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Aebisher D, Woźnicki P, Czarnecka-Czapczyńska M, Dynarowicz K, Szliszka E, Kawczyk-Krupka A, Bartusik-Aebisher D. Molecular Determinants for Photodynamic Therapy Resistance and Improved Photosensitizer Delivery in Glioma. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8708. [PMID: 39201395 PMCID: PMC11354549 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25168708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2024] [Revised: 08/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Gliomas account for 24% of all the primary brain and Central Nervous System (CNS) tumors. These tumors are diverse in cellular origin, genetic profile, and morphology but collectively have one of the most dismal prognoses of all cancers. Work is constantly underway to discover a new effective form of glioma therapy. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) may be one of them. It involves the local or systemic application of a photosensitive compound-a photosensitizer (PS)-which accumulates in the affected tissues. Photosensitizer molecules absorb light of the appropriate wavelength, initiating the activation processes leading to the formation of reactive oxygen species and the selective destruction of inappropriate cells. Research focusing on the effective use of PDT in glioma therapy is already underway with promising results. In our work, we provide detailed insights into the molecular changes in glioma after photodynamic therapy. We describe a number of molecules that may contribute to the resistance of glioma cells to PDT, such as the adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-binding cassette efflux transporter G2, glutathione, ferrochelatase, heme oxygenase, and hypoxia-inducible factor 1. We identify molecular targets that can be used to improve the photosensitizer delivery to glioma cells, such as the epithelial growth factor receptor, neuropilin-1, low-density lipoprotein receptor, and neuropeptide Y receptors. We note that PDT can increase the expression of some molecules that reduce the effectiveness of therapy, such as Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), glutamate, and nitric oxide. However, the scientific literature lacks clear data on the effects of PDT on many of the molecules described, and the available reports are often contradictory. In our work, we highlight the gaps in this knowledge and point to directions for further research that may enhance the efficacy of PDT in the treatment of glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Aebisher
- Department of Photomedicine and Physical Chemistry, Medical College of The Rzeszów University, 35-310 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Paweł Woźnicki
- English Division Science Club, Medical College of The Rzeszów University, 35-310 Rzeszów, Poland;
| | - Magdalena Czarnecka-Czapczyńska
- Department of Internal Medicine, Angiology and Physical Medicine, Center for Laser Diagnostics and Therapy, Medical University of Silesia, Batorego 15 Street, 41-902 Bytom, Poland;
| | - Klaudia Dynarowicz
- Center for Innovative Research in Medical and Natural Sciences, Medical College of The University of Rzeszów, 35-310 Rzeszów, Poland;
| | - Ewelina Szliszka
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of Silesia, Poniatowskiego 15, 40-055 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Aleksandra Kawczyk-Krupka
- Department of Internal Medicine, Angiology and Physical Medicine, Center for Laser Diagnostics and Therapy, Medical University of Silesia, Batorego 15 Street, 41-902 Bytom, Poland;
| | - Dorota Bartusik-Aebisher
- Department of Biochemistry and General Chemistry, Medical College of The Rzeszów University, 35-310 Rzeszów, Poland;
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Chen J, Chen Z, Wang W, Wang L, Zheng J, Wu S, Pan Y, Li S, Zhao J, Cai Z. Effects of Commonly used Surfactants, Poloxamer 188 and Tween 80, on the Drug Transport Capacity of Intestinal Glucose Transporters. AAPS PharmSciTech 2024; 25:163. [PMID: 38997614 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-024-02881-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Some glycoside drugs can be transported through intestinal glucose transporters (IGTs). The surfactants used in oral drug preparations can affect the function of transporter proteins. This study aimed to investigate the effect of commonly used surfactants, Poloxamer 188 and Tween 80, on the drug transport capacity of IGTs. Previous studies have shown that gastrodin is the optimal drug substrate for IGTs. Gastrodin was used as a probe drug to evaluate the effect of these two surfactants on intestinal absorption in SD rats through pharmacokinetic and in situ single-pass intestinal perfusion. Then, the effects of the two surfactants on the expression of glucose transporters and tight-junction proteins were examined using RT-PCR and western blotting. Additionally, the effect of surfactants on intestinal permeability was evaluated through hematoxylin-eosin staining. The results found that all experimental for Poloxamer 188 (0.5%, 2.0% and 8.0%) and Tween 80 (0.1% and 2.0%) were not significantly different from those of the blank group. However, the AUC(0-∞) of gastrodin increased by approximately 32% when 0.5% Tween 80 was used. The changes in IGT expression correlated with the intestinal absorption of gastrodin. A significant increase in the expression of IGTs was observed at 0.5% Tween 80. In conclusion, Poloxamer 188 had minimal effect on the drug transport capacity of IGTs within the recommended limits of use. However, the expression of IGTs increased in response to 0.5% Tween 80, which significantly enhanced the drug transport capacity of IGTs. However, 0.1% and 2.0% Tween 80 had no significant effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiasheng Chen
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening & Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Zhenzhen Chen
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening & Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Wentao Wang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening & Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Liyang Wang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening & Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Jiaqi Zheng
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening & Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Shiqiong Wu
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening & Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Yuru Pan
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening & Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Sai Li
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening & Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
- Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510315, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening & Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| | - Zheng Cai
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening & Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
- Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510315, China.
