romania; (M.G.A.K.); (M.I.); (R.C.)
| | - Roxana Constantinescu
- Collagen Department, Leather and Footwear Research Institute, 93 Ion Minulescu Street, 031215 Bucharest, Romania; (M.G.A.K.); (M.I.); (R.C.)
| | - Horia Iovu
- Advanced Polymer Materials Group, Politehnica University of Bucharest, 1-7 Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, Romania;
- Chemical Sciences Section, Academy of Romanian Scientists, 54 Splaiul Independentei, 50085 Bucharest, Romania
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3D Printing of Alginate-Natural Clay Hydrogel-Based Nanocomposites. Gels 2021; 7:gels7040211. [PMID: 34842675 PMCID: PMC8628714 DOI: 10.3390/gels7040211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Biocompatibility, biodegradability, shear tinning behavior, quick gelation and an easy crosslinking process makes alginate one of the most studied polysaccharides in the field of regenerative medicine. The main purpose of this study was to obtain tissue-like materials suitable for use in bone regeneration. In this respect, alginate and several types of clay were investigated as components of 3D-printing, nanocomposite inks. Using the extrusion-based nozzle, the nanocomposites inks were printed to obtain 3D multilayered scaffolds. To observe the behavior induced by each type of clay on alginate-based inks, rheology studies were performed on composite inks. The structure of the nanocomposites samples was examined using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry and X-ray Diffraction (XRD), while the morphology of the 3D-printed scaffolds was evaluated using Electron Microscopy (SEM, TEM) and Micro-Computed Tomography (Micro-CT). The swelling and dissolvability of each composite scaffold in phosfate buffer solution were followed as function of time. Biological studies indicated that the cells grew in the presence of the alginate sample containing unmodified clay, and were able to proliferate and generate calcium deposits in MG-63 cells in the absence of specific signaling molecules. This study provides novel information on potential manufacturing methods for obtaining nanocomposite hydrogels suitable for 3D printing processes, as well as valuable information on the clay type selection for enabling accurate 3D-printed constructs. Moreover, this study constitutes the first comprehensive report related to the screening of several natural clays for the additive manufacturing of 3D constructs designed for bone reconstruction therapy.
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Song D, Xu Y, Liu S, Wen L, Wang X. Progress of 3D Bioprinting in Organ Manufacturing. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3178. [PMID: 34578079 PMCID: PMC8468820 DOI: 10.3390/polym13183178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting is a family of rapid prototyping technologies, which assemble biomaterials, including cells and bioactive agents, under the control of a computer-aided design model in a layer-by-layer fashion. It has great potential in organ manufacturing areas with the combination of biology, polymers, chemistry, engineering, medicine, and mechanics. At present, 3D bioprinting technologies can be used to successfully print living tissues and organs, including blood vessels, skin, bones, cartilage, kidney, heart, and liver. The unique advantages of 3D bioprinting technologies for organ manufacturing have improved the traditional medical level significantly. In this article, we summarize the latest research progress of polymers in bioartificial organ 3D printing areas. The important characteristics of the printable polymers and the typical 3D bioprinting technologies for several complex bioartificial organs, such as the heart, liver, nerve, and skin, are introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dabin Song
- Center of 3D Printing & Organ Manufacturing, School of Intelligent Medicine, China Medical University (CMU), No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang 110122, China; (D.S.); (Y.X.); (S.L.); (L.W.)
| | - Yukun Xu
- Center of 3D Printing & Organ Manufacturing, School of Intelligent Medicine, China Medical University (CMU), No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang 110122, China; (D.S.); (Y.X.); (S.L.); (L.W.)
| | - Siyu Liu
- Center of 3D Printing & Organ Manufacturing, School of Intelligent Medicine, China Medical University (CMU), No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang 110122, China; (D.S.); (Y.X.); (S.L.); (L.W.)
| | - Liang Wen
- Center of 3D Printing & Organ Manufacturing, School of Intelligent Medicine, China Medical University (CMU), No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang 110122, China; (D.S.); (Y.X.); (S.L.); (L.W.)
