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Paternal UPD14 with sSMC derived from chromosome 14 in Kagami-Ogata syndrome. CHROMOSOME RESEARCH : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL ON THE MOLECULAR, SUPRAMOLECULAR AND EVOLUTIONARY ASPECTS OF CHROMOSOME BIOLOGY 2023; 31:1. [PMID: 36656404 DOI: 10.1007/s10577-023-09712-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Weber A, Liehr T, Al-Rikabi A, Bilgen S, Heinrich U, Schiller J, Stumm M. The First Neocentric, Discontinuous, and Complex Small Supernumerary Marker Chromosome Composed of 7 Euchromatic Blocks Derived from 5 Different Chromosomes. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10051102. [PMID: 35625839 PMCID: PMC9138958 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10051102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The majority of small supernumerary marker chromosomes (sSMCs) are derived from one single chromosome. Complex sSMCs instead consist of two to three genomic segments, originating from different chromosomes. Additionally, discontinuous sSMCs have been seen; however, all of them are derived from one single chromosome. Here, we reported a 41 year-old patient with infertility, hypothyroidism, rheumatism, and degenerative spine and schizoaffective disorder, being a carrier of a unique, complex, and discontinuous sSMC. Methods: The sSMC was characterized in detail by banding and molecular cytogenetics including fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and array-comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH), as well as by optical genome mapping (OGM). Results: The neocentric sSMC characterized here contained seven portions of five different chromosomes and was present in ~50% of both peripheral blood cells and buccal mucosa cells. aCGH and OGM revealed gains of 8q12.3q12.3, 8q22.3−8q23.1, 9q33.3−9q34.11, 14q21.1−14q21.1, 14q21.1−14q21.2, 15q21.2−15q21.2, and 21q21.1−21q21.1. Furthermore, glass-needle based microdissection and reverse FISH, as well as FISH with locus-specific probes confirmed these results. The exact order of the involved euchromatic blocks could be decoded by OGM. Conclusions: Among the >7000 reported sSMCs in the literature, this is the only such complex, discontinuous, and neocentric marker with a centric minute shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Weber
- Medicover Genetics, MVZ Humangenetik Berlin-Lichtenberg, 13053 Berlin, Germany; (A.W.); (M.S.)
| | - Thomas Liehr
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-36419396850
| | - Ahmed Al-Rikabi
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany;
| | | | - Uwe Heinrich
- Medicover Humangenetik Martinsried, MVZ Martinsried, 81667 München, Germany; (U.H.); (J.S.)
| | - Jenny Schiller
- Medicover Humangenetik Martinsried, MVZ Martinsried, 81667 München, Germany; (U.H.); (J.S.)
| | - Markus Stumm
- Medicover Genetics, MVZ Humangenetik Berlin-Lichtenberg, 13053 Berlin, Germany; (A.W.); (M.S.)
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Lebedev IN, Karamysheva TV, Elisaphenko EA, Makunin AI, Zhigalina DI, Lopatkina ME, Drozdov GV, Cheremnykh AD, Torkhova NB, Seitova GN, Vasilyev SA, Kashevarova AA, Nazarenko LP, Rubtsov NB. Prenatal Diagnosis of Small Supernumerary Marker Chromosome 10 by Array-Based Comparative Genomic Hybridization and Microdissected Chromosome Sequencing. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9081030. [PMID: 34440234 PMCID: PMC8391546 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9081030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Interpreting the clinical significance of small supernumerary marker chromosomes (sSMCs) in prenatal diagnosis is still an urgent problem in genetic counselling regarding the fate of a pregnancy. We present a case of prenatal diagnosis of mosaic sSMC(10) in a foetus with a normal phenotype. Comprehensive cytogenomic analyses by array-based comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH), sSMC microdissection with next-generation sequencing (NGS) of microdissected library, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with locus-specific and telomere-specific DNA probes and quantitative real-time PCR revealed that sSMC(10) had a ring structure and was derived from the pericentromeric region of chromosome 10 with involvement of the 10p11.21-p11.1 and 10q11.21-q11.23 at 1.243 Mb and 7.173 Mb in size, respectively. We observed a difference in the length of sSMC(10) between NGS data of the DNA library derived from a single copy of sSMC(10), and aCGH results that may indicate instability and structural mosaicism for ring chromosomes in foetal cells. The presence of a 9 Mb euchromatin region in the analysed sSMC(10) did not lead to clinical manifestations, and a healthy girl was born at term. We suggest that the ring structure of sSMCs could influence sSMC manifestations and should be taken into account in genetic counselling during prenatal diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor N. Lebedev
- Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Research Institute of Medical Genetics, 634050 Tomsk, Russia; (D.I.Z.); (M.E.L.); (G.V.D.); (A.D.C.); (N.B.T.); (G.N.S.); (S.A.V.); (A.A.K.); (L.P.N.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-38-2251-1109
| | - Tatyana V. Karamysheva
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (T.V.K.); (E.A.E.); (N.B.R.)
