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Chepchumba B, Asudi GO, Katana J, Ngayo MO, Khayeli JA. Isolation of phages against Streptococcus species in the oral cavity for potential control of dental diseases and associated systemic complications. Arch Microbiol 2024; 206:175. [PMID: 38493441 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-024-03897-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Dental infections and systemic complications caused by Streptococcus species in the oral cavity are increasingly exhibiting resistance to commonly used antibiotics, posing a potential threat to global public health. Phage therapy may offer a superior alternative, given that bacteriophages can be easily isolated and rapidly replicate in large numbers. In this study, six Streptococcus species from the oral cavity were characterized. Bacteriophages isolated from wastewater using five of these species as hosts produced plaques ranging from 0.2 to 2.4 mm in size. The phages demonstrated stability within a temperature range of 4 ℃ to 37 ℃. However, at temperatures exceeding 45 ℃, a noticeable reduction in bacteriophage titer was observed. Similarly, the phages showed greater stability within a pH range of 5 to 10. The isolated phages exhibited latency periods ranging from 15 to 20 min and had burst sizes varying from 10 to 200 viral particles. This study supports the potential use of bacteriophages in controlling infections caused by Streptococcus species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Chepchumba
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - George O Asudi
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Japhet Katana
- Center for Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Musa O Ngayo
- Center for Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
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2
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Montoya C, Kurylec J, Ossa A, Orrego S. Cyclic strain of poly (methyl methacrylate) surfaces triggered the pathogenicity of Candida albicans. Acta Biomater 2023; 170:415-426. [PMID: 37625677 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Candida albicans is an opportunistic yeast and the primary etiological factor in oral candidiasis and denture stomatitis. The pathogenesis of C. albicans could be triggered by several variables, including environmental, nutritional, and biomaterial surface cues. Specifically, biomaterial interactions are driven by different surface properties, including wettability, stiffness, and roughness. Dental biomaterials experience repetitive (cyclic) stresses from chewing and biomechanical movements. Pathogenic biofilms are formed over these biomaterial surfaces under cyclic strain. This study investigated the effect of the cyclic strain (deformation) of biomaterial surfaces on the virulence of Candida albicans. Candida biofilms were grown over Poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) surfaces subjected to static (no strain) and cyclic strain with different levels (ε˜x=0.1 and 0.2%). To evaluate the biomaterial-biofilm interactions, the biofilm characteristics, yeast-to-hyphae transition, and the expression of virulent genes were measured. Results showed the biofilm biomass and metabolic activity to be significantly higher when Candida adhered to surfaces subjected to cyclic strain compared to static surfaces. Examination of the yeast-to-hyphae transition showed pseudo-hyphae cells (pathogenic) in cyclically strained biomaterial surfaces, whereas static surfaces showed spherical yeast cells (commensal). RNA sequencing was used to determine and compare the transcriptome profiles of cyclically strained and static surfaces. Genes and transcription factors associated with cell adhesion (CSH1, PGA10, and RBT5), biofilm formation (EFG1), and secretion of extracellular matrix (ECM) (CRH1, ADH5, GCA1, and GCA2) were significantly upregulated in the cyclically strained biomaterial surfaces compared to static ones. Genes and transcription factors associated with virulence (UME6 and HGC1) and the secretion of extracellular enzymes (LIP, PLB, and SAP families) were also significantly upregulated in the cyclically strained biomaterial surfaces compared to static. For the first time, this study reveals a biomaterial surface factor triggering the pathogenesis of Candida albicans, which is essential for understanding, controlling, and preventing oral infections. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Fungal infections produced by Candida albicans are a significant contributor to various health conditions. Candida becomes pathogenic when certain environmental conditions change, including temperature, pH, nutrients, and CO2 levels. In addition, surface properties, including wettability, stiffness, and roughness, drive the interactions between Candida and biomaterials. Clinically, Candida adheres to biomaterials that are under repetitive deformation due to body movements. In this work, we revealed that when Candida adhered to biomaterial surfaces subjected to repetitive deformation, the microorganism becomes pathogenic by increasing the formation of biofilms and the expression of virulent factors related to hyphae formation and secretion of enzymes. Findings from this work could aid the development of new strategies for treating fungal infections in medical devices or implanted biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Montoya
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Kornberg School of Dentistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Julia Kurylec
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Kornberg School of Dentistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Alex Ossa
- Production Engineering Department, School of Engineering, Universidad EAFIT, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Santiago Orrego
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Kornberg School of Dentistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Bioengineering Department, College of Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
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3
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Mukherjee S, Bhattacharjee S, Paul S, Nath S, Paul S. Biofilm-a Syntrophic Consortia of Microbial Cells: Boon or Bane? Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2023; 195:5583-5604. [PMID: 35829902 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-022-04075-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Biofilm is the conglomeration of microbial cells which is associated with a surface. In the recent times, the study of biofilm has gained popularity and vivid research is being done to know about the effects of biofilm and that it consists of many organisms which are symbiotic in nature, some of which are human pathogens. Here, in this study, we have discussed about biofilms, its formation, relevance of its presence in the biosphere, and the possible remediations to cope up with its negative effects. Since removal of biofilm is difficult, emphasis has been made to suggest ways to prevent biofilm formation and also to devise ways to utilize biofilm in an economically and environment-friendly method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susmita Mukherjee
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Engineering and Management, University Area, Plot No. III - B/5, New Town, Action Area - III, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700160, India
| | - Shreya Bhattacharjee
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Engineering and Management, University Area, Plot No. III - B/5, New Town, Action Area - III, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700160, India
| | - Sharanya Paul
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Engineering and Management, University Area, Plot No. III - B/5, New Town, Action Area - III, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700160, India
| | - Somava Nath
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Engineering and Management, University Area, Plot No. III - B/5, New Town, Action Area - III, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700160, India
| | - Sonali Paul
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Engineering and Management, University Area, Plot No. III - B/5, New Town, Action Area - III, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700160, India.
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4
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Öztürk FY, Darcan C, Kariptaş E. The Determination, Monitoring, Molecular Mechanisms and Formation of Biofilm in E. coli. Braz J Microbiol 2023; 54:259-277. [PMID: 36577889 PMCID: PMC9943865 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-022-00895-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilms are cell assemblies embedded in an exopolysaccharide matrix formed by microorganisms of a single or many different species. This matrix in which they are embedded protects the bacteria from external influences and antimicrobial effects. The biofilm structure that microorganisms form to protect themselves from harsh environmental conditions and survive is found in nature in many different environments. These environments where biofilm formation occurs have in common that they are in contact with fluids. The gene expression of bacteria in complex biofilm differs from that of bacteria in the planktonic state. The differences in biofilm cell expression are one of the effects of community life. Means of quorum sensing, bacteria can act in coordination with each other. At the same time, while biofilm formation provides many benefits to bacteria, it has positive and negative effects in many different areas. Depending on where they occur, biofilms can cause serious health problems, contamination risks, corrosion, and heat and efficiency losses. However, they can also be used in water treatment plants, bioremediation, and energy production with microbial fuel cells. In this review, the basic steps of biofilm formation and biofilm regulation in the model organism Escherichia coli were discussed. Finally, the methods by which biofilm formation can be detected and monitored were briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fırat Yavuz Öztürk
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic, Faculty of Arts and Science, Bilecik Seyh Edebali University, Bilecik, Turkey.
| | - Cihan Darcan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic, Faculty of Arts and Science, Bilecik Seyh Edebali University, Bilecik, Turkey
| | - Ergin Kariptaş
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Samsun University, Samsun, Turkey
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5
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Chan WL, Luo L, Wu H. The role of hygrodynamic resistance compared to biofilm formation in helping pathogenic bacteria dominate air-conditioning units recovered from odour problems. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2023; 44:1018-1026. [PMID: 34635023 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2021.1992510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We previsouly found that installing filters in odourous air-conditioning units (ACUs) to block the entry of skin squames could well tackle the odour problems. In this study, we revisited and sampled the ACUs installed with filters earlier to study the bacterial communities inside the ACUs using 16S amplicon sequencing. We identified 26 genera and found that the skin bacteria isolated in the previous work were absent in this study. Two pathogenic bacteria, Methylobacterium and Sphingomonas, dominated ACUs instead. Afterwards, these two bacteria were identified to species level (Methylobacterium organophilum and Sphingomonas paucimobilis, respectively), and examined in terms of their biofilm formation ability and resistance to changing moisture conditions together with another prevalent species isolated in our previous study, namely Micrococcus luteus, in order to understand the mechanisms of the survival of bacteria in ACUs. In general, M. organophilum and M. luteus showed good biofilm formation ability at all tested temperature levels, but S. paucimobilis only displayed limited biofilm formation. Whereas, all these three bacteria well maintained their survival after wet-dry cycles. These results suggest that compared to biofilm formation, ability to survive under hygrodynamics tends to play a more important role in helping bacteria dominate ACUs. Further, this study implies that the absence of odour problem does not guarantee a healthy environment, more attentions should be given to limit the abundance of hydrodynamic-resistant pathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing Lam Chan
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Liwen Luo
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Haoxiang Wu
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Bioresource and Agriculture, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
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6
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Sajman J, Sherman E. High- and Super-Resolution Imaging of Cell-Cell Interfaces. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2654:149-158. [PMID: 37106181 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3135-5_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Physical interfaces mediate interactions between multiple types of cells. Despite the importance of such interfaces to the cells' function, their high-resolution optical imaging has been typically limited due to poor alignment of the interfaces relative to the optical plane of imaging. Here, we present a simple and robust method to align cell-cell interfaces in parallel to the coverslip by adhering the interacting cells to two opposing coverslips and bringing them into contact in a controlled and stable fashion. We demonstrate aberration-free high-resolution imaging of interfaces between live T cells and antigen-presenting cells, known as immune synapses, as an outstanding example. Imaging methods may include multiple diffraction-limited and super-resolution microscopy techniques (e.g., bright-field, confocal, STED, and dSTORM). Thus, our simple and widely compatible approach allows imaging with high- and super-resolution the intricate structure and molecular organization within a variety of cell-cell interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Sajman
- Racah Institute of Physics, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
- Jerusalem College of technology, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Eilon Sherman
- Racah Institute of Physics, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel.