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- Center of 3D Printing & Organ Manufacturing, School of Intelligent Medicine, China Medical University (CMU), No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang 110122, China; (D.S.); (Y.X.); (S.L.); (L.W.)
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials Processing Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Ministry of Education & Center of Organ Manufacturing, Beijing 100084, China
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Qureshi D, Pattanaik S, Mohanty B, Anis A, Kulikouskaya V, Hileuskaya K, Agabekov V, Sarkar P, Maji S, Pal K. Preparation of novel poly(vinyl alcohol)/chitosan lactate-based phase-separated composite films for UV-shielding and drug delivery applications. Polym Bull (Berl) 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-021-03653-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Assessment of Naturally Sourced Mineral Clays for the 3D Printing of Biopolymer-Based Nanocomposite Inks. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11030703. [PMID: 33799601 PMCID: PMC8001953 DOI: 10.3390/nano11030703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the possibility of obtaining 3D printed composite constructs using biomaterial-based nanocomposite inks. The biopolymeric matrix consisted of methacrylated gelatin (GelMA). Several types of nanoclay were added as the inorganic component. Our aim was to investigate the influence of clay type on the rheological behavior of ink formulations and to determine the morphological and structural properties of the resulting crosslinked hydrogel-based nanomaterials. Moreover, through the inclusion of nanoclays, our goal was to improve the printability and shape fidelity of nanocomposite scaffolds. The viscosity of all ink formulations was greater in the presence of inorganic nanoparticles as shear thinning occurred with increased shear rate. Hydrogel nanocomposites presented predominantly elastic rather than viscous behavior as the materials were crosslinked which led to improved mechanical properties. The inclusion of nanoclays in the biopolymeric matrix limited hydrogel swelling due the physical barrier effect but also because of the supplementary crosslinks induced by the clay layers. The distribution of inorganic filler within the GelMA-based hydrogels led to higher porosities as a consequence of their interaction with the biopolymeric ink. The present study could be useful for the development of soft nanomaterials foreseen for the additive manufacturing of customized implants for tissue engineering.
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Florian PE, Icriverzi M, Ninciuleanu CM, Alexandrescu E, Trica B, Preda S, Ianchis R, Roseanu A. Salecan-Clay Based Polymer Nanocomposites for Chemotherapeutic Drug Delivery Systems; Characterization and In Vitro Biocompatibility Studies. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E5389. [PMID: 33260907 PMCID: PMC7730270 DOI: 10.3390/ma13235389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Salecan is a microbial polysaccharide suitable to obtain hydrogel for biomedical applications due to the excellent hydrophilicity and biocompatibility properties. In this work, Salecan of different concentrations was introduced into polymethacrylic acid (PMAA) in the presence of clay to form novel semi synthetic hydrogel nanocomposites systems and loaded afterwards with doxorubicin (DOX). The physical-chemical characteristics of the nanocomposites systems and their effect on the viability, and morphology of MDBK (Madin-Darby bovine kidney), HT-29 human colorectal adenocarcinoma and Colo 205 human colon adenocarcinoma cell lines were investigated. DOX release from the nanocomposite systems, cell up-take and subsequent effect on cell proliferation was also analyzed. It was found that Salecan concentration determined the swelling behavior, structural parameters and morphological features of the nanocomposite systems. The hydrogen bonds strongly influenced the formation of PMAA-Salecan-clay systems, each component bringing its own contribution, thus demonstrating the achievement of an advanced crosslinked network and a more compacted hydrogel nanocomposite morphology. All the synthesized nanocomposites had negligible toxicity to normal MDBK cells and chemoresistent HT-29 cell line, whereas in the case of Colo 205 cells a decrease by 40% of the cell viability was obtained for the sample containing the highest amount of Salecan. This effect was correlated with the lowest pore size distribution leading to highest available specific surface area and entrapped amount of DOX which was further released from the nanocomposite sample. Corroborating all the data it can be suggested that the synthesized nanocomposites with Salecan and clay could be good candidates as vehicles for chemotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Ecaterina Florian
- Department of Ligand-Receptor Interaction, Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy, Splaiul Independentei 296, 060031 Bucharest, Romania; (P.E.F.); (M.I.)
