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Liu Q, Wang J, Gu Z, Ouyang T, Gao H, Kan H, Yang Y. Comprehensive Exploration of the Neuroprotective Mechanisms of Ginkgo biloba Leaves in Treating Neurological Disorders. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2024; 52:1053-1086. [PMID: 38904550 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x24500435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Neurological disorders (NDs) are diseases that seriously affect the health of individuals worldwide, potentially leading to a significant reduction in the quality of life for patients and their families. Herbal medicines have been widely used in the treatment of NDs due to their multi-target and multi-pathway features. Ginkgo biloba leaves (GBLs), one of the most popular herbal medicines in the world, have been demonstrated to present therapeutic effects on NDs. However, the pharmacological mechanisms of GBLs in the treatment of neurological disorders have not been systematically summarized. This study aimed to summarize the molecular mechanism of GBLs in treating NDs from the cell models, animal models, and clinical trials of studies. Four databases, i.e., PubMed, Google Scholar, CNKI, and Web of Science were searched using the following keywords: "Ginkgo biloba", "Ginkgo biloba extract", "Ginkgo biloba leaves", "Ginkgo biloba leaves extract", "Neurological disorders", "Neurological diseases", and "Neurodegenerative diseases". All items meeting the inclusion criteria on the treatment of NDs with GBLs were extracted and summarized. Additionally, PRISMA 2020 was performed to independently evaluate the screening methods. Out of 1385 records in the database, 52 were screened in relation to the function of GBLs in the treatment of NDs; of these 52 records, 39 were preclinical trials and 13 were clinical studies. Analysis of pharmacological studies revealed that GBLs can improve memory, cognition, behavior, and psychopathology of NDs and that the most frequently associated GBLs are depression, followed by Alzheimer's disease, stroke, Huntington's disease, and Parkinson's disease. Additionally, the clinical studies of depression, AD, and stroke are the most common, and most of the remaining ND data are available from in vitro or in vivo animal studies. Moreover, the possible mechanisms of GBLs in treating NDs are mainly through free radical scavenging, anti-oxidant activity, anti-inflammatory response, mitochondrial protection, neurotransmitter regulation, and antagonism of PAF. This is the first paper to systematically and comprehensively investigate the pharmacological effects and neuroprotective mechanisms of GBLs in the treatment of NDs thus far. All findings contribute to a better understanding of the efficacy and complexity of GBLs in treating NDs, which is of great significance for the further clinical application of this herbal medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiwei Liu
- School of Medical Informatics Engineering, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine Hefei, Anhui 230012, P. R. China
| | - Jinghui Wang
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine Hefei, Anhui 230012, P. R. China
| | - Zongyun Gu
- School of Medical Informatics Engineering, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine Hefei, Anhui 230012, P. R. China
| | - Ting Ouyang
- School of Medical Informatics Engineering, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine Hefei, Anhui 230012, P. R. China
| | - Honglei Gao
- School of Medical Informatics Engineering, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine Hefei, Anhui 230012, P. R. China
| | - Hongxing Kan
- School of Medical Informatics Engineering, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine Hefei, Anhui 230012, P. R. China
- Anhui Computer Application Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Yinfeng Yang
- School of Medical Informatics Engineering, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine Hefei, Anhui 230012, P. R. China
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Lutfy RH, Salam SA, Mohammed HS, Shakweer MM, Essawy AE. Photomodulatory effects in the hypothalamus of sleep-deprived young and aged rats. Behav Brain Res 2024; 458:114731. [PMID: 37898350 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
Insufficient sleep is associated with impaired hypothalamic activity and declined attentional performance. In this study, alterations in the hypothalamus of REM sleep-deprived (SD) young and aged rats, and the modulatory effect of near-infrared (NIR) laser were investigated. Forty-eight male Wistar rats (24 young at 2 months and 24 senile at 14 months) were divided into three groups: the control, the SD group subjected to 72 hr of sleep deprivation, and the transcranial-NIR laser-treated (TLT) group subjected to SD for 72 hr and irradiated with 830 nm laser. The hypothalamic levels of oxidative stress, inflammatory biomarkers, antioxidant enzymes, mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase (CCO), apoptotic markers (BAX, BCL-2), and neuronal survival-associated genes (BDNF, GLP-1) were evaluated. Furthermore, the hypothalamic tissue alterations were analyzed via histological examination. The results revealed that TLT treatment has enhanced the antioxidant status, prevented oxidative insults, suppressed neuroinflammation, regulated CCO activity, reduced apoptotic markers, and tuned the survival genes (BDNF & GLP-1) in hypothalamic tissue of SD young and aged rats. Microscopically, TLT treatment has ameliorated the SD-induced alterations and restored the normal histological features of hypothalamus tissue. Moreover, the obtained data showed that SD and NIR laser therapy are age-dependent. Altogether, our findings emphasize the age-dependent adverse effects of SD on the hypothalamus and suggest the use of low-laser NIR radiation as a potential non-invasive and therapeutic approach against SD-induced adverse effects in young and aged animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radwa H Lutfy
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Egypt; School of Biotechnology, Badr University in Cairo, Badr City, Cairo 11829, Egypt