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7
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De Silva LADS, Heo GJ. Biofilm formation of pathogenic bacteria isolated from aquatic animals. Arch Microbiol 2022; 205:36. [PMID: 36565346 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-03332-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial biofilm formation is one of the dynamic processes, which facilitates bacteria cells to attach to a surface and accumulate as a colony. With the help of biofilm formation, pathogenic bacteria can survive by adapting to their external environment. These bacterial colonies have several resistance properties with a higher survival rate in the environment. Especially, pathogenic bacteria can grow as biofilms and can be protected from antimicrobial compounds and other substances. In aquaculture, biofilm formation by pathogenic bacteria has emerged with an increased infection rate in aquatic animals. Studies show that Vibrio anguillarum, V. parahaemolyticus, V. alginolyticus, V. harveyi, V. campbellii, V. fischeri, Aeromonas hydrophila, A. salmonicida, Yersinia ruckeri, Flavobacterium columnare, F. psychrophilum, Piscirickettsia salmonis, Edwardsiella tarda, E. ictaluri, E. piscicida, Streptococcus parauberis, and S. iniae can survive in the environment by transforming their planktonic form to biofilm form. Therefore, the present review was intended to highlight the principles behind biofilm formation, major biofilm-forming pathogenic bacteria found in aquaculture systems, gene expression of those bacterial biofilms and possible controlling methods. In addition, the possibility of these pathogenic bacteria can be a serious threat to aquaculture systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A D S De Silva
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Medicine, Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Chungdae-Ro 1, Seowon-Gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Gang-Joon Heo
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Medicine, Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Chungdae-Ro 1, Seowon-Gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, Republic of Korea.
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8
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The Occurrence of Microplastics and the Formation of Biofilms by Pathogenic and Opportunistic Bacteria as Threats in Aquaculture. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19138137. [PMID: 35805796 PMCID: PMC9266316 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19138137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Aquaculture is the most rapidly growing branch of animal production. The efficiency and quality of the produced food depends on sustainable management, water quality, feed prices and the incidence of diseases. Micro- (MP < 5 mm) and nanoplastic (NP < 1000 nm) particles are among the current factors causing serious water pollution. This substance comes solely from products manufactured by humans. MP particles migrate from the terrestrial to the aquatic environment and adversely affect, especially, the health of animals and humans by being a favorable habitat and vector for microbial pathogens and opportunists. More than 30 taxa of pathogens of humans, aquacutural animals and plants, along with opportunistic bacteria, have been detected in plastic-covering biofilm to date. The mobility and durability of the substance, combined with the relatively closed conditions in aquacultural habitats and pathogens’ affinity to the material, make plastic particles a microbiological medium threatening the industry of aquaculture. For this reason, in addition to the fact of plastic accumulation in living organisms, urgent measures should be taken to reduce its influx into the environment. The phenomenon and its implications are related to the concept of one health, wherein the environment, animals and humans affect each other’s fitness.
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9
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Targeting the Holy Triangle of Quorum Sensing, Biofilm Formation, and Antibiotic Resistance in Pathogenic Bacteria. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10061239. [PMID: 35744757 PMCID: PMC9228545 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10061239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic and recurrent bacterial infections are frequently associated with the formation of biofilms on biotic or abiotic materials that are composed of mono- or multi-species cultures of bacteria/fungi embedded in an extracellular matrix produced by the microorganisms. Biofilm formation is, among others, regulated by quorum sensing (QS) which is an interbacterial communication system usually composed of two-component systems (TCSs) of secreted autoinducer compounds that activate signal transduction pathways through interaction with their respective receptors. Embedded in the biofilms, the bacteria are protected from environmental stress stimuli, and they often show reduced responses to antibiotics, making it difficult to eradicate the bacterial infection. Besides reduced penetration of antibiotics through the intricate structure of the biofilms, the sessile biofilm-embedded bacteria show reduced metabolic activity making them intrinsically less sensitive to antibiotics. Moreover, they frequently express elevated levels of efflux pumps that extrude antibiotics, thereby reducing their intracellular levels. Some efflux pumps are involved in the secretion of QS compounds and biofilm-related materials, besides being important for removing toxic substances from the bacteria. Some efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs) have been shown to both prevent biofilm formation and sensitize the bacteria to antibiotics, suggesting a relationship between these processes. Additionally, QS inhibitors or quenchers may affect antibiotic susceptibility. Thus, targeting elements that regulate QS and biofilm formation might be a promising approach to combat antibiotic-resistant biofilm-related bacterial infections.
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10
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Corsini PM, Wang S, Rehman S, Fenn K, Sagar A, Sirovica S, Cleaver L, Edwards-Gayle CJC, Mastroianni G, Dorgan B, Sewell LM, Lynham S, Iuga D, Franks WT, Jarvis J, Carpenter GH, Curtis MA, Bernadó P, Darbari VC, Garnett JA. Molecular and cellular insight into Escherichia coli SslE and its role during biofilm maturation. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2022; 8:9. [PMID: 35217675 PMCID: PMC8881592 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-022-00272-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli is a Gram-negative bacterium that colonises the human intestine and virulent strains can cause severe diarrhoeal and extraintestinal diseases. The protein SslE is secreted by a range of pathogenic and commensal E. coli strains. It can degrade mucins in the intestine, promotes biofilm maturation and it is a major determinant of infection in virulent strains, although how it carries out these functions is not well understood. Here, we examine SslE from the commensal E. coli Waksman and BL21 (DE3) strains and the enterotoxigenic H10407 and enteropathogenic E2348/69 strains. We reveal that SslE has a unique and dynamic structure in solution and in response to acidification within mature biofilms it can form a unique aggregate with amyloid-like properties. Furthermore, we show that both SslE monomers and aggregates bind DNA in vitro and co-localise with extracellular DNA (eDNA) in mature biofilms, and SslE aggregates may also associate with cellulose under certain conditions. Our results suggest that interactions between SslE and eDNA are important for biofilm maturation in many E. coli strains and SslE may also be a factor that drives biofilm formation in other SslE-secreting bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula M Corsini
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dental, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
- School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Sunjun Wang
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dental, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Saima Rehman
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dental, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Katherine Fenn
- School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Amin Sagar
- Centre de Biologie Structurale, Université de Montpellier, INSERM, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Slobodan Sirovica
- Centre for Oral Bioengineering, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Leanne Cleaver
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dental, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Giulia Mastroianni
- School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Ben Dorgan
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dental, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Lee M Sewell
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dental, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Steven Lynham
- Proteomics Facility, Centre of Excellence for Mass Spectrometry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Dinu Iuga
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - W Trent Franks
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - James Jarvis
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics and Centre for Biomolecular Spectroscopy, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Guy H Carpenter
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dental, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Michael A Curtis
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dental, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Pau Bernadó
- Centre de Biologie Structurale, Université de Montpellier, INSERM, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Vidya C Darbari
- School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
| | - James A Garnett
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dental, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.