| | - Eugeny A. Elisaphenko
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (T.V.K.); (E.A.E.); (N.B.R.)
| | | | - Daria I. Zhigalina
- Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Research Institute of Medical Genetics, 634050 Tomsk, Russia; (D.I.Z.); (M.E.L.); (G.V.D.); (A.D.C.); (N.B.T.); (G.N.S.); (S.A.V.); (A.A.K.); (L.P.N.)
| | - Maria E. Lopatkina
- Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Research Institute of Medical Genetics, 634050 Tomsk, Russia; (D.I.Z.); (M.E.L.); (G.V.D.); (A.D.C.); (N.B.T.); (G.N.S.); (S.A.V.); (A.A.K.); (L.P.N.)
| | - Gleb V. Drozdov
- Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Research Institute of Medical Genetics, 634050 Tomsk, Russia; (D.I.Z.); (M.E.L.); (G.V.D.); (A.D.C.); (N.B.T.); (G.N.S.); (S.A.V.); (A.A.K.); (L.P.N.)
| | - Aleksander D. Cheremnykh
- Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Research Institute of Medical Genetics, 634050 Tomsk, Russia; (D.I.Z.); (M.E.L.); (G.V.D.); (A.D.C.); (N.B.T.); (G.N.S.); (S.A.V.); (A.A.K.); (L.P.N.)
| | - Natalia B. Torkhova
- Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Research Institute of Medical Genetics, 634050 Tomsk, Russia; (D.I.Z.); (M.E.L.); (G.V.D.); (A.D.C.); (N.B.T.); (G.N.S.); (S.A.V.); (A.A.K.); (L.P.N.)
| | - Gulnara N. Seitova
- Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Research Institute of Medical Genetics, 634050 Tomsk, Russia; (D.I.Z.); (M.E.L.); (G.V.D.); (A.D.C.); (N.B.T.); (G.N.S.); (S.A.V.); (A.A.K.); (L.P.N.)
| | - Stanislav A. Vasilyev
- Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Research Institute of Medical Genetics, 634050 Tomsk, Russia; (D.I.Z.); (M.E.L.); (G.V.D.); (A.D.C.); (N.B.T.); (G.N.S.); (S.A.V.); (A.A.K.); (L.P.N.)
| | - Anna A. Kashevarova
- Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Research Institute of Medical Genetics, 634050 Tomsk, Russia; (D.I.Z.); (M.E.L.); (G.V.D.); (A.D.C.); (N.B.T.); (G.N.S.); (S.A.V.); (A.A.K.); (L.P.N.)
| | - Ludmila P. Nazarenko
- Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Research Institute of Medical Genetics, 634050 Tomsk, Russia; (D.I.Z.); (M.E.L.); (G.V.D.); (A.D.C.); (N.B.T.); (G.N.S.); (S.A.V.); (A.A.K.); (L.P.N.)
| | - Nikolay B. Rubtsov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (T.V.K.); (E.A.E.); (N.B.R.)
