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El Asri A, Zarrouq B, El Kinany K, Bouguenouch L, Ouldim K, El Rhazi K. Associations between nutritional factors and KRAS mutations in colorectal cancer: a systematic review. BMC Cancer 2020; 20:696. [PMID: 32723394 PMCID: PMC7388532 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-020-07189-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Between 30 and 50% of colon tumors have mutations in the Kirsten-ras (KRAS) gene, which have a large nutritional attributable risk. Despite its high frequency in colorectal cancer (CRC), data to support specific associations between KRAS mutations in CRC and diet are sparse. Here, we conducted a systematic review to summarize the current epidemiological evidence on the association between various dietary factors and KRAS mutations. METHODS PubMed, Science Direct, and Cochrane databases were searched for relevant studies published until December 31, 2019, using inclusion and exclusion criteria in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. We analyzed the studies to find associations between nutritional factors and CRC tumors with KRAS mutations in humans. RESULTS We identified 28 relevant studies to include in this systematic review. In-depth analyses showed unclear associations between nutritional factors and KRAS mutations in CRC. Most epidemiological studies in the same nutrient or food often reported conflicting and/or inconclusive findings, whereas for some dietary factors, the results were homogeneous. CONCLUSIONS Further research using a more robust prospective cohort study is needed to lend more credence to the epidemiological associations found between KRAS mutations and dietary factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achraf El Asri
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Research in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdallah University, Fez, Morocco
- Medical Genetics and Oncogenetics Unit, Hassan II University Hospital, Fez, Morocco
| | - Btissame Zarrouq
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Research in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdallah University, Fez, Morocco
- Teacher’s Training College (Ecole Normale Superieure), Department of Biology and Geology, Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdallah University, Fez, Morocco
| | - Khaoula El Kinany
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Research in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdallah University, Fez, Morocco
| | - Laila Bouguenouch
- Medical Genetics and Oncogenetics Unit, Hassan II University Hospital, Fez, Morocco
| | - Karim Ouldim
- Medical Genetics and Oncogenetics Unit, Hassan II University Hospital, Fez, Morocco
- Cancer Research Institute, Fez, Morocco
| | - Karima El Rhazi
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Research in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdallah University, Fez, Morocco
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de Angelis de Carvalho N, Niitsuma BN, Kozak VN, Costa FD, de Macedo MP, Kupper BEC, Silva MLG, Formiga MN, Volc SM, Aguiar Junior S, Palmero EI, Casali-da-Rocha JC, Carraro DM, Torrezan GT. Clinical and Molecular Assessment of Patients with Lynch Syndrome and Sarcomas Underpinning the Association with MSH2 Germline Pathogenic Variants. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1848. [PMID: 32659967 PMCID: PMC7408879 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12071848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lynch syndrome (LS) is a hereditary cancer-predisposing syndrome associated most frequently with epithelial tumors, particularly colorectal (CRC) and endometrial carcinomas (EC). The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between sarcomas and LS by performing clinical and molecular characterization of patients presenting co-occurrence of sarcomas and tumors from the LS spectrum. We identified 27 patients diagnosed with CRC, EC, and other LS-associated tumors who had sarcomas in the same individuals or families. Germline genetic testing, mismatch repair (MMR) protein immunohistochemistry, microsatellite instability (MSI), and other molecular analyses were performed. Five LS patients presenting personal or family history of sarcomas were identified (3 MSH2 carriers and 2 MLH1), with 2 having Muir-Torre phenotypes. For two MSH2 carriers we confirmed the etiology of the sarcomas (one liposarcoma and two osteosarcomas) as LS-related, since the tumors were MSH2/MSH6-deficient, MSI-high, or presented a truncated MSH2 transcript. Additionally, we reviewed 43 previous reports of sarcomas in patients with LS, which revealed a high frequency (58%) of MSH2 alterations. In summary, sarcomas represent a rare clinical manifestation in patients with LS, especially in MSH2 carriers, and the analysis of tumor biological characteristics can be useful for definition of tumor etiology and novel therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathália de Angelis de Carvalho
- Genomics and Molecular Biology Group, International Research Center/CIPE, A.C.Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo 01508-010, Brazil; (N.d.A.d.C.); (B.N.N.); (D.M.C.)