- School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
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11
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Garnett JA, Atherton J. Structure Determination of Microtubules and Pili: Past, Present, and Future Directions. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 8:830304. [PMID: 35096976 PMCID: PMC8795688 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.830304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Historically proteins that form highly polymeric and filamentous assemblies have been notoriously difficult to study using high resolution structural techniques. This has been due to several factors that include structural heterogeneity, their large molecular mass, and available yields. However, over the past decade we are now seeing a major shift towards atomic resolution insight and the study of more complex heterogenous samples and in situ/ex vivo examination of multi-subunit complexes. Although supported by developments in solid state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (ssNMR) and computational approaches, this has primarily been due to advances in cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM). The study of eukaryotic microtubules and bacterial pili are good examples, and in this review, we will give an overview of the technical innovations that have enabled this transition and highlight the advancements that have been made for these two systems. Looking to the future we will also describe systems that remain difficult to study and where further technical breakthroughs are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A. Garnett
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dental, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph Atherton
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
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12
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Singh G, Yadav M, Ghosh C, Rathore JS. Bacterial toxin-antitoxin modules: classification, functions, and association with persistence. CURRENT RESEARCH IN MICROBIAL SCIENCES 2021; 2:100047. [PMID: 34841338 PMCID: PMC8610362 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmicr.2021.100047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitously present bacterial Toxin-Antitoxin (TA) modules consist of stable toxin associated with labile antitoxin. Classification of TAs modules based on inhibition of toxin through antitoxin in 8 different classes. Variety of specific toxin targets and the abundance of TA modules in various deadly pathogens. Specific role of TAs modules in conservation of the resistant genes, emergence of persistence & biofilm formation. Proposed antibacterial strategies involving TA modules for elimination of multi-drug resistance.
Toxin-antitoxin (TA) modules are ubiquitous gene loci among bacteria and are comprised of a toxin part and its cognate antitoxin part. Under normal physiological conditions, antitoxin counteracts the toxicity of the toxin whereas, during stress conditions, TA modules play a crucial role in bacterial physiology through involvement in the post-segregational killing, abortive infection, biofilms, and persister cell formation. Most of the toxins are proteinaceous that affect translation or DNA replication, although some other intracellular molecular targets have also been described. While antitoxins may be a protein or RNA, that generally neutralizes its cognate toxin by direct interaction or with the help of other signaling elements and thus helps in the TA module regulation. In this review, we have discussed the current state of the multifaceted TA (type I–VIII) modules by highlighting their classification and specific targets. We have also discussed the presence of TA modules in the various pathogens and their role in antibiotic persistence development as well as biofilm formation, by influencing the different cellular processes. In the end, assembling knowledge about ubiquitous TA systems from pathogenic bacteria facilitated us to propose multiple novel antibacterial strategies involving artificial activation of TA modules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garima Singh
- School of Biotechnology, Gautam Buddha University, Greater Noida, Yamuna Expressway, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mohit Yadav
- School of Biotechnology, Gautam Buddha University, Greater Noida, Yamuna Expressway, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Chaitali Ghosh
- Department of Zoology Gargi College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Jitendra Singh Rathore
- School of Biotechnology, Gautam Buddha University, Greater Noida, Yamuna Expressway, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Bobadilla-Fazzini RA, Poblete-Castro I. Biofilm Formation Is Crucial for Efficient Copper Bioleaching From Bornite Under Mesophilic Conditions: Unveiling the Lifestyle and Catalytic Role of Sulfur-Oxidizing Bacteria. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:761997. [PMID: 34745072 PMCID: PMC8569243 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.761997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilm formation within the process of bioleaching of copper sulfides is a relevant aspect of iron- and sulfur-oxidizing acidophilic microorganisms as it represents their lifestyle in the actual heap/dump mining industry. Here, we used biofilm flow cell chambers to establish laminar regimes and compare them with turbulent conditions to evaluate biofilm formation and mineralogic dynamics through QEMSCAN and SEM-EDS during bioleaching of primary copper sulfide minerals at 30°C. We found that laminar regimes triggered the buildup of biofilm using Leptospirillum spp. and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans (inoculation ratio 3:1) at a cell concentration of 106 cells/g mineral on bornite (Cu5FeS4) but not for chalcopyrite (CuFeS2). Conversely, biofilm did not occur on any of the tested minerals under turbulent conditions. Inoculating the bacterial community with ferric iron (Fe3+) under shaking conditions resulted in rapid copper recovery from bornite, leaching 40% of the Cu content after 10 days of cultivation. The addition of ferrous iron (Fe2+) instead promoted Cu recovery of 30% at day 48, clearly delaying the leaching process. More efficiently, the biofilm-forming laminar regime almost doubled the leached copper amount (54%) after 32 days. In-depth inspection of the microbiologic dynamics showed that bacteria developing biofilm on the surface of bornite corresponded mainly to At. Thiooxidans, while Leptospirillum spp. were detected in planktonic form, highlighting the role of biofilm buildup as a means for the bioleaching of primary sulfides. We finally propose a mechanism for bornite bioleaching during biofilm formation where sulfur regeneration to sulfuric acid by the sulfur-oxidizing microorganisms is crucial to prevent iron precipitation for efficient copper recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto A Bobadilla-Fazzini
- Biosystems Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago, Chile
| | - Ignacio Poblete-Castro
- Biosystems Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago, Chile
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14
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Rilstone V, Vignale L, Craddock J, Cushing A, Filion Y, Champagne P. The role of antibiotics and heavy metals on the development, promotion, and dissemination of antimicrobial resistance in drinking water biofilms. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 282:131048. [PMID: 34470147 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR), as well as the development of biofilms in drinking water distribution systems (DWDSs), have become an increasing concern for public health and management. As bulk water travels from source to tap, it may accumulate contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) such as antibiotics and heavy metals. When these CECs and other selective pressures, such as disinfection, pipe material, temperature, pH, and nutrient availability interact with planktonic cells and, consequently, DWDS biofilms, AMR is promoted. The purpose of this review is to highlight the mechanisms by which AMR develops and is disseminated within DWDS biofilms. First, this review will lay a foundation by describing how DWDS biofilms form, as well as their basic intrinsic and acquired resistance mechanisms. Next, the selective pressures that further induce AMR in DWDS biofilms will be elaborated. Then, the pressures by which antibiotic and heavy metal CECs accumulate in DWDS biofilms, their individual resistance mechanisms, and co-selection are described and discussed. Finally, the known human health risks and current management strategies to mitigate AMR in DWDSs will be presented. Overall, this review provides critical connections between several biotic and abiotic factors that influence and induce AMR in DWDS biofilms. Implications are made regarding the importance of monitoring and managing the development, promotion, and dissemination of AMR in DWDS biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Rilstone
- Beaty Water Research Centre, Department of Civil Engineering, Union Street, Queen's University, Kingston, K7L 3Z6, Canada
| | - Leah Vignale
- Beaty Water Research Centre, Department of Civil Engineering, Union Street, Queen's University, Kingston, K7L 3Z6, Canada
| | - Justine Craddock
- Beaty Water Research Centre, Department of Civil Engineering, Union Street, Queen's University, Kingston, K7L 3Z6, Canada
| | - Alexandria Cushing
- Beaty Water Research Centre, Department of Civil Engineering, Union Street, Queen's University, Kingston, K7L 3Z6, Canada
| | - Yves Filion
- Beaty Water Research Centre, Department of Civil Engineering, Union Street, Queen's University, Kingston, K7L 3Z6, Canada.