| | | | - Haitham S Mohammed
- Biophysics Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Marwa M Shakweer
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amina E Essawy
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Egypt
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Essawy A, Matar S, Mohamed N, Abdel-Wahab W, Abdou H. Ginkgo biloba extract protects against tartrazine-induced testicular toxicity in rats: involvement of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic mechanisms. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:15065-15077. [PMID: 38286926 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32047-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
The use of additives, especially colorants, in food and pharmaceutical industry is increasing dramatically. Currently, additives are classified as contaminants of emerging concern (CECs). Concerns have been raised about the potential hazards of food additives to reproductive organs and fertility. The present study investigates the reproductive toxicity of tartrazine (TRZ), a synthetic colorant, in male rats and aims to explore the curative effect of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb) against TRZ-induced testicular toxicity. Twenty-four rats were divided into four groups: the control (0.5 ml distilled water), the EGb group (100 mg/kg EGb alone), the TRZ group (7.5 mg/kg TRZ alone), and the TRZ-EGb group (7.5 mg/kg TRZ plus 100 mg/kg EGb). The doses were administered orally in distilled water once daily for 28 days. Toxicity studies of TRZ investigated testicular redox state, serum gonadotropins, and testosterone levels, testicular 17 ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity, sperm count and quality, levels of inflammatory cytokines, and caspase-3 expression as an apoptotic marker. Also, histopathological alterations of the testes were examined. TRZ significantly affected the testicular redox status as indicated by the increase in malondialdehyde and the decrease in reduced glutathione, superoxide dismutase, and catalase. It also disrupted serum gonadotropins (follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone) and testosterone levels and the activity of testicular 17ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Additionally, TRZ adversely affected sperm count, motility, viability, and abnormality. Levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, and expression of caspase-3 were increased in the testes. Histopathological examination of the testes supported the alterations mentioned above. Administration of EGb significantly ameliorated TRZ-induced testicular toxicity in rats. In conclusion, EGb protected against TRZ-induced testicular toxicity through antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina Essawy
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Shreen Matar
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Nema Mohamed
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Wessam Abdel-Wahab
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Heba Abdou
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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Martins A, Conte M, Goettert MI, Contini V. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and inflammation: natural product-derived treatments-a review of the last ten years. Inflammopharmacology 2023; 31:2939-2954. [PMID: 37740887 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-023-01339-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a psychiatric disorder characterized by symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. Stimulant medication is the main pharmacological treatment for ADHD. However, the traditional pharmacological treatments may have significant side effects; therefore, non-pharmacological approaches are needed. Thus, there has been growing interest in alternative herbal treatments. The aim of this review was to comprehensively assess the current evidence for plant-based treatment of ADHD in human and animal models, as well as their ability to modulate the inflammatory process. METHODS This study was an integrative review of the current evidence for the plant-based treatment of ADHD. The research involved using literature available on PubMed and Scopus databases. FINDINGS Spontaneously hypersensitive rats treated with baicalin exhibited significant reductions in locomotion, increased spatial learning skills, and increased levels of dopamine in the striatum. Supplementation with Sansonite improved memory and attention capacity. In human studies, Ginkgo biloba significantly improved the symptoms of inattention and reduced memory impairment. In studies conducted using Korean Red ginseng, Klamath, and Crocus sativus L., the patients showed significant improvements in symptoms of inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the identified plants modulate the inflammatory process through pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, nitric oxide, Th cells, Toll-like receptor 4, and mitogen-activated protein kinases. CONCLUSION All the studies included in this review focused on plants with demonstrated potential against inflammatory processes, positioning them as promising candidates for ADHD treatment, due to their potential to attenuate or even prevent neuroinflammatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Martins
- Graduate Program in Biotechnology, Universidade of Vale do Taquari - Univates, Rua Avelino Talini, 171 - Bairro Universitário, Lajeado, RS, 95914-014, Brazil
| | - Magali Conte
- Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Universidade do Vale do Taquari - Univates, Lajeado, RS, Brazil
| | - Márcia Inês Goettert
- Graduate Program in Biotechnology, Universidade of Vale do Taquari - Univates, Rua Avelino Talini, 171 - Bairro Universitário, Lajeado, RS, 95914-014, Brazil
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tubingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Verônica Contini
- Graduate Program in Biotechnology, Universidade of Vale do Taquari - Univates, Rua Avelino Talini, 171 - Bairro Universitário, Lajeado, RS, 95914-014, Brazil.
