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Alihodžić S, Čipčić Paljetak H, Čikoš A, Elenkov IJ. New Bicyclic Azalide Macrolides Obtained by Tandem Palladium Catalyzed Allylic Alkylation/Conjugated Addition Reaction. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27020432. [PMID: 35056746 PMCID: PMC8781410 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27020432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Unprecedented tandem allylic alkylation/intermolecular Michael addition was used in the preparation of novel bicyclic azalides. NMR spectroscopy was used not only to unambiguously determine and characterize the structures of these unexpected products of chemical reaction but also to investigate the effect the rigid bicyclic modification has on the conformation of the whole molecule. Thus, some of the macrolides prepared showed antibacterial activity in the range of well-known antibiotic drug azithromycin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulejman Alihodžić
- Department of Chemistry, Fidelta Ltd. (Selvita Group), Prilaz Baruna Filipovića 29, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Hana Čipčić Paljetak
- Center for Translational and Clinical Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Šalata 2, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Ana Čikoš
- NMR Center, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Ivaylo Jivkov Elenkov
- Department of Chemistry, Fidelta Ltd. (Selvita Group), Prilaz Baruna Filipovića 29, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
- Correspondence:
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2
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Wang Y, Tian H, Gui J. Gram-Scale Synthesis of Bufospirostenin A by a Biomimetic Skeletal Rearrangement Approach. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:19576-19586. [PMID: 34762408 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c10067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Bufospirostenin A, which was the first spirostanol to be isolated from an animal, possesses an unprecedented 5/7/6/5/5/6 hexacyclic framework. Herein, we report two biomimetic syntheses of this natural product in just seven or nine steps from a readily available steroidal lactone. Key features of the syntheses include a photosantonin rearrangement and a Wagner-Meerwein rearrangement for rapid construction of the rearranged A/B ring system, as well as a cobalt-mediated olefin hydroselenylation and a selenide E2 reaction to accomplish a challenging olefin transposition. Our syntheses provide experimental support for the biogenetic pathway to 5(10→1)abeo-steroids that we have proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai200032, China
| | - Hailong Tian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai200032, China
| | - Jinghan Gui
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai200032, China
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Wu YJ, Meanwell NA. Geminal Diheteroatomic Motifs: Some Applications of Acetals, Ketals, and Their Sulfur and Nitrogen Homologues in Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Design. J Med Chem 2021; 64:9786-9874. [PMID: 34213340 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Acetals and ketals and their nitrogen and sulfur homologues are often considered to be unconventional and potentially problematic scaffolding elements or pharmacophores for the design of orally bioavailable drugs. This opinion is largely a function of the perception that such motifs might be chemically unstable under the acidic conditions of the stomach and upper gastrointestinal tract. However, even simple acetals and ketals, including acyclic molecules, can be sufficiently robust under acidic conditions to be fashioned into orally bioavailable drugs, and these structural elements are embedded in many effective therapeutic agents. The chemical stability of molecules incorporating geminal diheteroatomic motifs can be modulated by physicochemical design principles that include the judicious deployment of proximal electron-withdrawing substituents and conformational restriction. In this Perspective, we exemplify geminal diheteroatomic motifs that have been utilized in the discovery of orally bioavailable drugs or drug candidates against the backdrop of understanding their potential for chemical lability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Jin Wu
- Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, 100 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Nicholas A Meanwell
- Department of Discovery and Chemistry and Molecular Technologies, Bristol-Myers Squibb PRI, PO Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
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Hiltner JK, Hunter IS, Hoskisson PA. Tailoring specialized metabolite production in streptomyces. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2015; 91:237-55. [PMID: 25911235 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aambs.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Streptomycetes are prolific producers of a plethora of medically useful metabolites. These compounds are made by complex secondary (specialized) metabolic pathways, which utilize primary metabolic intermediates as building blocks. In this review we discuss the evolution of specialized metabolites and how expansion of gene families in primary metabolism has lead to the evolution of diversity in these specialized metabolic pathways and how developing a better understanding of expanded primary metabolic pathways can help enhance synthetic biology approaches to industrial pathway engineering.
