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Praharaj M, Shen F, Lee AJ, Zhao L, Nirschl TR, Theodros D, Singh AK, Wang X, Adusei KM, Lombardo KA, Williams RA, Sena LA, Thompson EA, Tam A, Yegnasubramanian S, Pearce EJ, Leone RD, Alt J, Rais R, Slusher BS, Pardoll DM, Powell JD, Zarif JC. Metabolic Reprogramming of Tumor-Associated Macrophages Using Glutamine Antagonist JHU083 Drives Tumor Immunity in Myeloid-Rich Prostate and Bladder Cancers. Cancer Immunol Res 2024; 12:854-875. [PMID: 38701369 PMCID: PMC11217738 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-23-1105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Glutamine metabolism in tumor microenvironments critically regulates antitumor immunity. Using the glutamine-antagonist prodrug JHU083, we report potent tumor growth inhibition in urologic tumors by JHU083-reprogrammed tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and tumor-infiltrating monocytes. We show JHU083-mediated glutamine antagonism in tumor microenvironments induced by TNF, proinflammatory, and mTORC1 signaling in intratumoral TAM clusters. JHU083-reprogrammed TAMs also exhibited increased tumor cell phagocytosis and diminished proangiogenic capacities. In vivo inhibition of TAM glutamine consumption resulted in increased glycolysis, a broken tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and purine metabolism disruption. Although the antitumor effect of glutamine antagonism on tumor-infiltrating T cells was moderate, JHU083 promoted a stem cell-like phenotype in CD8+ T cells and decreased the abundance of regulatory T cells. Finally, JHU083 caused a global shutdown in glutamine-utilizing metabolic pathways in tumor cells, leading to reduced HIF-1α, c-MYC phosphorylation, and induction of tumor cell apoptosis, all key antitumor features. Altogether, our findings demonstrate that targeting glutamine with JHU083 led to suppressed tumor growth as well as reprogramming of immunosuppressive TAMs within prostate and bladder tumors that promoted antitumor immune responses. JHU083 can offer an effective therapeutic benefit for tumor types that are enriched in immunosuppressive TAMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monali Praharaj
- Pathobiology Graduate Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
- Bloomberg∼Kimmel Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
| | - Fan Shen
- Bloomberg∼Kimmel Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
| | - Alex J. Lee
- Bloomberg∼Kimmel Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
- Graduate Program in Immunology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
| | - Liang Zhao
- Bloomberg∼Kimmel Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
| | - Thomas R. Nirschl
- Pathobiology Graduate Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
- Bloomberg∼Kimmel Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
| | - Debebe Theodros
- Bloomberg∼Kimmel Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
- Graduate Program in Immunology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
| | - Alok K. Singh
- Department of Medicine, Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.
| | - Xiaoxu Wang
- Bloomberg∼Kimmel Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
- Graduate Program in Immunology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
| | - Kenneth M. Adusei
- Bloomberg∼Kimmel Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
| | - Kara A. Lombardo
- Bloomberg∼Kimmel Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
| | - Raekwon A. Williams
- Bloomberg∼Kimmel Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
| | - Laura A. Sena
- Bloomberg∼Kimmel Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
| | - Elizabeth A. Thompson
- Bloomberg∼Kimmel Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
| | - Ada Tam
- Bloomberg∼Kimmel Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
| | - Srinivasan Yegnasubramanian
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
| | - Edward J. Pearce
- Bloomberg∼Kimmel Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
| | - Robert D. Leone
- Bloomberg∼Kimmel Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
| | - Jesse Alt
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
| | - Rana Rais
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
| | - Barbara S. Slusher
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
| | - Drew M. Pardoll
- Bloomberg∼Kimmel Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
| | - Jonathan D. Powell
- Bloomberg∼Kimmel Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
| | - Jelani C. Zarif
- Bloomberg∼Kimmel Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
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2
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Lemberg KM, Ali ES, Krecmerova M, Aguilar JMH, Alt J, Peters DE, Zhao L, Wu Y, Nuha N, Asara JM, Staedtke V, Pratilas CA, Majer P, Rais R, Ben-Sahra I, Slusher BS. Pro-905, a Novel Purine Antimetabolite, Combines with Glutamine Amidotransferase Inhibition to Suppress Growth of Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor. Mol Cancer Ther 2023; 22:1390-1403. [PMID: 37616542 PMCID: PMC10690047 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-23-0258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNST) are highly aggressive soft-tissue sarcomas that arise from neural tissues and carry a poor prognosis. Previously, we found that the glutamine amidotransferase inhibitor JHU395 partially impeded tumor growth in preclinical models of MPNST. JHU395 inhibits de novo purine synthesis in human MPNST cells and murine tumors with partial decreases