| | - Bianca Naomi Niitsuma
- Genomics and Molecular Biology Group, International Research Center/CIPE, A.C.Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo 01508-010, Brazil; (N.d.A.d.C.); (B.N.N.); (D.M.C.)
| | - Vanessa Nascimento Kozak
- Oncogenetics Service, Hospital Erasto Gaertner, Curitiba 81520-060, Brazil; (V.N.K.); (J.C.C.-d.-R.)
- Postgraduate Program in Genetics, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba 81530-000, Brazil
| | - Felipe D’almeida Costa
- Anatomic Pathology Department, A.C.Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo 01509-900, Brazil; (F.D.C.); (M.P.d.M.)
| | - Mariana Petaccia de Macedo
- Anatomic Pathology Department, A.C.Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo 01509-900, Brazil; (F.D.C.); (M.P.d.M.)
| | - Bruna Elisa Catin Kupper
- Colorectal Cancer Department, A.C.Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo 01509-900, Brazil; (B.E.C.K.); (S.A.J.)
| | | | | | - Sahlua Miguel Volc
- Faculdades Pequeno Principe, Curitiba 80230-020, Brazil; (S.M.V.); (E.I.P.)
- Oncogenetics Department, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos 14784-400, Brazil
| | - Samuel Aguiar Junior
- Colorectal Cancer Department, A.C.Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo 01509-900, Brazil; (B.E.C.K.); (S.A.J.)
| | - Edenir Inez Palmero
- Faculdades Pequeno Principe, Curitiba 80230-020, Brazil; (S.M.V.); (E.I.P.)
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos 14784-384, Brazil
- Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Principe, Curitiba 80250-060, Brazil
| | - José Cláudio Casali-da-Rocha
- Oncogenetics Service, Hospital Erasto Gaertner, Curitiba 81520-060, Brazil; (V.N.K.); (J.C.C.-d.-R.)
- Oncogenetics Department, A.C.Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo 01509-900, Brazil;
| | - Dirce Maria Carraro
- Genomics and Molecular Biology Group, International Research Center/CIPE, A.C.Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo 01508-010, Brazil; (N.d.A.d.C.); (B.N.N.); (D.M.C.)
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Oncogenomics (INCITO), São Paulo 01508-010, Brazil
| | - Giovana Tardin Torrezan
- Genomics and Molecular Biology Group, International Research Center/CIPE, A.C.Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo 01508-010, Brazil; (N.d.A.d.C.); (B.N.N.); (D.M.C.)
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Oncogenomics (INCITO), São Paulo 01508-010, Brazil
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3
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Interaction between DNA damage response and autophagy in colorectal cancer. Gene 2020; 730:144323. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.144323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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4
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Mirza-Aghazadeh-Attari M, Darband SG, Kaviani M, Mihanfar A, Aghazadeh Attari J, Yousefi B, Majidinia M. DNA damage response and repair in colorectal cancer: Defects, regulation and therapeutic implications. DNA Repair (Amst) 2018; 69:34-52. [PMID: 30055507 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 07/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
DNA damage response, a key factor involved in maintaining genome integrity and stability, consists of several kinase-dependent signaling pathways, which sense and transduce DNA damage signal. The severity of damage appears to determine DNA damage responses, which can include cell cycle arrest, damage repair and apoptosis. A number of recent studies have demonstrated that defection in signaling through this network is thought to be an underlying mechanism behind the development and progression of various types of human malignancies, including colorectal cancer. In this review, colorectal cancer and its molecular pathology as well as DNA damage response is briefly introduced. Finally, the involvement of key components of this network in the initiation/progression, prognosis, response to treatment and development of drug resistance is comprehensively discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mirza-Aghazadeh-Attari
- Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Saber Ghazizadeh Darband
- Danesh Pey Hadi Co., Health Technology Development Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Kaviani
- School of Nutrition and Dietetics, Acadia University, Wolfville, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Ainaz Mihanfar