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Wright PM, Seiple IB, Myers AG. The evolving role of chemical synthesis in antibacterial drug discovery. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:8840-69. [PMID: 24990531 PMCID: PMC4536949 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201310843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The discovery and implementation of antibiotics in the early twentieth century transformed human health and wellbeing. Chemical synthesis enabled the development of the first antibacterial substances, organoarsenicals and sulfa drugs, but these were soon outshone by a host of more powerful and vastly more complex antibiotics from nature: penicillin, streptomycin, tetracycline, and erythromycin, among others. These primary defences are now significantly less effective as an unavoidable consequence of rapid evolution of resistance within pathogenic bacteria, made worse by widespread misuse of antibiotics. For decades medicinal chemists replenished the arsenal of antibiotics by semisynthetic and to a lesser degree fully synthetic routes, but economic factors have led to a subsidence of this effort, which places society on the precipice of a disaster. We believe that the strategic application of modern chemical synthesis to antibacterial drug discovery must play a critical role if a crisis of global proportions is to be averted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M. Wright
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University Cambridge, MA 02138 (USA)
| | - Ian B. Seiple
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University Cambridge, MA 02138 (USA)
| | - Andrew G. Myers
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University Cambridge, MA 02138 (USA)
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6
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Wright PM, Seiple IB, Myers AG. Zur Rolle der chemischen Synthese in der Entwicklung antibakterieller Wirkstoffe. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201310843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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7
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Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of azithromycin glycosyl derivatives as potential antibacterial agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:5057-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Revised: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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8
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Li X, Ma S, Yan M, Wang Y, Ma S. Synthesis and antibacterial evaluation of novel 11,4″-disubstituted azithromycin analogs with greatly improved activity against erythromycin-resistant bacteria. Eur J Med Chem 2012; 59:209-17. [PMID: 23229056 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2012] [Revised: 11/18/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel 11,4″-disubstituted azithromycin analogs were synthesized and evaluated for their antibacterial activity. All the 11,4″-disubstituted analogs exhibited excellent activity (0.03-0.12 μg/ml) against erythromycin-susceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae, and significantly improved activity against three phenotypes of erythromycin-resistant S. pneumoniae compared with erythromycin A, clarithromycin or azithromycin. Among them, compounds 26-28 showed the most potent activity (0.25, 0.03 and 2 μg/ml) against S. pneumoniae expressing the erm gene, the mef gene and the erm and mef genes, respectively. In addition, compound 28 was the most effective (0.03 and 0.12 μg/ml) against erythromycin-susceptible S. pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus as well. It is noteworthy that the most active compounds described above possess the same terminal 3,5-dinitrophenyl groups on their C-4″ bisamide side chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44, West Culture Road, Jinan 250012, PR China
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Liu K, Kim H, Ghosh P, Akhmedov NG, Williams LJ. Direct entry to erythronolides via a cyclic bis[allene]. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:14968-71. [PMID: 21894913 PMCID: PMC3235949 DOI: 10.1021/ja207496p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The complexity and low tractability of antibiotic macrolides pose serious challenges to addressing the problem of resistance through semi- or total synthesis. Here we describe a new strategy involving the preparation of a complex yet tractable macrocycle and the transformation of this macrocycle into a range of erythronolide congeners. These compounds represent valuable sectors of erythromycinoid structure space and constitute intermediates with the potential to provide further purchase in this space. The routes are short. The erythronolides were prepared in three or fewer steps from the macrocycle, which was prepared in a longest linear sequence of 11 steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 610 Taylor Rd, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - Hiyun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 610 Taylor Rd, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - Partha Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 610 Taylor Rd, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - Novruz G. Akhmedov
- Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, 406 Clark Hall, Prospect Street, Morgantown, WV 26506
| | - Lawrence J. Williams
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 610 Taylor Rd, Piscataway, NJ 08854
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Ma X, Zhang L, Wang R, Cao J, Liu C, Fang Y, Wang J, Ma S. Novel C-4'' modified azithromycin analogs with remarkably enhanced activity against erythromycin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae: the synthesis and antimicrobial evaluation. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 46:5196-205. [PMID: 21855183 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Revised: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Three novel structural series of C-4'' modified azithromycin analogs with two amide groups, which were connected by different alkyl linkage, were designed, prepared and evaluated for their in vitro antibacterial activity against seven phenotypes of respiratory pathogens. Among them, 7d, 8j and 9j, as representatives of corresponding series, exhibited remarkably improved activity against erythromycin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae expressing the erm gene, the mef gene, and the erm and mef genes. In addition, 7a-c, 7f-h, 7j, 8d, 8g, 8i, 9a-b and 9i displayed favorable efficacy against erythromycin-resistant S. pneumoniae A22072 expressing the mef gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Ma