- Graduate Program in Medical Science, Universidade of Vale do Taquari - Univates, Lajeado, RS, Brazil.
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Shah A, Mir PA, Adnan M, Patel M, Maqbool M, Mir RH, Masoodi MH. Synthetic and Natural Bioactive Molecules in Balancing the Crosstalk among Common Signaling Pathways in Alzheimer's Disease: Understanding the Neurotoxic Mechanisms for Therapeutic Intervention. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:39964-39983. [PMID: 37929080 PMCID: PMC10620788 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c05662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
The structure and function of the brain greatly rely on different signaling pathways. The wide variety of biological processes, including neurogenesis, axonal remodeling, the development and maintenance of pre- and postsynaptic terminals, and excitatory synaptic transmission, depends on combined actions of these molecular pathways. From that point of view, it is important to investigate signaling pathways and their crosstalk in order to better understand the formation of toxic proteins during neurodegeneration. With recent discoveries, it is established that the modulation of several pathological events in Alzheimer's disease (AD) due to the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), Wnt signaling, 5'-adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase (AMPK), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1α (PGC-1α), and sirtuin 1 (Sirt1, silent mating-type information regulator 2 homologue 1) are central to the key findings. These include decreased amyloid formation and inflammation, mitochondrial dynamics control, and enhanced neural stability. This review intends to emphasize the importance of these signaling pathways, which collectively determine the fate of neurons in AD in several ways. This review will also focus on the role of novel synthetic and natural bioactive molecules in balancing the intricate crosstalk among different pathways in order to prolong the longevity of AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul
Jalil Shah
- Pharmaceutical
Chemistry Division, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar 190006, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Prince Ahad Mir
- Khalsa
College of Pharmacy, G.T. Road, Amritsar 143002, Punjab, India
| | - Mohd Adnan
- Department
of Biology, College of Science, University
of Ha’il, Ha’il 81451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mitesh Patel
- Research
and Development Cell, Department of Biotechnology, Parul Institute
of Applied Sciences, Parul University, Vadodara 391760, India
| | - Mudasir Maqbool
- Pharmacy
Practice Division, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar 190006, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Reyaz Hassan Mir
- Pharmaceutical
Chemistry Division, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar 190006, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Mubashir Hussain Masoodi
- Pharmaceutical
Chemistry Division, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar 190006, Jammu and Kashmir, India
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Guo J, Wang Y, Li J, Zhang J, Wu Y, Wang G. Overview and Recent Progress on the Biosynthesis and Regulation of Flavonoids in Ginkgo biloba L. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14604. [PMID: 37834050 PMCID: PMC10572177 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids and their derivatives play important roles in plants, such as exerting protective activity against biotic and abiotic stresses, functioning in visual signaling to attract pollinators, and regulating phytohormone activity. They are also important secondary metabolites that are beneficial to humans. Ginkgo biloba L. is a well-known relict plant considered to be a "living fossil". Flavonoids present in ginkgo leaves have antioxidant and anti-aging capacities and show good therapeutic effects on a variety of neurological diseases. To date, studies on flavonoids have mainly focused on their extraction, pharmacological effects, and component analysis and on the expression levels of the key genes involved. However, a systematic review summarizing the biosynthesis and regulatory mechanisms of ginkgo flavonoids is still lacking. Thus, this review was conducted to comprehensively introduce the biological characteristics, value, and utilization status of ginkgo; summarize the effects, biosynthetic pathways, and transcriptional regulation of flavonoids; and finally, discuss the factors (ecological factors, hormones, etc.) that regulate the biosynthesis of flavonoids in ginkgo. This review will provide a reference basis for future research on the biosynthesis and efficient utilization of flavonoids in ginkgo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, China; (J.G.); (Y.W.); (J.L.); (J.Z.)
| | - Yeqiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, China; (J.G.); (Y.W.); (J.L.); (J.Z.)
| | - Jiaqi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, China; (J.G.); (Y.W.); (J.L.); (J.Z.)
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, China; (J.G.); (Y.W.); (J.L.); (J.Z.)
| | - Yaqiong Wu
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Qian Hu Hou Cun No. 1, Nanjing 210014, China;
| | - Guibin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, China; (J.G.); (Y.W.); (J.L.); (J.Z.)
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Amina E. Essawy, Matta CA, Nabil B, Elkader HTAEA, Alhasani RH, Soffar AA. Neuroprotective Effect of Curcumin on the Rat Model of Parkinson’s Disease Induced by Rotenone via Modulating Tyrosine Hydroxylase and Dopa Decarboxylase Expression Levels. NEUROCHEM J+ 2023; 17:457-466. [DOI: 10.1134/s1819712423030091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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Zeng W, Takashima K, Tang Q, Zou X, Ojiro R, Ozawa S, Jin M, Ando Y, Yoshida T, Shibutani M. Natural antioxidant formula ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced impairment of hippocampal neurogenesis and contextual fear memory through suppression of neuroinflammation in rats. J Chem Neuroanat 2023; 131:102285. [PMID: 37150363 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2023.102285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the ameliorating effects of a natural antioxidant formula (NAF) consisting of Ginkgo biloba leaf extract, docosahexaenoic acid/eicosapentaenoic acid, ferulic acid, flaxseed oil, vitamin E, and vitamin B12 on a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cognitive dysfunction model in rats. Six-week-old rats received a diet containing 0.5% (w/w) NAF for 38 days from Day 1, and LPS (1 mg/kg body weight) was administered intraperitoneally once daily on Days 8 and 10. On Day 11, LPS alone increased interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex and the numbers of M1-type microglia/macrophages and GFAP+ reactive astrocytes in the hilus of the hippocampal dentate gyrus. NAF treatment decreased brain proinflammatory cytokine levels and increased the number of M2-type microglia/macrophages. During Days 34-38, LPS alone impaired fear memory acquisition and the extinction learning process, and NAF facilitated fear extinction learning. On Day 38, LPS alone decreased the number of type-3 neural progenitor cells in the hippocampal neurogenic niche, and NAF restored the number of type-3 neural progenitor cells and increased the numbers of both immature granule cells in the neurogenic niche and reelin+ hilar interneurons. Thus, NAF exhibited anti-inflammatory effects and ameliorated LPS-induced adverse effects on hippocampal neurogenesis and fear memory learning, possibly through amplification of reelin signaling by hilar interneurons. These results suggest that neuroinflammation is a key factor in the development of LPS-induced impairment of fear memory learning, and supplementation with NAF in the present study helped to prevent hippocampal neurogenesis and disruptive neurobehaviors caused by neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zeng
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Kazumi Takashima
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan; Cooperative Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Qian Tang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan; Cooperative Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Xinyu Zou
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan; Cooperative Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Ryota Ojiro
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan; Cooperative Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Ozawa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan; Cooperative Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Meilan Jin
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, BeiBei District, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Yujiro Ando
- Withpety Co., Ltd., 1-9-3 Shin-ishikawa, Aoba-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 225-0003, Japan
| | - Toshinori Yoshida
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan; Cooperative Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Makoto Shibutani
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan; Cooperative Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan; Institute of Global Innovation Research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.