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Bahman Yousefi
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Maryam Majidinia
- Solid Tumor Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
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Tian Y, Xu T, Huang J, Zhang L, Xu S, Xiong B, Wang Y, Tang H. Tissue Metabonomic Phenotyping for Diagnosis and Prognosis of Human Colorectal Cancer. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20790. [PMID: 26876567 PMCID: PMC4753490 DOI: 10.1038/srep20790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related death worldwide and prognosis based on the conventional histological grading method for CRC remains poor. To better the situation, we analyzed the metabonomic signatures of 50 human CRC tissues and their adjacent non-involved tissues (ANIT) using high-resolution magic-angle spinning (HRMAS) (1)H NMR spectroscopy together with the fatty acid compositions of these tissues using GC-FID/MS. We showed that tissue metabolic phenotypes not only discriminated CRC tissues from ANIT, but also distinguished low-grade tumor tissues (stages I-II) from the high-grade ones (stages III-IV) with high sensitivity and specificity in both cases. Metabonomic phenotypes of CRC tissues differed significantly from that of ANIT in energy metabolism, membrane biosynthesis and degradations, osmotic regulations together with the metabolism of proteins and nucleotides. Amongst all CRC tissues, the stage I tumors exhibited largest differentiations from ANIT. The combination of the differentiating metabolites showed outstanding collective power for differentiating cancer from ANIT and for distinguishing CRC tissues at different stages. These findings revealed details in the typical metabonomic phenotypes associated with CRC tissues nondestructively and demonstrated tissue metabonomic phenotyping as an important molecular pathology tool for diagnosis and prognosis of cancerous solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Tian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Tangpeng Xu
- Department of Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
- Department of Oncology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Jia Huang
- Department of Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Limin Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Shan Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Bin Xiong
- Department of Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Yulan Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Huiru Tang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Metabonomics and Systems Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
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The relationship between E2F family members and tumor growth in colorectal adenocarcinomas: A comparative immunohistochemical study of 100 cases. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2015; 22:471-7. [PMID: 22688350 DOI: 10.1097/pai.0b013e3182598198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian E2F family of transcription factors comprises a group of 8 proteins, which either activate or repress transcription of numerous target genes, playing a role in cell-cycle progression and apoptosis. We have collectively investigated the immunohistochemical expression of E2F1, E2F2, and E2F4 transcription factors and their relation to cell kinetic parameters using serial section analysis in a series of 100 cases of human colorectal adenocarcinomas. E2F1 and E2F4 expressed nuclear immunopositivity in all cases. The range of their expression was 2% to 80% (mean 21% ± 15%) and 2% to 90% (mean 66% ± 20%), respectively. E2F2 was expressed in 41 cases at low levels (range, 1% to 5%, mean 2% ± 9%). A statistically significant direct association between E2F4 and cell proliferation, as expressed by high levels of Ki-67 labeling index, was shown. A mutually exclusive immunostaining pattern between E2F1 and E2F4 and a direct correlation of E2F1 and apoptosis were also highlighted. Our results point to a possible direct tumor-promoting role for E2F4 in the context of colorectal carcinogenesis. The inverse immunohistochemical relationship between E2F1 and E2F4 indicates a possible mechanistic interlink in colorectal cancer. Low expression of E2F2 may reflect functional redundancy between members of the E2F family, in this case between E2F1 and E2F2.