- Department of Cytology and Genetics, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
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Liehr T, Williams HE, Ziegler M, Kankel S, Padutsch N, Al-Rikabi A. Small supernumerary marker chromosomes derived from chromosome 14 and/or 22. Mol Cytogenet 2021; 14:13. [PMID: 33632263 PMCID: PMC7908736 DOI: 10.1186/s13039-021-00533-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Small supernumerary marker chromosomes (sSMCs) are additional derivative chromosomes present in an otherwise numerically and structurally normal karyotype. They may derive from each of the 24 human chromosomes, and most contain a normal centromeric region with an alphoid sequence from a single chromosome. The majority of human chromosomes have a unique centromeric DNA-sequence enabling their indubitable characterization. However, chromosomes 14 and 22 share a common centromeric sequence D14/22Z1, and sSMCs with this DNA-stretch can derive from either chromosome. Euchromatin-carrying sSMCs(14 or 22) may be further characterized by molecular cytogenetics. However, in most diagnostic laboratories, heterochromatic sSMCs cannot be differentiated between chromosomes 14 or 22 derivation and are often reported as der(14 or 22). Still, heterochromatic sSMC(14 or 22) can be distinguished from each other using the D22Z4 probe (non-commercial) localized to 22p11.2. Herein, 355 sSMC(14 or 22) analyzed in the authors’ laboratory during the last ~ 20 years are summarized to address the questions: (1) What are the true frequencies of chromosome 14- and chromosome 22- derived sSMCs within D14/22Z1-positive cases? (2) Does sub-characterization of sSMC(14) and sSMC(22) make a difference in routine diagnostics? These questions could be answered as follows: (ad 1) within the studied group of sSMCs ~ 40% are derived from chromosome 14 and ~ 60% from chromosome 22; (ad 2) the knowledge on exact sSMC origin can help to save costs in routine diagnostics; i.e. in a clinically abnormal person with sSMC(14) a test for uniparental disomy is indicated, which is not necessary if a chromosome 22 origin for the sSMC was determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Liehr
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany.
| | - Heather E Williams
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 622 West 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Monika Ziegler
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Stefanie Kankel
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Niklas Padutsch
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Ahmed Al-Rikabi
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
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Karamysheva TV, Gayner TA, Zakirova EG, Rubtsov NB. New Sight on Assessment of Clinical Value of Human Supernumerary Marker Chromosomes. RUSS J GENET+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795420040031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Matsubara K, Yanagida K, Nagai T, Kagami M, Fukami M. De Novo Small Supernumerary Marker Chromosomes Arising From Partial Trisomy Rescue. Front Genet 2020; 11:132. [PMID: 32174976 PMCID: PMC7056893 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Small supernumerary marker chromosomes (SMCs) are rare cytogenetic abnormalities. De novo small SMCs, particularly those combined with uniparental disomy (UPD), are assumed to result from incomplete trisomy rescue. Recently, a one-off cellular event designated as chromothripsis was reported as a mechanism for trisomy rescue in micronuclei. This Perspective article aims to highlight a possible association among trisomy rescue, chromothripsis, and SMCs. We propose that chromothripsis-mediated incomplete trisomy rescue in micronuclei underlies various chromosomal rearrangements including SMCs, although other mechanisms such as U-type exchange may also yield SMCs. These assumptions are primarily based on observations of previously reported patients with complex rearrangements and our patient with a small SMC. Given the high frequency of trisomic cells in human preimplantation embryos, chromothripsis-mediated trisomy rescue may be a physiologically important phenomenon. Nevertheless, trisomy rescue has a potential to produce UPD, SMCs, and other chromosomal rearrangements. The concepts of trisomy rescue, chromothripsis, and micronuclei provide novel insights into the mechanism for the maintenance and modification of human chromosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Matsubara
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Masayo Kagami
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Maki Fukami
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