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Du X, Lou N, Hu S, Xiao R, Chu C, Huang Q, Lu L, Li S, Yang J. Anti-Aging of the Nervous System and Related Neurodegenerative Diseases With Chinese Herbal Medicine. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 2023; 38:15333175231205445. [PMID: 37818604 PMCID: PMC10624054 DOI: 10.1177/15333175231205445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
Human beings have always pursued a prolonged lifespan, while the aging of the nervous system is associated with a large variety of diseases. Pathological aging of the nervous system results in a series of neurodegenerative diseases and can cause disability and death in the elderly. Therefore, there is an urgent need for the prevention and treatment of nervous system aging. Chinese herbal medicines have a long history, featuring rich and safe ingredients, and have great potential for the development of anti-aging treatment. We searched the publications on PubMed with key words "anti-aging of the nervous system" and "Chinese herbal medicine" in recent 10 years, and found sixteen Chinese herbal medicines. Then by comparing their popularity of use as well as active components based on the research articles, five common Chinese herbal medicines namely Ginseng Radix, Lycii Fructus, Astragali Radix, Coptidis Rhizoma and Ginkgo Folium, were confirmed to be the most related to anti-nervous system aging and neural degenerative diseases. At the same time, the active ingredients, research models, action mechanisms and curative effects of these five common Chinese herbal medicines were reviewed. From the five common Chinese herbal medicines reviewed in this paper, many encouraging effects of Chinese herbal medicines on treating nervous system aging and related diseases were revealed and more potent herbs would be explored with the help of the proposed possible mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Du
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Basic Medicine, School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Novel Targets and Drug Study for Neural Repair of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Nanbin Lou
- Department of Basic Medicine, School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Novel Targets and Drug Study for Neural Repair of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sinan Hu
- Department of Basic Medicine, School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Novel Targets and Drug Study for Neural Repair of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ruopeng Xiao
- Department of Basic Medicine, School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Novel Targets and Drug Study for Neural Repair of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chu Chu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiankai Huang
- Department of Basic Medicine, School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Novel Targets and Drug Study for Neural Repair of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lin Lu
- Department of Basic Medicine, School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Novel Targets and Drug Study for Neural Repair of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shanshan Li
- Department of Basic Medicine, School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Novel Targets and Drug Study for Neural Repair of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Basic Medicine, School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Novel Targets and Drug Study for Neural Repair of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, China
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10
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Yan YC, Xu ZH, Wang J, Yu WB. Uncovering the pharmacology of Ginkgo biloba folium in the cell-type-specific targets of Parkinson's disease. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1007556. [PMID: 36249800 PMCID: PMC9556873 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1007556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease with a fast-growing prevalence. Developing disease-modifying therapies for PD remains an enormous challenge. Current drug treatment will lose efficacy and bring about severe side effects as the disease progresses. Extracts from Ginkgo biloba folium (GBE) have been shown neuroprotective in PD models. However, the complex GBE extracts intertwingled with complicated PD targets hinder further drug development. In this study, we have pioneered using single-nuclei RNA sequencing data in network pharmacology analysis. Furthermore, high-throughput screening for potent drug-target interaction (DTI) was conducted with a deep learning algorithm, DeepPurpose. The strongest DTIs between ginkgolides and MAPK14 were further validated by molecular docking. This work should help advance the network pharmacology analysis procedure to tackle the limitation of conventional research. Meanwhile, these results should contribute to a better understanding of the complicated mechanisms of GBE in treating PD and lay the theoretical ground for future drug development in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jian Wang
- *Correspondence: Jian Wang, ; Wen-Bo Yu,
| | - Wen-Bo Yu
- *Correspondence: Jian Wang, ; Wen-Bo Yu,