| | - Pascale Champagne
- Beaty Water Research Centre, Department of Civil Engineering, Union Street, Queen's University, Kingston, K7L 3Z6, Canada; Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), 490 rue de la Couronne, Québec City, Québec, G1K 9A9, Canada
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15
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Kanakaris NK, Giannoudis PV. Biofilm and its implications postfracture fixation: All I need to know. OTA Int 2021; 4:e107(1-7). [PMID: 37609478 PMCID: PMC10441677 DOI: 10.1097/oi9.0000000000000107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Biofilm represents an organized multicellular community of bacteria having a complex 3D structure, formed by bacterial cells and their self-produced extracellular matrix. It usually attaches to any foreign body or fixation implant. It acts as a physical protective barrier of the bacteria from the penetration of antibodies, bacteriophages, granulocytes and biocides, antiseptics, and antibiotics. Biofilm-related infections will increase in the near future. This group of surgical site infections is the most difficult to diagnose, to suppress, to eradicate, and in general to manage. Multispecialty teams involved in all stages of care are an effective way to improve results and save resources and time for the benefit of patients and the health system. Significant steps have occurred recently in the prevention and development of clever tools that we can employ in this everlasting fight with the bacteria. Herein, we attempt to describe the nature and role of the "biofilm" to the specific clinical setting of surgical site infections in the field of orthopaedic trauma surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos K Kanakaris
- Academic Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, University of Leeds
- NIHR Leeds Biomedical Research Center, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Peter V Giannoudis
- Academic Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, University of Leeds
- NIHR Leeds Biomedical Research Center, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
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16
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Siqueira FDS, Alves CFDS, Machado AK, Siqueira JD, Santos TD, Mizdal CR, Moreira KS, Teixeira Carvalho D, Bonez PC, Urquhart CG, Santos RCV, Sagrillo MR, Marques LDL, Back DF, de Campos MMA. Molecular docking, quorum quenching effect, antibiofilm activity and safety profile of silver-complexed sulfonamide on Pseudomonas aeruginosa. BIOFOULING 2021; 37:555-571. [PMID: 34225503 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2021.1939019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Microbial infections caused by sessile microorganisms are known to be a more challenging issue than infections caused by the same microorganisms in the planktonic state. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen and biofilm-forming agent. This species presents intense cellular communication mediated by signaling molecules. This process is known as quorum sensing (QS) and induces the transcription of specific genes that favors cell density growth and three-dimensional bacterial grouping. In this context, the discovery of compounds capable of inhibiting the action of the QS signaling molecules seems to be a promising strategy against biofilms. This work aimed to evaluate the anti-biofilm action and the in vitro safety profile of a sulfamethoxazole-Ag complex. The results obtained indicate potential anti-biofilm activity through QS inhibition. In silico tests showed that the compound acts on the las and pqs systems, which are the main regulators of biofilm formation in P. aeruginosa. Additionally, the molecule proved to be safe for human peripheral blood mononuclear cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alencar Kolinski Machado
- Graduate Program in Nanoscience, Franciscan University, Santa Maria, Brazil, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | | | - Thiago Dos Santos
- Research Center on Natural and Synthetic Products, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Caren Rigon Mizdal
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | | | - Diogo Teixeira Carvalho
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, Brazil
| | - Pauline Codernonsi Bonez
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | | | | | - Michele Rorato Sagrillo
- Graduate Program in Nanoscience, Franciscan University, Santa Maria, Brazil, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Lenice de Lourenço Marques
- Farroupilha Federal Institute, São Vicente do Sul Campus, Zip code: 97420-000, São Vicente do Sul, Brazil
| | - Davi Fernando Back
- Graduate Program in Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
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17
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González AS, Riego A, Vega V, García J, Galié S, Gutiérrez del Río I, Martínez de Yuso MDV, Villar CJ, Lombó F, De la Prida VM. Functional Antimicrobial Surface Coatings Deposited onto Nanostructured 316L Food-Grade Stainless Steel. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11041055. [PMID: 33924070 PMCID: PMC8074267 DOI: 10.3390/nano11041055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In our study, we demonstrated the performance of antimicrobial coatings on properly functionalized and nanostructured 316L food-grade stainless steel pipelines. For the fabrication of these functional coatings, we employed facile and low-cost electrochemical techniques and surface modification processes. The development of a nanoporous structure on the 316L stainless steel surface was performed by following an electropolishing process in an electrolytic bath, at a constant anodic voltage of 40 V for 10 min, while the temperature was maintained between 0 and 10 °C. Subsequently, we incorporated on this nanostructure additional coatings with antimicrobial and bactericide properties, such as Ag nanoparticles, Ag films, or TiO2 thin layers. These functional coatings were grown on the nanostructured substrate by following electroless process, electrochemical deposition, and atomic layer deposition (ALD) techniques. Then, we analyzed the antimicrobial efficiency of these functionalized materials against different biofilms types (Candida parapsilosis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus epidermidis). The results of the present study demonstrate that the nanostructuring and surface functionalization processes constitute a promising route to fabricate novel functional materials exhibiting highly efficient antimicrobial features. In fact, we have shown that our use of an appropriated association of TiO2 layer and Ag nanoparticle coatings over the nanostructured 316L stainless steel exhibited an excellent antimicrobial behavior for all biofilms examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Silvia González
- Departmano de Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Oviedo, C/ Federico García Lorca nº 18, 33007 Oviedo, Spain; (V.V.); (J.G.); (V.M.D.l.P.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Angela Riego
- Research Unit “Biotechnology in Nutraceuticals and Bioactive Compounds—BIONUC”, Departmano de Biología Funcional, Área de Microbiología, Universidad de Oviedo, Avda. Julián Clavería 7, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (A.R.); (S.G.); (I.G.d.R.); (C.J.V.); (F.L.)
- IUOPA (Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias), 33006 Oviedo, Spain
- ISPA (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias), 33011 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Victor Vega
- Departmano de Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Oviedo, C/ Federico García Lorca nº 18, 33007 Oviedo, Spain; (V.V.); (J.G.); (V.M.D.l.P.)
- Laboratorio de Membranas Nanoporosas, Edificio de Servicios Científico Técnicos “Severo Ochoa”, Universidad de Oviedo, C/ Fernando Bonguera s/n, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Javier García
- Departmano de Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Oviedo, C/ Federico García Lorca nº 18, 33007 Oviedo, Spain; (V.V.); (J.G.); (V.M.D.l.P.)
| | - Serena Galié
- Research Unit “Biotechnology in Nutraceuticals and Bioactive Compounds—BIONUC”, Departmano de Biología Funcional, Área de Microbiología, Universidad de Oviedo, Avda. Julián Clavería 7, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (A.R.); (S.G.); (I.G.d.R.); (C.J.V.); (F.L.)
- IUOPA (Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias), 33006 Oviedo, Spain
- ISPA (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias), 33011 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Ignacio Gutiérrez del Río
- Research Unit “Biotechnology in Nutraceuticals and Bioactive Compounds—BIONUC”, Departmano de Biología Funcional, Área de Microbiología, Universidad de Oviedo, Avda. Julián Clavería 7, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (A.R.); (S.G.); (I.G.d.R.); (C.J.V.); (F.L.)
- IUOPA (Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias), 33006 Oviedo, Spain
- ISPA (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias), 33011 Oviedo, Spain
| | | | - Claudio Jesús Villar
- Research Unit “Biotechnology in Nutraceuticals and Bioactive Compounds—BIONUC”, Departmano de Biología Funcional, Área de Microbiología, Universidad de Oviedo, Avda. Julián Clavería 7, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (A.R.); (S.G.); (I.G.d.R.); (C.J.V.); (F.L.)
- IUOPA (Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias), 33006 Oviedo, Spain
- ISPA (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias), 33011 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Felipe Lombó
- Research Unit “Biotechnology in Nutraceuticals and Bioactive Compounds—BIONUC”, Departmano de Biología Funcional, Área de Microbiología, Universidad de Oviedo, Avda. Julián Clavería 7, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (A.R.); (S.G.); (I.G.d.R.); (C.J.V.); (F.L.)
- IUOPA (Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias), 33006 Oviedo, Spain
- ISPA (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias), 33011 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Victor Manuel De la Prida
- Departmano de Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Oviedo, C/ Federico García Lorca nº 18, 33007 Oviedo, Spain; (V.V.); (J.G.); (V.M.D.l.P.)