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Yang Y, Hao W. Clinical, cytogenetic, and molecular findings of isodicentric Y chromosomes. Mol Cytogenet 2019; 12:55. [PMID: 31890035 PMCID: PMC6935080 DOI: 10.1186/s13039-019-0465-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Isodicentric Y chromosomes [idic(Y)] are one of the most common structural abnormalities of the Y chromosome. The prenatal diagnosis of isodicentric Y chromosomes is of vital importance, and the postnatal phenotypes vary widely. Therefore, we present six patients prenatally diagnosed with isodicentric Y chromosomes and review the literature concerning the genotype-phenotype correlations. Method The clinical materials of six patients were obtained. Cytogenetic and molecular approaches were carried out for these six patients. Results Isodicentric Y chromosomes were found in all sixpatients. Among them, four patients presented with a mosaic 45,X karyotype, one patient had a 46,XY cell line, and one patient was nonmosaic. Five of these six isodicentric Y chromosomes had a breakpoint in Yq11.2, and the other had a breakpoint in Yp11.3. The molecular analysis demonstrated different duplications and deletions of the Y chromosome. Finally, three patients chose to terminate the pregnancy, two patients gave birth to normal-appearing males, and one patient was lost to follow-up. Conclusion The incorporation of multiple cytogenetic and molecular techniques would offer a more comprehensive understanding of this structural chromosomal abnormality for genetic counselling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Hangzhou Maternity and Child Care Hospital, #369 Kunpeng Road, Shangcheng District, Hangzhou, 310008 Zhejiang China
| | - Wang Hao
- Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Hangzhou Maternity and Child Care Hospital, #369 Kunpeng Road, Shangcheng District, Hangzhou, 310008 Zhejiang China.,2Department of Cell Biology and Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang China
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Cheng D, Yuan S, Yi D, Luo K, Xu F, Gong F, Lu C, Lu G, Lin G, Tan YQ. Analysis of molecular cytogenetic features and PGT-SR for two infertile patients with small supernumerary marker chromosomes. J Assist Reprod Genet 2019; 36:2533-2539. [PMID: 31720922 PMCID: PMC6911115 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-019-01611-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
RESEARCH QUESTION Can preimplantation genetic testing for structural rearrangement (PGT-SR) with next-generation sequencing (NGS) be used to infertile patients carrying small supernumerary marker chromosomes (sSMCs)? DESIGN In this study, two infertile patients carrying ring sSMCs were recruited. Different molecular cytogenetic techniques were performed to identify the features of the two sSMCs, followed by clinical PGT-SR cycles. RESULTS The results of G-banding and FISH showed that patient 1's sSMC originated from the 8p23-p10 region, with a resulting karyotype of [ 47,XY, del(8)(p23p10), +r(8)(p23p10).ish del(8)(CEP8+,subtle 8p+,subtle 8q+),r(8)(CEP8+,subtle 8p-,subtle 8q-)[55/60].arr(1-22) ×2,(X,Y)×1]. The sSMC of patient 2 was derived from chromosome 3 and further microdissection with next-generation sequencing (MicroSeq) revealed it contained the region of chromosome 3 between 93,504,855 and 103,839,892 bp (GRCh37), which involved 52 known genes. So the karyotype of patient 2 was 47,XX, +mar.ish der(3)(CEP3+,subtle 3p-,subtle 3q-)[49/60].arr[GRCh37] 3q11.2q13.1(93,500,001_103,839,892) ×3(0.5). PGT-SR with NGS was performed to provide reproductive guidance for the two patients. For patient 1, four balanced euploid embryos and four embryos with partial trisomy/monosomy of (8p23.1-8p11.21) were obtained, and a balanced euploid embryo was successfully implanted and had resulted in a healthy baby. For patient 2, an embryo with monosomy of sex chromosomes and another embryo with a duplication at (3q11-q13.1), neither of which was available for implantation. CONCLUSIONS The identification of the origins and structural characteristics of rare sSMCs should rely on different molecular cytogenetic techniques. PGT-SR is an alternative fertility treatment for these patients carrying sSMCs. This study may provide directions for the assisted reproductive therapy for infertile patients with sSMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dehua Cheng
- Institute of Reproduction and Stem Cell Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Human Stem Cell and Reproductive Engineering, Ministry of Health, Changsha, China
| | - Shimin Yuan
- Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya, Changsha, China
| | - Duo Yi
- Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya, Changsha, China
| | - Keli Luo
- Institute of Reproduction and Stem Cell Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Human Stem Cell and Reproductive Engineering, Ministry of Health, Changsha, China
| | - Fang Xu
- Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya, Changsha, China
| | - Fei Gong
- Institute of Reproduction and Stem Cell Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Human Stem Cell and Reproductive Engineering, Ministry of Health, Changsha, China
- National Engineering and Research Center of Human Stem Cells, Changsha, China
| | - Changfu Lu
- Institute of Reproduction and Stem Cell Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Human Stem Cell and Reproductive Engineering, Ministry of Health, Changsha, China
- National Engineering and Research Center of Human Stem Cells, Changsha, China
| | - Guangxiu Lu
- Institute of Reproduction and Stem Cell Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Human Stem Cell and Reproductive Engineering, Ministry of Health, Changsha, China
- National Engineering and Research Center of Human Stem Cells, Changsha, China
| | - Ge Lin
- Institute of Reproduction and Stem Cell Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Human Stem Cell and Reproductive Engineering, Ministry of Health, Changsha, China
- National Engineering and Research Center of Human Stem Cells, Changsha, China
| | - Yue-Qiu Tan
- Institute of Reproduction and Stem Cell Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China.
- Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya, Changsha, China.