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44, West Culture Road, Jinan 250012, PR China
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Xu P, Liu L, Chen XZ, Li Y, Liu J, Jin ZP, Wang GQ, Lei PS. Synthesis of novel macrolide derivatives with imidazo[4,5-b]pyridinyl sulfur contained alkyl side chains and their antibacterial activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:4079-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2009] [Revised: 05/31/2009] [Accepted: 06/03/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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12
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Heggelund A, Undheim K. Descladinosyl erythromycin in phosgene-assisted cyclic 3,6-ether formation. Tetrahedron Lett 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2008.06.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Glansdorp FG, Spandl RJ, Swatton JE, Loiseleur O, Welch M, Spring DR. Using chemical probes to investigate the sub-inhibitory effects of azithromycin. Org Biomol Chem 2008; 6:4120-4. [DOI: 10.1039/b813157k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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von Nussbaum F, Brands M, Hinzen B, Weigand S, Häbich D. Antibacterial natural products in medicinal chemistry--exodus or revival? Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 45:5072-129. [PMID: 16881035 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200600350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 467] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
To create a drug, nature's blueprints often have to be improved through semisynthesis or total synthesis (chemical postevolution). Selected contributions from industrial and academic groups highlight the arduous but rewarding path from natural products to drugs. Principle modification types for natural products are discussed herein, such as decoration, substitution, and degradation. The biological, chemical, and socioeconomic environments of antibacterial research are dealt with in context. Natural products, many from soil organisms, have provided the majority of lead structures for marketed anti-infectives. Surprisingly, numerous "old" classes of antibacterial natural products have never been intensively explored by medicinal chemists. Nevertheless, research on antibacterial natural products is flagging. Apparently, the "old fashioned" natural products no longer fit into modern drug discovery. The handling of natural products is cumbersome, requiring nonstandardized workflows and extended timelines. Revisiting natural products with modern chemistry and target-finding tools from biology (reversed genomics) is one option for their revival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz von Nussbaum
- Bayer HealthCare AG, Medicinal Chemistry Europe, 42096 Wuppertal, Germany.
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15
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Andreotti D, Bientinesi I, Biondi S, Donati D, Erbetti I, Lociuro S, Marchioro C, Pozzan A, Ratti E, Terreni S. A novel ketolide class: Synthesis and antibacterial activity of a lead compound. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:5265-9. [PMID: 17681467 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2007] [Revised: 02/01/2007] [Accepted: 02/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis and antibacterial activity of a new class of ketolide antibiotics, exemplified by the prototype GW680788X (1), are described. The structure of (1) has been elucidated by spectroscopic analysis. The good antibacterial activity shown by (1) in comparison with clarithromycin prompted us to consider this compound as a lead molecule for further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Andreotti
- GlaxoSmithKline, Medicine Research Centre, Via A Fleming 4, I-37135 Verona, Italy.
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von Nussbaum F, Brands M, Hinzen B, Weigand S, Häbich D. Antibakterielle Naturstoffe in der medizinischen Chemie – Exodus oder Renaissance? Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200600350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Zhanel GG, Hisanaga T, Nichol K, Wierzbowski A, Hoban DJ. Ketolides: an emerging treatment for macrolide-resistant respiratory infections, focusing on S. pneumoniae. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2004; 8:297-321. [PMID: 14661991 DOI: 10.1517/14728214.8.2.297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Resistance to antibiotics in community acquired respiratory infections is increasing worldwide. Resistance to the macrolides can be class-specific, as in efflux or ribosomal mutations, or, in the case of erythromycin ribosomal methylase (erm)-mediated resistance, may generate cross-resistance to other related classes. The ketolides are a new subclass of macrolides specifically designed to combat macrolide-resistant respiratory pathogens. X-ray crystallography indicates that ketolides bind to a secondary region in domain II of the 23S rRNA subunit, resulting in an improved structure-activity relationship. Telithromycin and cethromycin (formerly ABT-773) are the two most clinically advanced ketolides, exhibiting greater activity towards both typical and atypical respiratory pathogens. As a subclass of macrolides, ketolides demonstrate potent activity against most macrolide-resistant streptococci, including ermB- and macrolide efflux (mef)A-positive Streptococcus pneumoniae. Their pharmacokinetics display a long half-life as well as extensive tissue distribution and uptake into respiratory tissues and fluids, allowing for once-daily dosing. Clinical trials focusing on respiratory infections indicate bacteriological and clinical cure rates similar to comparators, even in patients infected with macrolide-resistant strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- George G Zhanel
- MS 673 Microbiology, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Health Sciences Centre, 820 Sherbrook Street, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3A 1R9, Canada.