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18
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Alves-Barroco C, Paquete-Ferreira J, Santos-Silva T, Fernandes AR. Singularities of Pyogenic Streptococcal Biofilms - From Formation to Health Implication. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:584947. [PMID: 33424785 PMCID: PMC7785724 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.584947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Biofilms are generally defined as communities of cells involved in a self-produced extracellular matrix adhered to a surface. In biofilms, the bacteria are less sensitive to host defense mechanisms and antimicrobial agents, due to multiple strategies, that involve modulation of gene expression, controlled metabolic rate, intercellular communication, composition, and 3D architecture of the extracellular matrix. These factors play a key role in streptococci pathogenesis, contributing to therapy failure and promoting persistent infections. The species of the pyogenic group together with Streptococcus pneumoniae are the major pathogens belonging the genus Streptococcus, and its biofilm growth has been investigated, but insights in the genetic origin of biofilm formation are limited. This review summarizes pyogenic streptococci biofilms with details on constitution, formation, and virulence factors associated with formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinthia Alves-Barroco
- UCIBIO, Departamento Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, Caparica, Portugal
| | - João Paquete-Ferreira
- UCIBIO, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Teresa Santos-Silva
- UCIBIO, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Alexandra R Fernandes
- UCIBIO, Departamento Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, Caparica, Portugal
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19
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Li P, Gao Z, Tan Z, Xiao J, Wei L, Chen Y. New developments in anti-biofilm intervention towards effective management of orthopedic device related infections (ODRI's). BIOFOULING 2021; 37:1-35. [PMID: 33618584 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2020.1869725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Orthopedic device related infections (ODRI's) represent a difficult to treat situation owing to their biofilm based nature. Biofilm infections once established are difficult to eradicate even with an aggressive treatment regimen due to their recalcitrance towards antibiotics and immune attack. The involvement of antibiotic resistant pathogens as the etiological agent further worsens the overall clinical picture, pressing on the need to look into alternative treatment strategies. The present review highlightes the microbiological challenges associated with treatment of ODRI's due to biofilm formation on the implant surface. Further, it details the newer anti-infective modalities that work either by preventing biofilm formation and/or through effective disruption of the mature biofilms formed on the medical implant. The study, therefore aims to provide a comprehensive insight into the newer anti-biofilm interventions (non-antibiotic approaches) and a better understanding of their mechanism of action essential for improved management of orthopedic implant infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Ya'an People's Hospital, Yaan City, China
| | - Zhenwu Gao
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Taiyuan City, China
| | - Zhenwei Tan
- Department of Orthopedics, Western Theater Air Force Hospital of PLA, Chengdu, China
| | - Jun Xiao
- Department of Orthopedics, Ya'an People's Hospital, Yaan City, China
| | - Li Wei
- Nursing Department, Three Gorges Hospital Affiliated to Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yirui Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Three Gorges Hospital Affiliated to Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
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20
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Maestre-Reyna M, Huang WC, Wu WJ, Singh PK, Hartmann R, Wang PH, Lee CC, Hikima T, Yamamoto M, Bessho Y, Drescher K, Tsai MD, Wang AHJ. Vibrio cholerae biofilm scaffolding protein RbmA shows an intrinsic, phosphate-dependent autoproteolysis activity. IUBMB Life 2020; 73:418-431. [PMID: 33372380 PMCID: PMC7898620 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae is the causative agent of the diarrheal disease cholera, for which biofilm communities are considered to be environmental reservoirs. In endemic regions, and after algal blooms, which may result from phosphate enrichment following agricultural runoff, the bacterium is released from biofilms resulting in seasonal disease outbreaks. However, the molecular mechanism by which V. cholerae senses its environment and switches lifestyles from the biofilm‐bound state to the planktonic state is largely unknown. Here, we report that the major biofilm scaffolding protein RbmA undergoes autocatalytic proteolysis via a phosphate‐dependent induced proximity activation mechanism. Furthermore, we show that RbmA mutants that are defective in autoproteolysis cause V. cholerae biofilms to grow larger and mechanically stronger, correlating well with the observation that RbmA stability directly affects microbial community homeostasis and rheological properties. In conclusion, our biophysical study characterizes a novel phosphate‐dependent breakdown pathway of RbmA, while microbiological data suggest a new, sensory role of this biofilm scaffolding element.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wei-Cheng Huang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Sayo, Japan
| | - Wen-Jin Wu
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Praveen K Singh
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany
| | - Raimo Hartmann
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany
| | - Po-Hsun Wang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Chung Lee
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | | | - Yoshitaka Bessho
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Sayo, Japan
| | - Knut Drescher
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany.,Department of Physics, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Ming-Daw Tsai
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Andrew H-J Wang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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21
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Widyarman AS, Ramajayanti T, Theodorea CF. Indonesian Strain of Lactobacillus reuteri Probiotic Reduces the Initial Biofilm Colonization. Open Dent J 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1874210602014010544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background:
The benefits of probiotics for human health have long been proven. Probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri, can produce a beneficial broad-spectrum antibacterial compound called reuterin by metabolizing glycerol.
Objective:
The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of the Indonesian strain of L. reuteri LC382415 on mono- and dual-species Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sanguinis biofilms in vitro.
Methods:
Streptococcus mutans and S. sanguinis were cultured in BHI broth. Lactobacillus reuteri LC382415 was inoculated on MRS agar. The different concentrations effect of L. reuteri (1×104, 1×106, and 1×108 CFU/mL) with and without glycerol supplementation on microbial biofilms were examined using a biofilm assay after incubation for 1,3,6, and 24-h. The biofilm mass optical density was measured with a microplate spectrophotometer at 490 nm. Chlorhexidine gluconate (0.2%) was used as a positive control, and wells without treatment were used as negative controls.
Results:
A significant reduction in mono- and dual-species S. mutans and S. sanguinis biofilm formation was observed after treatment with all concentrations of L.reuteri and after all incubation periods (p<0.05) with or without glycerol supplementation. The concentration of 1×104 CFU/mL after 3-h incubation was the most effective in inhibiting biofilm formation, with 87.8% S. mutans, 95.9% S. sanguinis, and 80.4% dual-species biofilm reduction compared to the negative control (p<0.05).
Conclusion:
The Indonesian strain of L. reuteri effectively reduces mono- and dual-species S.mutans and S. sanguinis biofilms. This suggests that it may be useful in preventing biofilm formation in oral cavities. Future studies on the mechanism of action of this active component are warranted.
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22
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Muhammad MH, Idris AL, Fan X, Guo Y, Yu Y, Jin X, Qiu J, Guan X, Huang T. Beyond Risk: Bacterial Biofilms and Their Regulating Approaches. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:928. [PMID: 32508772 PMCID: PMC7253578 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial biofilms are complex surface attached communities of bacteria held together by self-produced polymer matrixs mainly composed of polysaccharides, secreted proteins, and extracellular DNAs. Bacterial biofilm formation is a complex process and can be described in five main phases: (i) reversible attachment phase, where bacteria non-specifically attach to surfaces; (ii) irreversible attachment phase, which involves interaction between bacterial cells and a surface using bacterial adhesins such as fimbriae and lipopolysaccharide (LPS); (iii) production of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) by the resident bacterial cells; (iv) biofilm maturation phase, in which bacterial cells synthesize and release signaling molecules to sense the presence of each other, conducing to the formation of microcolony and maturation of biofilms; and (v) dispersal/detachment phase, where the bacterial cells depart biofilms and comeback to independent planktonic lifestyle. Biofilm formation is detrimental in healthcare, drinking water distribution systems, food, and marine industries, etc. As a result, current studies have been focused toward control and prevention of biofilms. In an effort to get rid of harmful biofilms, various techniques and approaches have been employed that interfere with bacterial attachment, bacterial communication systems (quorum sensing, QS), and biofilm matrixs. Biofilms, however, also offer beneficial roles in a variety of fields including applications in plant protection, bioremediation, wastewater treatment, and corrosion inhibition amongst others. Development of beneficial biofilms can be promoted through manipulation of adhesion surfaces, QS and environmental conditions. This review describes the events involved in bacterial biofilm formation, lists the negative and positive aspects associated with bacterial biofilms, elaborates the main strategies currently used to regulate establishment of harmful bacterial biofilms as well as certain strategies employed to encourage formation of beneficial bacterial biofilms, and highlights the future perspectives of bacterial biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Tianpei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops & Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences & College of Plant Protection & International College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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23
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Ma X, Wang Q, Li Y, Tan P, Wu H, Wang P, Dong X, Hong L, Meng G. How BamA recruits OMP substrates via poly-POTRAs domain. FASEB J 2019; 33:14690-14702. [PMID: 31702961 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201900681rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Almost all the outer membrane proteins (OMPs) fold into an invariant β-barrel fold via the polypeptide-transport-associated (POTRA) motif and β-barrel assembly machinery (BAM). However, whether and how poly-POTRAs interact with OMPs remain largely unknown. Here, we have characterized the structures of Haemophilus influenzae poly-POTRAs via X-ray crystallography, small angle X-ray scattering, and molecular dynamics simulation. Unexpectedly, crystal packing reveals a putative OMP travel pathway spiraled by the conserved α2-β2 edges in poly-POTRAs. Supportively, the structure-based mutations targeting the OMP binding sites significantly disrupt OMP biogenesis, resulting in severe cell growth defects. Another notable feature in H. influenzae POTRA structures is flexibility. As characterized by ELISA assays, poly-POTRAs could recruit OMP substrates in a step-wise manner. More importantly, the restriction of POTRA-POTRA linkage and flexibility significantly impairs the BamA function and causes cell growth defect. Altogether, these results suggest that the β-strand augmentations and intrinsic flexibility are important factors for BamA-OMP recruitment.-Ma, X., Wang, Q., Li, Y., Tan, P., Wu, H., Wang, P., Dong, X., Hong, L., Meng, G. How BamA recruits OMP substrates via poly-POTRAs domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qianqian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuwen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Pan Tan