- Key Laboratory of Human Stem Cell and Reproductive Engineering, Ministry of Health, Changsha, China.
- National Engineering and Research Center of Human Stem Cells, Changsha, China.
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Liehr T, Al-Rikabi A. Mosaicism: Reason for Normal Phenotypes in Carriers of Small Supernumerary Marker Chromosomes With Known Adverse Outcome. A Systematic Review. Front Genet 2019; 10:1131. [PMID: 31781176 PMCID: PMC6859531 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.01131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Small supernumerary marker chromosomes (sSMCs) are present in ∼3.3 million of presently living human beings. The majority of these sSMC carriers (i.e. ∼2.1 million) will never know about their condition, as they are perfectly healthy and just may learn by chance about it, e.g. if chromosomal analysis is done for some reason during their life time. The remainder ∼1.2 million of sSMC carriers are clinically affected either due to adverse effects of gained genetic material being present on the sSMC and/or by uniparental disomy of the sSMC’s sister chromosomes. Influence of mosaicism being present in 50% of sSMC carriers is controversy discussed in the literature. Even though genotype–phenotype correlation for sSMCs progressed during last years, still there are only eight sSMC-associated syndromes characterized yet, which may go together with mosaicism. Here we summarize presently available data for carriers of sSMCs normally leading to these well-defined syndromes, however, showing (almost) no clinical signs. This can be observed in ∼1 to 30% of the corresponding sSMC-carriers, thus, a high impact for counselling in corresponding prenatal de novo cases is not to be neglected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Liehr
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Ahmed Al-Rikabi
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
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10
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Pellestor F. Chromoanagenesis: cataclysms behind complex chromosomal rearrangements. Mol Cytogenet 2019; 12:6. [PMID: 30805029 PMCID: PMC6371609 DOI: 10.1186/s13039-019-0415-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background During the last decade, genome sequencing projects in cancer genomes as well as in patients with congenital diseases and healthy individuals have led to the identification of new types of massive chromosomal rearrangements arising during single chaotic cellular events. These unanticipated catastrophic phenomenon are termed chromothripsis, chromoanasynthesis and chromoplexis., and are grouped under the name of “chromoanagenesis”. Results For each process, several specific features have been described, allowing each phenomenon to be distinguished from each other and to understand its mechanism of formation and to better understand its aetiology. Thus, chromothripsis derives from chromosome shattering followed by the random restitching of chromosomal fragments with low copy-number change whereas chromoanasynthesis results from erroneous DNA replication of a chromosome through serial fork stalling and template switching with variable copy-number gains, and chromoplexy refers to the occurrence of multiple inter-and intra-chromosomal translocations and deletions with little or no copy-number alterations in prostate cancer. Cumulating data and experimental models have shown that chromothripsis and chromoanasynthesis may essentially result from lagging chromosome encapsulated in micronuclei or telomere attrition and end-to-end telomere fusion. Conclusion The concept of chromanagenesis has provided new insight into the aetiology of complex structural rearrangements, the connection between defective cell cycle progression and genomic instability, and the complexity of cancer evolution. Increasing reported chromoanagenesis events suggest that these chaotic mechanisms are probably much more frequent than anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franck Pellestor
- Unit of Chromosomal Genetics, Department of Medical Genetics, Arnaud de Villeneuve Hospital, Montpellier CHRU, 371, avenue du Doyen Gaston Giraud, 34295 Montpellier cedex 5, France.,INSERM 1183 Unit «Genome and Stem Cell Plasticity in Development and Aging », Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biotherapies, St Eloi Hospital, Montpellier, France
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11
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Jetybayev IY, Bugrov AG, Dzuybenko VV, Rubtsov NB. B Chromosomes in Grasshoppers: Different Origins and Pathways to the Modern B s. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9100509. [PMID: 30340429 PMCID: PMC6209997 DOI: 10.3390/genes9100509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
B chromosomes (Bs) were described in most taxa of eukaryotes and in around 11.9% of studied Orthopteran species. In some grasshopper species, their evolution has led to many B chromosome morphotypes. We studied the Bs in nine species (Nocaracris tardus, Nocaracris cyanipes, Aeropus sibiricus, Chorthippus jacobsoni, Chorthippus apricarius, Bryodema gebleri, Asiotmethis heptapotamicus songoricus, Podisma sapporensis, and Eyprepocnemis plorans), analyzing their possible origin and further development. The studied Bs consisted of C-positive or C-positive and C-negative regions. Analyzing new data and considering current hypotheses, we suggest that Bs in grasshoppers could arise through different mechanisms and from different chromosomes of the main set. We gave our special attention to the Bs with C-negative regions and suggest a new hypothesis of B chromosome formation from large or medium autosomes. This hypothesis includes dissemination of repetitive sequences and development of intercalary heterochromatic blocks in euchromatic chromosome arm followed by deletion of euchromatic regions located between them. The hypothesis is based on the findings of the Eyprepocnemis plorans specimens with autosome containing numerous intercalary repeat clusters, analysis of C-positive Bs in Eyprepocnemis plorans and Podisma sapporensis containing intercalary and terminal C-negative regions, and development of heterochromatic neo-Y chromosome in some Pamphagidae grasshoppers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilyas Yerkinovich Jetybayev
- The Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, Lavrentjev Ave., 10, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia.