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Essawy AE, El-Sayed SA, Tousson E, Abd El-Gawad HS, Alhasani RH, Abd Elkader HTAE. Anti-kindling effect of Ginkgo biloba leaf extract and L-carnitine in the pentylenetetrazol model of epilepsy. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:48573-48587. [PMID: 35194715 PMCID: PMC9252962 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19251-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Epilepsy is one of the most common serious brain disorders, affecting about 1% of the population all over the world. Ginkgo biloba extract (GbE) and L-carnitine (LC) reportedly possess the antioxidative activity and neuroprotective potential. In this report, we investigated the possible protective and therapeutic effects of GbE and LC against pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-induced epileptic seizures in rat hippocampus and hypothalamus. Adult male albino rats were equally divided into eight groups: control, GbE (100 mg/kg), LC (300 mg/kg), PTZ (40 mg/kg), protective groups (GbE + PTZ and LC + PTZ), and therapeutic groups (PTZ + GbE and PTZ + LC). The oxidative stress, antioxidant, and neurochemical parameters, viz., malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), acetylcholine esterase (AchE), dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE), and serotonin (5-HT), in the hippocampal and hypothalamic regions have been evaluated. PTZ injection leads to an increase in the seizure score, the levels of MDA and NO, and to a decrease in the activity of GSH, SOD, CAT, and GPx. Besides, monoamine neurotransmitters, DA, NE, and 5-HT, were depleted in PTZ-kindled rats. Furthermore, PTZ administration caused a significant elevation in the activity of AchE. Hippocampal and hypothalamic sections from PTZ-treated animals were characterized by severe histopathological alterations and, intensely, increased the ezrin immunolabeled astrocytes. Pre- and post-treatment of PTZ rats with GbE and LC suppressed the kindling acquisition process and remarkably alleviated all the aforementioned PTZ-induced effects. GbE and LC have potent protective and therapeutic effects against PTZ-induced kindling seizures via the amelioration of oxidative/antioxidative imbalance, neuromodulatory, and antiepileptic actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina E Essawy
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Soad Ahmed El-Sayed
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ehab Tousson
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
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Wang K, Chen Y, Zhu X, Zou W, Zhou F. Ginkgo biloba Extract Attenuates Light-Induced Photoreceptor Degeneration by Modulating CAV-1—Redoxosome Signaling. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11071268. [PMID: 35883759 PMCID: PMC9311990 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11071268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The clinical potential of Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) in the prevention and/or treatment of retinal degenerative diseases has been widely explored; however, the underlying molecular mechanism is poorly understood. Photoreceptor degeneration is the hallmark of retinal degenerative diseases and leads to vision impairment or loss. In this study, the effect of GBE against white light (WL) illumination-induced photoreceptor degeneration was investigated, as well as its underlying mechanism. To evaluate the in vitro activity of GBE, analysis of cell viability, cell apoptosis, oxidative stress, NOX (NADH oxidase) activity and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), as well as Western blotting and transcriptome sequencing and analysis, were conducted. To evaluate the in vivo activity of GBE, HE staining, electroretinography (ERG), Terminal-deoxynucleoitidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay and immunofluorescence analysis were conducted. Our study showed that GBE treatment significantly attenuated WL illumination-induced oxidative damage in photoreceptor 661W cells—a finding that was also verified in C57BL/6J mice. Further molecular study revealed that WL illumination downregulated caveolin-1 (CAV-1) expression, interrupted CAV-1-NOX2 interaction, re-located NOX2 from the cell membrane to the cytoplasm and induced the formation of redoxosomes, which led to cell death. However, these cytotoxic events were significantly alleviated by GBE treatment. Interestingly, CAV-1 overexpression showed a consistent protective effect with GBE, while CAV-1 silencing impacted the protective effect of GBE against WL illumination-induced oxidative damage in in vitro and in vivo models. Thus, GBE was identified to prevent photoreceptor cell death due to CAV-1-dependent redoxosome activation, oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction resulting from WL illumination. Overall, our study reveals the protective effect of GBE on photoreceptors against WL illumination-induced oxidative damage in in vitro and in vivo models, which effect is mediated through the modulation of CAV-1-redoxosome signaling. Our findings contribute to better understanding the therapeutic effect of GBE in preventing photoreceptor degeneration in retinal degenerative diseases, and GBE may become a novel therapeutic agent that is effective in reducing the morbidity of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi 214063, China; (Y.C.); (X.Z.)
- Department of Radiopharmaceuticals, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
- Correspondence: (K.W.); (W.Z.); Tel.: +86-510-8551-4482 (K.W.)
| | - Yuan Chen
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi 214063, China; (Y.C.); (X.Z.)