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Institute of Natural Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haiyan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Pengran Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xue Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liang Hong
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Institute of Natural Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoyu Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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24
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Ning E, Turnbull G, Clarke J, Picard F, Riches P, Vendrell M, Graham D, Wark AW, Faulds K, Shu W. 3D bioprinting of mature bacterial biofilms for antimicrobial resistance drug testing. Biofabrication 2019; 11:045018. [DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ab37a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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25
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Moulavi P, Noorbazargan H, Dolatabadi A, Foroohimanjili F, Tavakoli Z, Mirzazadeh S, Hashemi M, Ashrafi F. Antibiofilm effect of green engineered silver nanoparticles fabricated fromArtemisia scoporiaextract on the expression oficaAandicaRgenes against multidrug-resistantStaphylococcus aureus. J Basic Microbiol 2019; 59:701-712. [DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201900096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pooria Moulavi
- Department of Biology, Tehran North Branch; Islamic Azad University; Tehran Iran
| | - Hassan Noorbazargan
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine; Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Aghigh Dolatabadi
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch; Islamic Azad University; Tehran Iran
| | | | - Zahra Tavakoli
- Department of Biology, Tehran North Branch; Islamic Azad University; Tehran Iran
| | - Sana Mirzazadeh
- Department of Biology, Tehran North Branch; Islamic Azad University; Tehran Iran
| | - Mojgan Hashemi
- Department of Genetics; Islamic Azad University, Tehran Medical Branch; Tehran Iran
| | - Fatemeh Ashrafi
- Department of Biology, Tehran North Branch; Islamic Azad University; Tehran Iran
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26
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Alves-Barroco C, Roma-Rodrigues C, Balasubramanian N, Guimarães MA, Ferreira-Carvalho BT, Muthukumaran J, Nunes D, Fortunato E, Martins R, Santos-Silva T, Figueiredo AMS, Fernandes AR, Santos-Sanches I. Biofilm development and computational screening for new putative inhibitors of a homolog of the regulatory protein BrpA in Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. dysgalactiae. Int J Med Microbiol 2019; 309:169-181. [PMID: 30799091 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. dysgalactiae (SDSD), a Lancefield group C streptococci (GCS), is a frequent cause of bovine mastitis. This highly prevalent disease is the costliest in dairy industry. Adherence and biofilm production are important factors in streptoccocal pathogenesis. We have previously described the adhesion and internalization of SDSD isolates in human cells and now we describe the biofilm production capability of this bacterium. In this work we integrated microbiology, imaging and computational methods to evaluate the biofilm production capability of SDSD isolates; to assess the presence of biofilm regulatory protein BrpA homolog in the biofilm producers; and to predict a structural model of BrpA-like protein and its binding to putative inhibitors. Our results show that SDSD isolates form biofilms on abiotic surface such as glass (hydrophilic) and polystyrene (hydrophobic), with the strongest biofilm formation observed in glass. This ability was mainly associated with a proteinaceous extracellular matrix, confirmed by the dispersion of the biofilms after proteinase K and trypsin treatment. The biofilm formation in SDSD isolates was also confirmed by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Under SEM observation, VSD16 isolate formed cell aggregates during biofilm growth while VSD9 and VSD10 formed smooth and filmy layers. We show that brpA-like gene is present and expressed in SDSD biofilm-producing isolates and its expression levels correlated with the biofilm production capability, being more expressed in the late exponential phase of planktonic growth compared to biofilm growth. Fisetin, a known biofilm inhibitor and a putative BrpA binding molecule, dramatically inhibited biofilm formation by the SDSD isolates but did not affect planktonic growth, at the tested concentrations. Homology modeling was used to predict the 3D structure of BrpA-like protein. Using high throughput virtual screening and molecular docking, we selected five ligand molecules with strong binding affinity to the hydrophobic cleft of the protein, making them potential inhibitor candidates of the SDSD BrpA-like protein. These results warrant further investigations for developing novel strategies for SDSD anti-biofilm therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinthia Alves-Barroco
- UCIBIO, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Catarina Roma-Rodrigues
- UCIBIO, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Natesan Balasubramanian
- UCIBIO, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal; Department of Immunology, School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, 625021, India
| | | | | | - Jayaraman Muthukumaran
- UCIBIO, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Daniela Nunes
- i3N/CENIMAT, Departamento de Ciência dos Materiais, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Elvira Fortunato
- i3N/CENIMAT, Departamento de Ciência dos Materiais, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Rodrigo Martins
- i3N/CENIMAT, Departamento de Ciência dos Materiais, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Teresa Santos-Silva
- UCIBIO, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal.
| | - Agnes M S Figueiredo
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Alexandra R Fernandes
- UCIBIO, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal.
| | - Ilda Santos-Sanches
- UCIBIO, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
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27
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On-line quantification of thickness and strength of single and mixed species biofilm grown under controlled laminar flow conditions. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2018.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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28
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Zeng L, Zhang L, Wang P, Meng G. Structural basis of host recognition and biofilm formation by Salmonella Saf pili. eLife 2017; 6:28619. [PMID: 29125121 PMCID: PMC5700814 DOI: 10.7554/elife.28619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pili are critical in host recognition, colonization and biofilm formation during bacterial infection. Here, we report the crystal structures of SafD-dsc and SafD-SafA-SafA (SafDAA-dsc) in Saf pili. Cell adherence assays show that SafD and SafA are both required for host recognition, suggesting a poly-adhesive mechanism for Saf pili. Moreover, the SafDAA-dsc structure, as well as SAXS characterization, reveals an unexpected inter-molecular oligomerization, prompting the investigation of Saf-driven self-association in biofilm formation. The bead/cell aggregation and biofilm formation assays are used to demonstrate the novel function of Saf pili. Structure-based mutants targeting the inter-molecular hydrogen bonds and complementary architecture/surfaces in SafDAA-dsc dimers significantly impaired the Saf self-association activity and biofilm formation. In summary, our results identify two novel functions of Saf pili: the poly-adhesive and self-associating activities. More importantly, Saf-Saf structures and functional characterizations help to define a pili-mediated inter-cellular oligomerizaiton mechanism for bacterial aggregation, colonization and ultimate biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longhui Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Pengran Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoyu Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China
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29
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A Low-Molecular-Weight Alginate Oligosaccharide Disrupts Pseudomonal Microcolony Formation and Enhances Antibiotic Effectiveness. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2017. [PMID: 28630204 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00762-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In chronic respiratory disease, the formation of dense, 3-dimensional "microcolonies" by Pseudomonas aeruginosa within the airway plays an important role in contributing to resistance to treatment. An in vitro biofilm model of pseudomonal microcolony formation using artificial-sputum (AS) medium was established to study the effects of low-molecular-weight alginate oligomers (OligoG CF-5/20) on pseudomonal growth, microcolony formation, and the efficacy of colistin. The studies employed clinical cystic fibrosis (CF) isolates (n = 3) and reference nonmucoid and mucoid multidrug-resistant (MDR) CF isolates (n = 7). Bacterial growth and biofilm development and disruption were studied using cell viability assays and image analysis with scanning electron and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Pseudomonal growth in AS medium was associated with increased ATP production (P < 0.05) and the formation (at 48 h) of discrete (>10-μm) microcolonies. In conventional growth medium, colistin retained an ability to inhibit growth of planktonic bacteria, although the MIC was increased (0.1 to 0.4 μg/ml) in AS medium compared to Mueller-Hinton (MH) medium. In contrast, in an established-biofilm model in AS medium, the efficacy of colistin was decreased. OligoG CF-5/20 (≥2%) treatment, however, induced dose-dependent biofilm disruption (P < 0.05) and led to colistin retaining its antimicrobial activity (P < 0.05). While circular dichroism indicated that OligoG CF-5/20 did not change the orientation of the alginate carboxyl groups, mass spectrometry demonstrated that the oligomers induced dose-dependent (>0.2%; P < 0.05) reductions in pseudomonal quorum-sensing signaling. These findings reinforce the potential clinical significance of microcolony formation in the CF lung and highlight a novel approach to treat MDR pseudomonal infections.
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30
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Gu S, Shevchik VE, Shaw R, Pickersgill RW, Garnett JA. The role of intrinsic disorder and dynamics in the assembly and function of the type II secretion system. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2017; 1865:1255-1266. [PMID: 28733198 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2017.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 07/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Many Gram-negative commensal and pathogenic bacteria use a type II secretion system (T2SS) to transport proteins out of the cell. These exported proteins or substrates play a major role in toxin delivery, maintaining biofilms, replication in the host and subversion of host immune responses to infection. We review the current structural and functional work on this system and argue that intrinsically disordered regions and protein dynamics are central for assembly, exo-protein recognition, and secretion competence of the T2SS. The central role of intrinsic disorder-order transitions in these processes may be a particular feature of type II secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Gu
- Queen Mary University of London, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - Vladimir E Shevchik
- Université de Lyon, F-69003, Université Lyon 1, Lyon, F-69622, INSA-Lyon, Villeurbanne F-69621, CNRS, UMR5240, Microbiologie Adaptation et Pathogénie, Lyon F-69622, France
| | - Rosie Shaw
- Queen Mary University of London, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - Richard W Pickersgill
- Queen Mary University of London, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom.
| | - James A Garnett
- Queen Mary University of London, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom.