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Wang C, Wang J, Liu H, Fu Z. Tumor suppressor DLC-1 induces apoptosis and inhibits the growth and invasion of colon cancer cells through the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Oncol Rep 2014; 31:2270-8. [PMID: 24604602 DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the biological role and molecular mechanism of the deleted in liver cancer-1 (DLC-1) gene in human colon cancer growth and invasion. Recombinant lentiviral vectors encoding the DLC-1 gene were constructed for transfection into the human colon cancer cell line SW480. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (real-time qPCR) and western blot analysis were employed to evaluate the expression of DLC-1, β-catenin, GSK-3β and c-myc in DLC-1-transfected cells. Moreover, cell proliferation assay, cell colony formation assay, cell cycle analysis, apoptosis analysis and cell migration and invasion assays were performed in order to elucidate the role of DLC-1 in colorectal cancer development and progression. Both real-time qPCR and western blot analyses showed that the DLC-1 gene and protein were overexpressed in the DLC-1-transfected SW480 cells. In addition, the expression of β-catenin and GSK-3β was upregulated and the expression of the c-myc gene was downregulated in the DLC-1-transfected SW480 cells. Furthermore, DLC-1 overexpression inhibited cell proliferation, colony formation, migration and invasion, and induced cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase with subsequent apoptosis. DLC-1 inhibits cell growth and invasion in human colon cancer, functioning as a tumor-suppressor gene, possibly through the regulation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyi Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Jialin Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Hong Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Zhongxue Fu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
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8
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Epigenética y cáncer colorrectal. Cir Esp 2012; 90:277-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ciresp.2011.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Revised: 10/25/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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9
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Graf N, McLean M, Capellino S, Schölmerich J, Murray GI, El-Omar EM, Straub RH. Loss of sensory and noradrenergic innervation in benign colorectal adenomatous polyps--a putative role of semaphorins 3F and 3A. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2012; 24:120-8, e83. [PMID: 22093159 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2011.01818.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nerve fibers can exert trophic/anti-trophic effects on epithelial cells. Substance P (SP) is a pro-proliferative neuropeptide, whereas sympathetic noradrenaline is anti-proliferative at high concentrations. METHODS Density of noradrenergic and sensory nerve fibers and presence of nerve repellent factors specific for noradrenergic (semaphorin 3F) and sensory nerve fibers (semaphorin 3A) were investigated in colorectal adenomas. KEY RESULTS The pedunculus was innervated by noradrenergic fibers, whereas the mucosa was sparsely innervated. The control submucosa compared with control mucosa demonstrated increased density of noradrenergic fibers. Control tissue was much better innervated than the polyp. This was accompanied by strong expression of semaphorin 3F in epithelial cells. Density of sensory SP+ nerve fibers was higher in control colon mucosa compared with polyp mucosa, and SP+ cell clusters and semaphorin 3A-positive cells appeared in the intercrypt space in polyps, but not in control tissue. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES This study demonstrated a marked loss of noradrenergic and sensory nerve fibers in polyp mucosa, which was associated with a strong increase of semaphorin 3F and 3A. Up-regulation of the sympathetic repellent semaphorin 3F in the polyps possibly triggers sympathetic repulsion and polyp growth due to the loss of anti-proliferative noradrenaline and presence of SP from local SP+ cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Graf
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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Carvajal-Carmona LG. Genetic dissection of intermediate phenotypes as a way to discover novel cancer susceptibility alleles. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2010; 20:308-14. [PMID: 20456939 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2010.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2010] [Revised: 03/23/2010] [Accepted: 03/26/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The availability of affordable genome-wide association (GWA) studies has led to the discovery of a large number of cancer risk alleles. The prospects of identifying additional alleles using the same disease-based approach are limited unless very large samples sizes are used in future investigations. An alternative and powerful way to identify additional cancer genes is to study intermediate phenotypes, such as variation in DNA repair capacity, that are known to be associated with increased disease risk. Most of these phenotypes are highly genetic. Their measurement can be achieved using well-established medium-throughput to high-throughput methods and their genetic mapping can be carried out with relatively small sample sizes. The genetic variants associated with these phenotypes will represent ideal functionally validated candidates for cancer susceptibility studies. Unlike hypothesis-free and disease-based GWA-discovered alleles, intermediate phenotype alleles that mediate cancer risk will have a strong biological relevance and will represent excellent modifiable or 'drugable' therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis G Carvajal-Carmona
- Molecular and Population Genetics, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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Hu XL, Cao GL, Xue RY, Zheng XJ, Zhang X, Duan HR, Gong CL. The complete mitogenome and phylogenetic analysis of Bombyx mandarina strain Qingzhou. Mol Biol Rep 2009; 37:2599-608. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-009-9781-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2009] [Accepted: 08/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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