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Chen Z, Chen J, Wang L, Wang W, Zheng J, Wu S, Sun Y, Pan Y, Li S, Liu M, Cai Z. Effects of Three Kinds of Carbohydrate Pharmaceutical Excipients-Fructose, Lactose and Arabic Gum on Intestinal Absorption of Gastrodin through Glucose Transport Pathway in Rats. Pharm Res 2024; 41:1201-1216. [PMID: 38834905 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-024-03720-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some glucoside drugs can be transported via intestinal glucose transporters (IGTs), and the presence of carbohydrate excipients in pharmaceutical formulations may influence the absorption of them. This study, using gastrodin as probe drug, aimed to explore the effects of fructose, lactose, and arabic gum on intestinal drug absorption mediated by the glucose transport pathway. METHODS The influence of fructose, lactose, and arabic gum on gastrodin absorption was assessed via pharmacokinetic experiments and single-pass intestinal perfusion. The expression of sodium-dependent glucose transporter 1 (SGLT1) and sodium-independent glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2) was quantified via RT‒qPCR and western blotting. Alterations in rat intestinal permeability were evaluated through H&E staining, RT‒qPCR, and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Fructose reduced the area under the curve (AUC) and peak concentration (Cmax) of gastrodin by 42.7% and 63.71%, respectively (P < 0.05), and decreased the effective permeability coefficient (Peff) in the duodenum and jejunum by 58.1% and 49.2%, respectively (P < 0.05). SGLT1 and GLUT2 expression and intestinal permeability remained unchanged. Lactose enhanced the AUC and Cmax of gastrodin by 31.5% and 65.8%, respectively (P < 0.05), and increased the Peff in the duodenum and jejunum by 33.7% and 26.1%, respectively (P < 0.05). SGLT1 and GLUT2 levels did not significantly differ, intestinal permeability increased. Arabic gum had no notable effect on pharmacokinetic parameters, SGLT1 or GLUT2 expression, or intestinal permeability. CONCLUSION Fructose, lactose, and arabic gum differentially affect intestinal drug absorption through the glucose transport pathway. Fructose competitively inhibited drug absorption, while lactose may enhance absorption by increasing intestinal permeability. Arabic gum had no significant influence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Chen
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening & Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Jiasheng Chen
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening & Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Liyang Wang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening & Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Wentao Wang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening & Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Jiaqi Zheng
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening & Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Shiqiong Wu
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening & Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Yinzhu Sun
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening & Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Yuru Pan
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening & Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Sai Li
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening & Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
- Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510315, China
| | - Menghua Liu
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening & Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| | - Zheng Cai
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening & Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
- Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510315, China.
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Huang B, Lin Z, Chen Z, Chen J, Shi B, Jia J, Li Y, Pan Y, Liang Y, Cai Z. Strain differences in the drug transport capacity of intestinal glucose transporters in Sprague-Dawley versus Wistar rats, C57BL/6J versus Kunming mice. Int J Pharm 2023; 640:123000. [PMID: 37254285 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Designing oral drug delivery systems using intestinal glucose transporters (IGTs) may be one of the strategies for improving oral bioavailability of drugs. However, little is known about the biological factors affecting the drug transport capacity of IGTs. Gastrodin is a sedative drug with a structure very similar to glucose. It is a highly water-soluble phenolic glucoside. It can hardly enter the intestine through simple diffusion but exhibits good oral bioavailability of over 80%. We confirmed that gastrodin is absorbed via the intestinal glucose transport pathway. It has the highest oral bioavailability among the reported glycosides' active ingredients through this pathway. Thus, gastrodin is the most selective drug substrate of IGTs and can be used to evaluate the drug transport capacity of IGTs. Obviously, strain is one of the main biological factors affecting drug absorption. This study firstly compared the drug transport capacity of IGTs between SD rats and Wistar rats and between C57 mice and KM mice by pharmacokinetic experiments and single-pass intestinal perfusion experiments of gastrodin. Then, the sodium-dependent glucose transporter type 1 (SGLT1) and sodium-independent glucose transporters type 2 (GLUT2) in the duodenum, jejunum, ileum and colon of these animals were quantified using RT-qPCR and Western blot. The results showed that the oral bioavailability of gastrodin in Wistar rats was significantly higher than in SD rats and significantly higher in KM mice than in C57 mice. Gastrodin absorption significantly differed among different intestinal segments in SD rats, C57 mice and KM mice, except Wistar