| | - Madalina Icriverzi
- Department of Ligand-Receptor Interaction, Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy, Splaiul Independentei 296, 060031 Bucharest, Romania; (P.E.F.); (M.I.)
| | - Claudia Mihaela Ninciuleanu
- National R&D Institute for Chemistry and Petrochemistry ICECHIM—Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei 202, 6th District, P.O. Box 35/174, 0600021 Bucharest, Romania; (C.M.N.); (E.A.); (B.T.)
| | - Elvira Alexandrescu
- National R&D Institute for Chemistry and Petrochemistry ICECHIM—Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei 202, 6th District, P.O. Box 35/174, 0600021 Bucharest, Romania; (C.M.N.); (E.A.); (B.T.)
| | - Bogdan Trica
- National R&D Institute for Chemistry and Petrochemistry ICECHIM—Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei 202, 6th District, P.O. Box 35/174, 0600021 Bucharest, Romania; (C.M.N.); (E.A.); (B.T.)
| | - Silviu Preda
- Institute of Physical Chemistry “Ilie Murgulescu”, Romanian Academy, Spl. Independentei 202, 6th District, P.O. Box 194, 060021 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Raluca Ianchis
- National R&D Institute for Chemistry and Petrochemistry ICECHIM—Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei 202, 6th District, P.O. Box 35/174, 0600021 Bucharest, Romania; (C.M.N.); (E.A.); (B.T.)
| | - Anca Roseanu
- Department of Ligand-Receptor Interaction, Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy, Splaiul Independentei 296, 060031 Bucharest, Romania; (P.E.F.); (M.I.)
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Dinca V. Advanced Functional Bio-interfaces Engineering for Medical Applications: From Drug Delivery to Bio-scaffolds. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:836-837. [PMID: 32194018 DOI: 10.2174/092986732706200316153403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Dinca
- National Institute for Lasers, Plasma and Radiation Physics Magurele, Romania
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Huang Y, Dan N, Dan W, Zhao W. Reinforcement of Polycaprolactone/Chitosan with Nanoclay and Controlled Release of Curcumin for Wound Dressing. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:22292-22301. [PMID: 31909312 PMCID: PMC6941175 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b02217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A novel clay-reinforced polycaprolactone/chitosan/curcumin (PCl/CS/Clay/Cur) composite film was fabricated in this study. The prepared Cur-loading composite films were characterized with attenuated total reflection Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, water contact angle, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, and X-ray diffraction, and the results showed good dispersion of clay in the composite films. The addition of nanoclay was found to significantly increase the tensile strength. Also, the clay-enhanced drug-loading films exhibited better controlled-release profiles of Cur than those membranes without clay. Skin disinfection test demonstrated that the curcumin-loaded film could protect wound from bacterial infection. Cytotoxicity analysis proved the good biocompatibility of the composite films. The clay-enhanced Cur-loading films might be promising candidates for wound care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Huang
- College
of Biomass Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Leather
Chemistry and Engineering of the Education Ministry, Research Center of Biomedical Engineering, and College of Polymer
Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials
Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Nianhua Dan
- College
of Biomass Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Leather
Chemistry and Engineering of the Education Ministry, Research Center of Biomedical Engineering, and College of Polymer
Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials
Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Weihua Dan
- College
of Biomass Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Leather
Chemistry and Engineering of the Education Ministry, Research Center of Biomedical Engineering, and College of Polymer
Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials
Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Weifeng Zhao
- College
of Biomass Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Leather
Chemistry and Engineering of the Education Ministry, Research Center of Biomedical Engineering, and College of Polymer
Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials
Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
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