in purine monophosphates. On the basis of prior studies showing enhanced efficacy when glutamine amidotransferase inhibition was combined with the antimetabolite 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP), we hypothesized that such a combination would be efficacious in MPNST. Given the known toxicity associated with 6-MP, we set out to develop a more efficient and well-tolerated drug that targets the purine salvage pathway. Here, we report the discovery of Pro-905, a phosphoramidate protide that delivered the active nucleotide antimetabolite thioguanosine monophosphate (TGMP) to tumors over 2.5 times better than equimolar 6-MP. Pro-905 effectively prevented the incorporation of purine salvage substrates into nucleic acids and inhibited colony formation of human MPNST cells in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, Pro-905 inhibited MPNST growth and was well-tolerated in both human patient-derived xenograft (PDX) and murine flank MPNST models. When combined with JHU395, Pro-905 enhanced the colony formation inhibitory potency of JHU395 in human MPNST cells and augmented the antitumor efficacy of JHU395 in mice. In summary, the dual inhibition of the de novo and purine salvage pathways in preclinical models may safely be used to enhance therapeutic efficacy against MPNST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn M. Lemberg
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Eunus S. Ali
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Marcela Krecmerova
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Jesse Alt
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Diane E. Peters
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Liang Zhao
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ying Wu
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Naziba Nuha
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - John M. Asara
- Division of Signal Transduction, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Verena Staedtke
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Christine A. Pratilas
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Pavel Majer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Rana Rais
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Issam Ben-Sahra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Barbara S. Slusher
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
- Departments of Medicine, Neuroscience, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
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3
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Novotná K, Tenora L, Prchalová E, Paule J, Alt J, Veeravalli V, Lam J, Wu Y, Šnajdr I, Gori S, Mettu VS, Tsukamoto T, Majer P, Slusher BS, Rais R. Discovery of tert-Butyl Ester Based 6-Diazo-5-oxo-l-norleucine Prodrugs for Enhanced Metabolic Stability and Tumor Delivery. J Med Chem 2023; 66:15493-15510. [PMID: 37949450 PMCID: PMC10683027 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
The glutamine antagonist 6-diazo-5-oxo-l-norleucine (DON) exhibits remarkable anticancer efficacy; however, its therapeutic potential is hindered by its toxicity to gastrointestinal (GI) tissues. We recently reported the discovery of DRP-104, a tumor-targeted DON prodrug with excellent efficacy and tolerability, which is currently in clinical trials. However, DRP-104 exhibits limited aqueous solubility, and the instability of its isopropyl ester promoiety leads to the formation of an inactive M1-metabolite, reducing overall systemic prodrug exposure. Herein, we aimed to synthesize DON prodrugs with various ester and amide promoieties with improved solubility, GI stability, and DON tumor delivery. Twenty-one prodrugs were synthesized and characterized in stability and pharmacokinetics studies. Of these, P11, tert-butyl-(S)-6-diazo-2-((S)-2-(2-(dimethylamino)acetamido)-3-phenylpropanamido)-5-oxo-hexanoate, showed excellent metabolic stability in plasma and intestinal homogenate, high aqueous solubility, and high tumor DON exposures and preserved the ideal tumor-targeting profile of DRP-104. In conclusion, we report a new generation of glutamine antagonist prodrugs with improved physicochemical and pharmacokinetic attributes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateřina Novotná
- Johns
Hopkins Drug Discovery, Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Pharmacology and
Molecular Sciences, Neuroscience, Medicine, and Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry v.v.i., Academy of Sciences
of the Czech Republic, Prague 160 00, Czech Republic
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague 128 00, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Tenora
- Johns
Hopkins Drug Discovery, Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Pharmacology and
Molecular Sciences, Neuroscience, Medicine, and Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry v.v.i., Academy of Sciences
of the Czech Republic, Prague 160 00, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Prchalová
- Johns
Hopkins Drug Discovery, Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Pharmacology and
Molecular Sciences, Neuroscience, Medicine, and Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry v.v.i., Academy of Sciences
of the Czech Republic, Prague 160 00, Czech Republic
| | - James Paule
- Johns
Hopkins Drug Discovery, Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Pharmacology and
Molecular Sciences, Neuroscience, Medicine, and Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Jesse Alt
- Johns
Hopkins Drug Discovery, Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Pharmacology and