- Department of Radiopharmaceuticals, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Xue Zhu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi 214063, China; (Y.C.); (X.Z.)
- Department of Radiopharmaceuticals, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Wenjun Zou
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Wuxi No. 2 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi 214002, China
- Correspondence: (K.W.); (W.Z.); Tel.: +86-510-8551-4482 (K.W.)
| | - Fanfan Zhou
- Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia;
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Adebayo OG, Asiwe JN, Ben-Azu B, Aduema W, Onyeleonu I, Akpotu AE, Wopara I, Kolawole TA, Umoren EB, Igbokwe V, Buduburisi BR, Onwuka FC, Brown PI. Ginkgo biloba protects striatal neurodegeneration and gut phagoinflammatory damage in rotenone-induced mice model of Parkinson's disease: Role of executioner caspase-3/Nrf2/ARE signaling. J Food Biochem 2022; 46:e14253. [PMID: 35608987 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.14253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Asymptomatic and early clinical stages of Parkinson's disease (PD) have been linked with comorbid non-motor symptoms including dysfunction of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Notwithstanding, neuroprotective and gastroprotective effects of Ginkgo biloba supplements (GBS) have been investigated independently. Hence, whether GBS-mediated GIT-protective capacity could be helpful in PD via gut-brain anti-inflammatory signaling still remains unknown. Treatment with GBS significantly repressed the motor behavioral and neuromuscular deficits and prevented loss of striatal dopaminergic loss by improving the level of tyrosine hydroxylase enzyme and suppressing synucleinopathy development. Striatal neurons and ileal epithelial injury following intraperitoneal rotenone administration were accompanied with oxidoinflammatory/nitroinflammatory stress and marked inhibition of cholinergic transmission. Moreover, there was increased striatal executioner caspase-3 and decreased nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) immunoexpression, loss of striatal pyramidal neuron with a marked decrease in length and width of the dendritic spines as well as significant hyperplasia of cryptal cells in the ileal epithelial tissues, all which were reversed by the pretreatment + concurrent (Pre-CONC) and concurrent (CONC) GBS treatment pattern. In sum, we proved the potential dual effects of GBS in preventing both dopaminergic neural-related impairments and gut wall abnormalities linked with PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olusegun G Adebayo
- Neurophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, PAMO University of Medical Sciences, Port-Harcourt, Nigeria
| | - Jerome N Asiwe
- Cardiorespiratory Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, PAMO University of Medical Sciences, Port-Harcourt, Nigeria
| | - Benneth Ben-Azu
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria
| | - Wadioni Aduema
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Bayelsa Medical University, Yenagoa, Nigeria
| | - Ijeoma Onyeleonu
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, PAMO University of Medical Sciences, Port-Harcourt, Nigeria
| | - Ajirioghene E Akpotu
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, PAMO University of Medical Sciences, Port-Harcourt, Nigeria
| | - Iheanyichukwu Wopara
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Port Harcourt, Port-Harcourt, Nigeria
| | - Tolunigba A Kolawole
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, PAMO University of Medical Sciences, Port-Harcourt, Nigeria
| | - Elizabeth B Umoren
- Neurophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, PAMO University of Medical Sciences, Port-Harcourt, Nigeria.,Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, PAMO University of Medical Sciences, Port-Harcourt, Nigeria
| | - Vincent Igbokwe
- Neurophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, PAMO University of Medical Sciences, Port-Harcourt, Nigeria.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Nnamdi Azikwe University, Awka, Nigeria
| | - Buduchim R Buduburisi
- Neurophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, PAMO University of Medical Sciences, Port-Harcourt, Nigeria
| | - Favour C Onwuka
- Neurophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, PAMO University of Medical Sciences, Port-Harcourt, Nigeria
| | - Providence I Brown
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, PAMO University of Medical Sciences, Port-Harcourt, Nigeria