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31
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Ong TH, Chitra E, Ramamurthy S, Siddalingam RP, Yuen KH, Ambu SP, Davamani F. Chitosan-propolis nanoparticle formulation demonstrates anti-bacterial activity against Enterococcus faecalis biofilms. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174888. [PMID: 28362873 PMCID: PMC5376299 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Propolis obtained from bee hives is a natural substance with antimicrobial properties. It is limited by its insolubility in aqueous solutions; hence ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts of Malaysian propolis were prepared. Both the extracts displayed antimicrobial and anti-biofilm properties against Enterococcus faecalis, a common bacterium associated with hospital-acquired infections. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of propolis revealed the presence of flavonoids like kaempferol and pinocembrin. This study investigated the role of propolis developed into nanoparticles with chitosan for its antimicrobial and anti-biofilm properties against E. faecalis. Bacteria that grow in a slimy layer of biofilm are resistant to penetration by antibacterial agents. The use of nanoparticles in medicine has received attention recently due to better bioavailability, enhanced penetrative capacity and improved efficacy. A chitosan-propolis nanoformulation was chosen based on ideal physicochemical properties such as particle size, zeta potential, polydispersity index, encapsulation efficiency and the rate of release of the active ingredients. This formulation inhibited E. faecalis biofilm formation and reduced the number of bacteria in the biofilm by ~90% at 200 μg/ml concentration. When tested on pre-formed biofilms, the formulation reduced bacterial number in the biofilm by ~40% and ~75% at 200 and 300 μg/ml, respectively. The formulation not only reduced bacterial numbers, but also physically disrupted the biofilm structure as observed by scanning electron microscopy. Treatment of biofilms with chitosan-propolis nanoparticles altered the expression of biofilm-associated genes in E. faecalis. The results of this study revealed that chitosan-propolis nanoformulation can be deemed as a potential anti-biofilm agent in resisting infections involving biofilm formation like chronic wounds and surgical site infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teik Hwa Ong
- School of Postgraduate Studies, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ebenezer Chitra
- Division of Applied Biomedical Science and Biotechnology, School of Health Sciences, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Srinivasan Ramamurthy
- Division of Applied Biomedical Science and Biotechnology, School of Health Sciences, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Kah Hay Yuen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Stephen Periathamby Ambu
- Division of Applied Biomedical Science and Biotechnology, School of Health Sciences, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Fabian Davamani
- Division of Applied Biomedical Science and Biotechnology, School of Health Sciences, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- * E-mail:
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32
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The BR domain of PsrP interacts with extracellular DNA to promote bacterial aggregation; structural insights into pneumococcal biofilm formation. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32371. [PMID: 27582320 PMCID: PMC5007671 DOI: 10.1038/srep32371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The major human pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae is a leading cause of disease and death worldwide. Pneumococcal biofilm formation within the nasopharynx leads to long-term colonization and persistence within the host. We have previously demonstrated that the capsular surface-associated pneumococcal serine rich repeat protein (PsrP), key factor for biofilm formation, binds to keratin-10 (KRT10) through its microbial surface component recognizing adhesive matrix molecule (MSCRAMM)-related globular binding region domain (BR187–385). Here, we show that BR187–385 also binds to DNA, as demonstrated by electrophoretic mobility shift assays and size exclusion chromatography. Further, heterologous expression of BR187–378 or the longer BR120–378 construct on the surface of a Gram-positive model host bacterium resulted in the formation of cellular aggregates that was significantly enhanced in the presence of DNA. Crystal structure analyses revealed the formation of BR187–385 homo-dimers via an intermolecular β-sheet, resulting in a positively charged concave surface, shaped to accommodate the acidic helical DNA structure. Furthermore, small angle X-ray scattering and circular dichroism studies indicate that the aggregate-enhancing N-terminal region of BR120–166 adopts an extended, non-globular structure. Altogether, our results suggest that PsrP adheres to extracellular DNA in the biofilm matrix and thus promotes pneumococcal biofilm formation.
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33
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Benigar E, Zupančič Valant A, Dogsa I, Sretenovic S, Stopar D, Jamnik A, Tomšič M. Structure and Dynamics of a Model Polymer Mixture Mimicking a Levan-Based Bacterial Biofilm of Bacillus subtilis. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:8182-8194. [PMID: 27438223 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b02041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we report on the structure and dynamics of biologically important model polymer mixtures that mimic the extracellular polymeric matrix in native biofilm of Bacillus subtilis. This biofilm is rich in nonionic polysaccharide levan, but also contains other biopolymers such as DNA and proteins in small concentrations. Aiming to identify the contribution of each component to the formation of the biofilm, our investigations encompassed dynamic rheology, small-angle X-ray scattering, dynamic light scattering, microscopy, densitometry, and sound velocity measurements. As it turned out, this very powerful combination of techniques is able to provide solid results on the dynamical and structural aspects of the microbiologically and chemically complex biofilm formations. Macroscopic rheological measurements revealed that the addition of DNA to levan solution increased the viscosity, pseudoplasticity, and elasticity of the system. The addition of protein contributed similarly, but also increased the rigidity of the system. This confirms that the presence of minor biofilm components is essential for biofilm formation. DNA and proteins appear to confine levan molecules within their supramolecular structure and, in this way, restrict the role of levan to merely a filling agent. These findings were complemented by small-angle X-ray scattering data, which provided insight into the structure on a molecular scale. One of the essential goals of this work was to compare the structural properties of the native biofilm and synthetic biofilm mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeta Benigar
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology and Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana , Večna pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Andreja Zupančič Valant
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology and Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana , Večna pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Iztok Dogsa
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana , Večna pot 111, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Simon Sretenovic
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana , Večna pot 111, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - David Stopar
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana , Večna pot 111, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Andrej Jamnik
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology and Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana , Večna pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matija Tomšič
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology and Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana , Večna pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Radulescu M, Andronescu E, Dolete G, Popescu RC, Fufă O, Chifiriuc MC, Mogoantă L, Bălşeanu TA, Mogoşanu GD, Grumezescu AM, Holban AM. Silver Nanocoatings for Reducing the Exogenous Microbial Colonization of Wound Dressings. MATERIALS 2016; 9:ma9050345. [PMID: 28773468 PMCID: PMC5503056 DOI: 10.3390/ma9050345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to obtain an antimicrobial coating (NanoAg) for polyester-nylon wound dressings (WDs) for reducing the risk of exogenous wound related infections. The as-prepared NanoAg-WDs were characterized by XRD (X-ray Diffraction), SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy), TEM (Transmission Electron Microscopy), SAED (Selected Area Electron Diffraction) and IRM (InfraRed Microscopy). Biological characterization consisted of in vitro evaluation of the interaction with fibroblast cell cultures and in vivo biodistribution studies of AgNPs on mice models. Then, specimens of commercial WDs were immersed in a glucose and NaOH solution of silver nanoparticles, followed by the subsequent dropwise addition of AgNO₃ solution. The antimicrobial efficiency of the NanoAg-WDs was assessed by in vitro qualitative and quantitative analyses on Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains. The in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrated that the tested nanoparticles utilized to coat WDs have a good biocompatibility, allowing the normal development of cultured human cells and revealing a normal biodistribution within a mouse model, without toxic effects. The modified and viable cells count analyses proved that the modified WDs exhibit an improved inhibitory activity of microbial colonization, attachment and biofilm growth. The reported data recommend this type of coatings to obtain modified WDs with antibacterial properties, able to prevent the exogenous microbial contamination of the wound tissue, colonization and further biofilm development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Radulescu
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-7 Polizu Street, Bucharest 011061, Romania.
| | - Ecaterina Andronescu
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-7 Polizu Street, Bucharest 011061, Romania.
| | - Georgiana Dolete
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-7 Polizu Street, Bucharest 011061, Romania.
| | - Roxana Cristina Popescu
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-7 Polizu Street, Bucharest 011061, Romania.
- Department of Life and Environmental Physics, "Horia Hulubei" National Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Magurele 077125, Romania.
| | - Oana Fufă
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-7 Polizu Street, Bucharest 011061, Romania.
- Lasers Department, National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, Magurele 077125, Romania.
| | - Mariana Carmen Chifiriuc
- Microbiology Immunology Department, Faculty of Biology, Research Institute of the University of Bucharest (ICUB), University of Bucharest, 1-3 Portocalelor Lane, Sector 5, Bucharest 77206, Romania.
| | - Laurenţiu Mogoantă
- Research Center for Microscopic Morphology and Immunology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova 2 Petru Rareş Street, Craiova 200349, Romania.
| | - Tudor-Adrian Bălşeanu
- Research Center for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova 2 Petru Rareş Street, Craiova 200349, Romania.
| | - George Dan Mogoşanu
- Department of Pharmacognosy & Phytotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova 2 Petru Rareş Street, Craiova 200349, Romania.
| | - Alexandru Mihai Grumezescu
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-7 Polizu Street, Bucharest 011061, Romania.
| | - Alina Maria Holban
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-7 Polizu Street, Bucharest 011061, Romania.
- Microbiology Immunology Department, Faculty of Biology, Research Institute of the University of Bucharest (ICUB), University of Bucharest, 1-3 Portocalelor Lane, Sector 5, Bucharest 77206, Romania.