Molecular Sciences, Neuroscience, Medicine, and Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Vijay Veeravalli
- Johns
Hopkins Drug Discovery, Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Pharmacology and
Molecular Sciences, Neuroscience, Medicine, and Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Jenny Lam
- Johns
Hopkins Drug Discovery, Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Pharmacology and
Molecular Sciences, Neuroscience, Medicine, and Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Ying Wu
- Johns
Hopkins Drug Discovery, Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Pharmacology and
Molecular Sciences, Neuroscience, Medicine, and Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Ivan Šnajdr
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry v.v.i., Academy of Sciences
of the Czech Republic, Prague 160 00, Czech Republic
| | - Sadakatali Gori
- Johns
Hopkins Drug Discovery, Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Pharmacology and
Molecular Sciences, Neuroscience, Medicine, and Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Vijaya Saradhi Mettu
- Johns
Hopkins Drug Discovery, Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Pharmacology and
Molecular Sciences, Neuroscience, Medicine, and Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Takashi Tsukamoto
- Johns
Hopkins Drug Discovery, Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Pharmacology and
Molecular Sciences, Neuroscience, Medicine, and Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Pavel Majer
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry v.v.i., Academy of Sciences
of the Czech Republic, Prague 160 00, Czech Republic
| | - Barbara S. Slusher
- Johns
Hopkins Drug Discovery, Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Pharmacology and
Molecular Sciences, Neuroscience, Medicine, and Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Rana Rais
- Johns
Hopkins Drug Discovery, Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Pharmacology and
Molecular Sciences, Neuroscience, Medicine, and Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
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4
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Rais R, Lemberg KM, Tenora L, Arwood ML, Pal A, Alt J, Wu Y, Lam J, Aguilar JMH, Zhao L, Peters DE, Tallon C, Pandey R, Thomas AG, Dash RP, Seiwert T, Majer P, Leone RD, Powell JD, Slusher BS. Discovery of DRP-104, a tumor-targeted metabolic inhibitor prodrug. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabq5925. [PMID: 36383674 PMCID: PMC9668306 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abq5925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
6-Diazo-5-oxo-l-norleucine (DON) is a glutamine antagonist that suppresses cancer cell metabolism but concurrently enhances the metabolic fitness of tumor CD8+ T cells. DON showed promising efficacy in clinical trials; however, its development was halted by dose-limiting gastrointestinal (GI) toxicities. Given its clinical potential, we designed DON peptide prodrugs and found DRP-104 [isopropyl(S)-2-((S)-2-acetamido-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)-propanamido)-6-diazo-5-oxo-hexanoate] that was preferentially bioactivated to DON in tumor while bioinactivated to an inert metabolite in GI tissues. In drug distribution studies, DRP-104 delivered a prodigious 11-fold greater exposure of DON to tumor versus GI tissues. DRP-104 affected multiple metabolic pathways in tumor, including decreased glutamine flux into the TCA cycle. In efficacy studies, both DRP-104 and DON caused complete tumor regression; however, DRP-104 had a markedly improved tolerability profile. DRP-104's effect was CD8+ T cell dependent and resulted in robust immunologic memory. DRP-104 represents a first-in-class prodrug with differential metabolism in target versus toxicity tissue. DRP-104 is now in clinical trials under the FDA Fast Track designation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Rais
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Kathryn M. Lemberg
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Lukáš Tenora
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic v.v.i., Prague 16000, Czech Republic
| | - Matthew L. Arwood
- The Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Arindom Pal
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Jesse Alt
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Ying Wu
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Jenny Lam
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | | | - Liang Zhao
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- The Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Diane E. Peters
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Carolyn Tallon
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Rajeev Pandey
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Ajit G. Thomas
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Ranjeet P. Dash
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Tanguy Seiwert
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Pavel Majer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic v.v.i., Prague 16000, Czech Republic
| | - Robert D. Leone
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- The Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Jonathan D. Powell
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- The Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Barbara S. Slusher
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- The Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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