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Cortés J, Velasco J, Foster G, Blackaby AP, Rudd BAM, Wilkinson B. Identification and cloning of a type III polyketide synthase required for diffusible pigment biosynthesis in Saccharopolyspora erythraea. Mol Microbiol 2002; 44:1213-24. [PMID: 12028378 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2958.2002.02975.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The soluble, diffusible red-brown pigment produced by a Saccharopolyspora erythraea "red variant" has been shown to contain glycosylated and polymerized derivatives of 2,5,7-trihydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (flaviolin). Flaviolin is a spontaneous oxidation product of 1,3,6,8-tetrahydroxynaphthalene (THN), which is biosynthesized in bacteria by a chalcone synthase-like (CS-like) type III polyketide synthase (PKS). A fragment of the gene responsible for THN biosynthesis in S. erythraea E_8-7 was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using degenerate primers based on conserved regions of known plant CS and bacterial CS-like genes. From the isolated fragment, a suicide vector was prepared, which was subsequently used to disrupt the red-brown pigment-producing (rpp) locus in S. erythraea, generating a mutant that displayed an albino phenotype. Chromosomal DNA from the albino mutant was subsequently used in a vector-recapture protocol to isolate a plasmid that contained an insert spanning the entire rpp locus. Sequencing of the insert revealed that the disrupted open reading frame (ORF) encodes a CS-like protein displaying 69% sequence identity to the rppA gene of Streptomyces griseus. The S. griseus rppA gene encodes RppA, the first characterized bacterial CS-like protein, which is sufficient in vitro for the synthesis of THN from malonyl-CoA. The rppA disruption mutant and rppA sequence provided a means by which to address the mechanism of diffusible pigment biosynthesis, as well as to investigate any link between this and the modulation of erythromycin A titre, which has been observed for S. erythraea variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Cortés
- Bioprocessing Group, Strategic Technologies, Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, UK
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Ma Z, Clark RF, Brazzale A, Wang S, Rupp MJ, Li L, Griesgraber G, Zhang S, Yong H, Phan LT, Nemoto PA, Chu DT, Plattner JJ, Zhang X, Zhong P, Cao Z, Nilius AM, Shortridge VD, Flamm R, Mitten M, Meulbroek J, Ewing P, Alder J, Or YS. Novel erythromycin derivatives with aryl groups tethered to the C-6 position are potent protein synthesis inhibitors and active against multidrug-resistant respiratory pathogens. J Med Chem 2001; 44:4137-56. [PMID: 11708916 DOI: 10.1021/jm0102349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A novel series of erythromycin derivatives has been discovered with potent activity against key respiratory pathogens, including those resistant to erythromycin. These compounds are characterized by having an aryl group tethered to the C-6 position of the erythronolide skeleton. Extensive structural modification of the C-6 moiety led to the discovery of several promising compounds with potent activity against both mef- and erm-mediated resistant Streptoccoccus pneumoniae. Preliminary mechanistic studies indicated that the new macrolides are potent protein synthesis inhibitors, which interact with methylated ribosomes isolated from resistant organisms. In experimental animal models, these compounds exhibited excellent in vivo efficacy and balanced pharmacokinetic profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Ma
- Infectious Disease Research, Abbott Laboratories, 200 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064-3537, USA.
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Abuga KO, Chepkwony HK, Roets E, Hoogmartens J. A stability-indicating HPLC method for the separation of clarithromycin and related substances in bulk samples. J Sep Sci 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/1615-9314(20011101)24:10/11<849::aid-jssc849>3.0.co;2-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Abstract
Macrolides are widely used as antibacterial drugs. Clinical and experimental data, however, indicate that they also modulate inflammatory responses, both contributing to the treatment of infective diseases and opening new opportunities for the therapy of other inflammatory conditions. Considerable evidence, mainly from in vitro studies, suggests that leukocytes and neutrophils in particular, are important targets for modulatory effects of macrolides on host defense responses. This underlies the use of the 14-membered macrolide erythromycin for the therapy of diffuse panbronchiolitis. A variety of other inflammatory mediators and processes are also modulated by macrolides, suggesting that the therapeutic indications for these drugs may be extended significantly in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Culić
- PLIVA d.d. Research Institute, Prilaz baruna Filipovića 25, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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