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, Frunze str. 11, 630091 Novosibirsk, Russia.
| | - Alexander Gennadievich Bugrov
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, Frunze str. 11, 630091 Novosibirsk, Russia.
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogov str., 2, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia.
| | | | - Nikolay Borisovich Rubtsov
- The Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, Lavrentjev Ave., 10, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia.
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogov str., 2, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia.
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Sequence Composition and Evolution of Mammalian B Chromosomes. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9100490. [PMID: 30309007 PMCID: PMC6211034 DOI: 10.3390/genes9100490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
B chromosomes (Bs) revealed more than a hundred years ago remain to be some of the most mysterious elements of the eukaryotic genome. Their origin and evolution, DNA composition, transcriptional activity, impact on adaptiveness, behavior in meiosis, and transfer to the next generation require intensive investigations using modern methods. Over the past years, new experimental techniques have been applied and helped us gain a deeper insight into the nature of Bs. Here, we consider mammalian Bs, taking into account data on their DNA sequencing, transcriptional activity, positions in nuclei of somatic and meiotic cells, and impact on genome functioning. Comparative cytogenetics of Bs suggests the existence of different mechanisms of their formation and evolution. Due to the long and complicated evolvement of Bs, the similarity of their morphology could be explained by the similar mechanisms involved in their development while the difference between Bs even of the same origin could appear due to their positioning at different stages of their evolution. A complex analysis of their DNA composition and other features is required to clarify the origin and evolutionary history of Bs in the species studied. The intraspecific diversity of Bs makes this analysis a very important element of B chromosome studies.
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13
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Grochowski CM, Gu S, Yuan B, Tcw J, Brennand KJ, Sebat J, Malhotra D, McCarthy S, Rudolph U, Lindstrand A, Chong Z, Levy DL, Lupski JR, Carvalho CMB. Marker chromosome genomic structure and temporal origin implicate a chromoanasynthesis event in a family with pleiotropic psychiatric phenotypes. Hum Mutat 2018; 39:939-946. [PMID: 29696747 PMCID: PMC5995661 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Small supernumerary marker chromosomes (sSMC) are chromosomal fragments difficult to characterize genomically. Here, we detail a proband with schizoaffective disorder and a mother with bipolar disorder with psychotic features who present with a marker chromosome that segregates with disease. We explored the architecture of this marker and investigated its temporal origin. Array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) analysis revealed three duplications and three triplications that spanned the short arm of chromosome 9, suggestive of a chromoanasynthesis-like event. Segregation of marker genotypes, phased using sSMC mosaicism in the mother, provided evidence that it was generated during a germline-level event in the proband's maternal grandmother. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) was performed to resolve the structure and junctions of the chromosomal fragments, revealing further complexities. While structural variations have been previously associated with neuropsychiatric disorders and marker chromosomes, here we detail the precise architecture, human life-cycle genesis, and propose a DNA replicative/repair mechanism underlying formation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shen Gu
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Bo Yuan
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Julia Tcw
- Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Kristen J Brennand
- Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Jonathan Sebat
- Beyster Center for Psychiatric Genomics, Department of Psychiatry, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, California
| | | | - Shane McCarthy
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York
| | - Uwe Rudolph
- Laboratory of Genetic Neuropharmacology, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Anna Lindstrand
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Zechen Chong
- Department of Genetics and the Informatics Institute, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Deborah L Levy
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Psychology Research Laboratory, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts
| | - James R Lupski
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Claudia M B Carvalho
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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