rats. RT-qPCR and Western blot demonstrated that the intestinal expression distribution of SGLT1 and GLUT2 in SD rats and C57 mice was duodenum ≈ jejunum > ileum > colon. SGLT1 expression did not differ among different intestinal segments in KM mice, whereas the intestinal expression distribution of GLUT2 was duodenum ≈ jejunum ≈ ileum > colon. However, the expression of SGLT1 and GLUT2 did not differ among different intestinal segments in Wistar rats. It was reported that the intestinal expression distribution of SGLT1 and GLUT2 in humans is duodenum > jejunum > ileum > colon. Hence, the intestinal expression distribution of SGLT1 and GLUT2 of SD rats and C57 mice was more similar to that in humans. In conclusion, the drug transport capacity of IGTs differs in different strains of rats and mice. SD rats and C57 mice are more suitable for evaluating the pharmacokinetics of glycosides' active ingredients absorbed via the intestinal glucose transport pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baolin Huang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 510515 Guangzhou, China; The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, 511500 Qingyuan, China
| | - Zimin Lin
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 510515 Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenzhen Chen
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 510515 Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiasheng Chen
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 510515 Guangzhou, China
| | - Birui Shi
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 510515 Guangzhou, China; The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, 511500 Qingyuan, China
| | - Jingjing Jia
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, 511500 Qingyuan, China
| | - Yuan Li
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 510515 Guangzhou, China
| | - Yueqing Pan
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 510515 Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuntao Liang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 510515 Guangzhou, China
| | - Zheng Cai
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 510515 Guangzhou, China; Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, 510315 Guangzhou, China.
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Mady OY, Osman MA, sarhan NI, Shatla AA, Haggag YA. Bioavailability enhancement of acyclovir by honey: Analytical and histological evidence. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2023.104155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Beylerli O, Sufianova G, Shumadalova A, Zhang D, Gareev I. MicroRNAs-mediated regulation of glucose transporter (GLUT) expression in glioblastoma. Noncoding RNA Res 2022; 7:205-211. [PMID: 36157351 PMCID: PMC9467858 DOI: 10.1016/j.ncrna.2022.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Current knowledge about the role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in tumor glucose metabolism is growing, and a number of studies regularly confirm the impact miRNAs can have on glucose metabolism reprogramming in tumors. However, there remains a lack of understanding of the broader perspective on the role of miRNAs in energy reprogramming in glioblastoma. An important role in the metabolism of glucose is played by carrier proteins that ensure its transmembrane movement. Carrier proteins in mammalian cells are glucose transporters (GLUTs). In total, 12 types of GLUTs are distinguished, differing in localization, affinity for glucose and ability to regulate. The fact of increased consumption of glucose in tumors compared to non-proliferating normal tissues is known. Tumor cells need glucose to ensure their survival and growth, so the type of transport proteins like GLUT are critical for them. Previous studies have shown that GLUT-1 and GLUT-3 may play an important role in the development of some types of malignant tumors, including glioblastoma. In addition, there is evidence of how GLUT-1 and GLUT-3 expression is regulated by miRNAs in glioblastoma. Thus, the aim of this study is to highlight the role of specific miRNAs in modulating GLUT levels in order to take into account the use of miRNAs expression modulators as a useful strategy to increase the sensitivity of glioblastoma to current therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozal Beylerli
- Рeoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6 Miklukho-Maklaya Street, Moscow, 117198, Russian Federation
| | - Galina Sufianova
- Department of Pharmacology, Tyumen State Medical University, 54 Odesskaya Street, 625023, Tyumen, Russia
| | - Alina Shumadalova
- Bashkir State Medical University, Ufa, Republic of Bashkortostan, 450008, Russia
| | - Daming Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Ilgiz Gareev
- Рeoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6 Miklukho-Maklaya Street, Moscow, 117198, Russian Federation
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Zhang SQ, Chen F. Absorption, Disposition and Pharmacokinetic Properties of Novel Therapeutic Modalities (Part II). Curr Drug Metab 2021; 22:3-4. [PMID: 33769235 DOI: 10.2174/138920022201210302091521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuang-Qing Zhang
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 29 Nanwei Rd, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 72 Guangzhou Rd, Gulou District, Nanjing 210008, China
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Zhang SQ, Chen F. Absorption, Disposition and Pharmacokinetic Properties of Novel Therapeutic Modalities. Curr Drug Metab 2021; 21:912. [PMID: 33413057 DOI: 10.2174/138920022112201207105752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuang-Qing Zhang
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 29 Nanwei Rd, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 72 Guangzhou Rd, Gulou District, Nanjing 210008, China
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