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The Anti-Parkinson Potential of Gingko biloba-Supplement Mitigates Cortico-Cerebellar Degeneration and Neuropathobiological Alterations via Inflammatory and Apoptotic Mediators in Mice. Neurochem Res 2022; 47:2211-2229. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03600-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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The Positive Role and Mechanism of Herbal Medicine in Parkinson's Disease. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:9923331. [PMID: 34567415 PMCID: PMC8457986 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9923331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a complex neurodegenerative disease, manifested by the progressive functional impairment of the midbrain nigral dopaminergic neurons. Due to the unclear underlying pathogenesis, disease-modifying drugs for PD remain elusive. In Asia, such as in China and India, herbal medicines have been used in the treatment of neurodegenerative disease for thousands of years, which recently attracted considerable attention because of the development of curative drugs for PD. In this review, we first summarized the pathogenic factors of PD including protein aggregation, mitochondrial dysfunction, ion accumulation, neuroinflammation, and oxidative stress, and the related recent advances. Secondly, we summarized 32 Chinese herbal medicines (belonging to 24 genera, such as Acanthopanax, Alpinia, and Astragalus), 22 Chinese traditional herbal formulations, and 3 Indian herbal medicines, of which the ethanol/water extraction or main bioactive compounds have been extensively investigated on PD models both in vitro and in vivo. We elaborately provided pictures of the representative herbs and the structural formula of the bioactive components (such as leutheroside B and astragaloside IV) of the herbal medicines. Also, we specified the potential targets of the bioactive compounds or extractions of herbs in view of the signaling pathways such as PI3K, NF-κB, and AMPK which are implicated in oxidative and inflammatory stress in neurons. We consider that this knowledge of herbal medicines or their bioactive components can be favorable for the development of disease-modifying drugs for PD.
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Iqubal A, Rahman SO, Ahmed M, Bansal P, Haider MR, Iqubal MK, Najmi AK, Pottoo FH, Haque SE. Current Quest in Natural Bioactive Compounds for Alzheimer's Disease: Multi-Targeted-Designed-Ligand Based Approach with Preclinical and Clinical Based Evidence. Curr Drug Targets 2021; 22:685-720. [PMID: 33302832 DOI: 10.2174/1389450121999201209201004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/06/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a common and most chronic neurological disorder (NDs) associated with cognitive dysfunction. Pathologically, Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by the presence of β-amyloid (Aβ) plaques, hyper-phosphorylated tau proteins, and neurofibrillary tangles, however, persistence oxidative-nitrative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammatory cytokines, pro-apoptotic proteins along with altered neurotransmitters level are common etiological attributes in its pathogenesis. Rivastigmine, memantine, galantamine, and donepezil are FDA approved drugs for symptomatic management of AD, whereas tacrine has been withdrawn because of hepatotoxic profile. These approved drugs only exert symptomatic relief and exhibit poor patient compliance. In the current scenario, the number of published evidence shows the neuroprotective potential of naturally occurring bioactive molecules via their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic and neurotransmitter modulatory properties. Despite their potent therapeutic implications, concerns have arisen in context to their efficacy and probable clinical outcome. Thus, to overcome these glitches, many heterocyclic and cyclic hydrocarbon compounds inspired by natural sources have been synthesized and showed improved therapeutic activity. Computational studies (molecular docking) have been used to predict the binding affinity of these natural bioactive as well as synthetic compounds derived from natural sources for the acetylcholine esterase, α/β secretase Nuclear Factor kappa- light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-kB), Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2(Nrf2) and other neurological targets. Thus, in this review, we have discussed the molecular etiology of AD, focused on the pharmacotherapeutics of natural products, chemical and pharmacological aspects and multi-targeted designed ligands (MTDLs) of synthetic and semisynthetic molecules derived from the natural sources along with some important on-going clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashif Iqubal
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, JamiaHamdard, New Delhi-110062, India
| | - Syed Obaidur Rahman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, JamiaHamdard, New Delhi-110062, India
| | - Musheer Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, JamiaHamdard, New Delhi-110062, India
| | - Pratichi Bansal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, JamiaHamdard, New Delhi-110062, India
| | - Md Rafi Haider
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, JamiaHamdard, New Delhi-110062, India
| | - Mohammad Kashif Iqubal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, JamiaHamdard, New Delhi-110062, India
| | - Abul Kalam Najmi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, JamiaHamdard, New Delhi-110062, India
| | - Faheem Hyder Pottoo
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal, University, P.O.BOX 1982, Damman, 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed Ehtaishamul Haque
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, JamiaHamdard, New Delhi-110062, India
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