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Giaouris E, Heir E, Desvaux M, Hébraud M, Møretrø T, Langsrud S, Doulgeraki A, Nychas GJ, Kačániová M, Czaczyk K, Ölmez H, Simões M. Intra- and inter-species interactions within biofilms of important foodborne bacterial pathogens. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:841. [PMID: 26347727 PMCID: PMC4542319 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A community-based sessile life style is the normal mode of growth and survival for many bacterial species. Under such conditions, cell-to-cell interactions are inevitable and ultimately lead to the establishment of dense, complex and highly structured biofilm populations encapsulated in a self-produced extracellular matrix and capable of coordinated and collective behavior. Remarkably, in food processing environments, a variety of different bacteria may attach to surfaces, survive, grow, and form biofilms. Salmonella enterica, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus are important bacterial pathogens commonly implicated in outbreaks of foodborne diseases, while all are known to be able to create biofilms on both abiotic and biotic surfaces. Particularly challenging is the attempt to understand the complexity of inter-bacterial interactions that can be encountered in such unwanted consortia, such as competitive and cooperative ones, together with their impact on the final outcome of these communities (e.g., maturation, physiology, antimicrobial resistance, virulence, dispersal). In this review, up-to-date data on both the intra- and inter-species interactions encountered in biofilms of these pathogens are presented. A better understanding of these interactions, both at molecular and biophysical levels, could lead to novel intervention strategies for controlling pathogenic biofilm formation in food processing environments and thus improve food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efstathios Giaouris
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of the Environment, University of the Aegean, Myrina, Lemnos Island, Greece
| | - Even Heir
- Nofima, Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Ås, Norway
| | - Mickaël Desvaux
- INRA, UR454 Microbiologie, Centre Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - Michel Hébraud
- INRA, UR454 Microbiologie, Centre Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - Trond Møretrø
- Nofima, Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Ås, Norway
| | - Solveig Langsrud
- Nofima, Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Ås, Norway
| | - Agapi Doulgeraki
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Biotechnology of Foods, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Faculty of Foods, Biotechnology and Development, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - George-John Nychas
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Biotechnology of Foods, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Faculty of Foods, Biotechnology and Development, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Miroslava Kačániová
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Katarzyna Czaczyk
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Hülya Ölmez
- TÜBİTAK Marmara Research Center, Food Institute, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Manuel Simões
- Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Garnett JA, Muhl D, Douse CH, Hui K, Busch A, Omisore A, Yang Y, Simpson P, Marchant J, Waksman G, Matthews S, Filloux A. Structure-function analysis reveals that the Pseudomonas aeruginosa Tps4 two-partner secretion system is involved in CupB5 translocation. Protein Sci 2015; 24:670-87. [PMID: 25641651 PMCID: PMC4420518 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a Gram-negative opportunistic bacterium, synonymous with cystic fibrosis patients, which can cause chronic infection of the lungs. This pathogen is a model organism to study biofilms: a bacterial population embedded in an extracellular matrix that provide protection from environmental pressures and lead to persistence. A number of Chaperone-Usher Pathways, namely CupA-CupE, play key roles in these processes by assembling adhesive pili on the bacterial surface. One of these, encoded by the cupB operon, is unique as it contains a nonchaperone-usher gene product, CupB5. Two-partner secretion (TPS) systems are comprised of a C-terminal integral membrane β-barrel pore with tandem N-terminal POTRA (POlypeptide TRansport Associated) domains located in the periplasm (TpsB) and a secreted substrate (TpsA). Using NMR we show that TpsB4 (LepB) interacts with CupB5 and its predicted cognate partner TpsA4 (LepA), an extracellular protease. Moreover, using cellular studies we confirm that TpsB4 can translocate CupB5 across the P. aeruginosa outer membrane, which contrasts a previous observation that suggested the CupB3 P-usher secretes CupB5. In support of our findings we also demonstrate that tps4/cupB operons are coregulated by the RocS1 sensor suggesting P. aeruginosa has developed synergy between these systems. Furthermore, we have determined the solution-structure of the TpsB4-POTRA1 domain and together with restraints from NMR chemical shift mapping and in vivo mutational analysis we have calculated models for the entire TpsB4 periplasmic region in complex with both TpsA4 and CupB5 secretion motifs. The data highlight specific residues for TpsA4/CupB5 recognition by TpsB4 in the periplasm and suggest distinct roles for each POTRA domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Garnett
- Department of Life Sciences, Centre for Structural Biology, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom; Department of Life Sciences, MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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Armitano J, Méjean V, Jourlin-Castelli C. Gram-negative bacteria can also form pellicles. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2014; 6:534-544. [PMID: 25756106 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.12171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing interest in the bacterial pellicle, a biofilm floating at the air-liquid interface. Pellicles have been well studied in the Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis, but far less in Gram-negative bacteria, where pellicle studies have mostly focused on matrix components rather than on the regulatory cascades involved. Several Gram-negative bacteria, including pathogenic bacteria, have been shown to be able to form a pellicle under static conditions. Here, we summarize the growing body of knowledge about pellicle formation in Gram-negative bacteria, especially about the components of the pellicle matrix. We also propose that the pellicle is a specific biofilm, and that its formation involves particular processes. Since this lifestyle concerns a growing number of bacteria, its properties undoubtedly deserve further investigation.
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Neznansky A, Blus-Kadosh I, Yerushalmi G, Banin E, Opatowsky Y. The Pseudomonas aeruginosa phosphate transport protein PstS plays a phosphate-independent role in biofilm formation. FASEB J 2014; 28:5223-33. [PMID: 25223609 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-258293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) is a primary cause of nosocomial infections. A key element in PA pathogenicity is its ability to form biofilms that withstand eradication by antibiotics and the immune system. Biofilm formation is controlled by phosphate signaling and here we provide evidence that PstS, a subunit of the PA Pst phosphate transporter, has a surprising role in this process. Using X-ray crystallography, we characterized the unique underpinnings of PstS phosphate binding and identified an unusual 15-residue N' loop extension. Structure-based experiments showed that PstS-mediated phosphate uptake and biofilm formation are in fact two distinct functions. Specifically, a point mutation that abrogated phosphate binding did not eliminate biofilm formation; conversely, truncation of the N' loop diminished the ability of PA to form biofilms but had no effect on phosphate binding and uptake. This places PstS at a junction that separately controls phosphate sensing and uptake and the ultrastructure organization of bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avi Neznansky
- Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences and
| | - Inna Blus-Kadosh
- Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences and Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology Institute, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Gal Yerushalmi
- Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences and Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology Institute, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Ehud Banin
- Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences and Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology Institute, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
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40
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Neznansky A, Opatowsky Y. Expression, purification and crystallization of the phosphate-binding PstS protein from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2014; 70:906-10. [PMID: 25005086 PMCID: PMC4089529 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x14010279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) infections pose a serious threat to human health. PA is a leading cause of fatal lung infections in cystic fibrosis and immune-suppressed patients, of sepsis in burn victims and of nosocomial infections. An important element in PA virulence is its ability to establish biofilms that evade suppression by the host's immune system and antibiotics. PstS, a periplasmic subunit of the Pst phosphate-transport system of PA, plays a critical role in the establishment of biofilms. In some drug-resistant PA strains, PstS is secreted in large quantities from the bacteria, where it participates in the assembly of adhesion fibres that enhance bacterial virulence. In order to understand the dual function of PstS in biofilm formation and phosphate transport, the crystal structure of PA PstS was determined. Here, the overexpression in Escherichia coli and purification of PA PstS in the presence of phosphate are described. Two crystal forms were obtained using the vapour-diffusion method at 20°C and X-ray diffraction data were collected. The first crystal form belonged to the centred orthorhombic space group C222₁, with unit-cell parameters a=67.5, b=151.3, c=108.9 Å. Assuming the presence of a dimer in the asymmetric unit gives a crystal volume per protein weight (VM) of 2.09 Å3 Da(-1) and a solvent content of 41%. The second crystal form belonged to the primitive orthorhombic space group P2₁2₁2₁, with unit-cell parameters a=35.4, b=148.3, c=216.7 Å. Assuming the presence of a tetramer in the asymmetric unit gives a crystal volume per protein weight (VM) of 2.14 Å3 Da(-1) and a solvent content of 42.65%. A pseudo-translational symmetry is present in the P212121 crystal form which is consistent with a filamentous arrangement of PstS in the crystal lattice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avi Neznansky
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Yarden Opatowsky
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
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Hutchison JB, Rodesney CA, Kaushik KS, Le HH, Hurwitz DA, Irie Y, Gordon VD. Single-cell control of initial spatial structure in biofilm development using laser trapping. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:4522-4530. [PMID: 24684606 DOI: 10.1021/la500128y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Biofilms are sessile communities of microbes that are spatially structured by an embedding matrix. Biofilm infections are notoriously intractable. This arises, in part, from changes in the bacterial phenotype that result from spatial structure. Understanding these interactions requires methods to control the spatial structure of biofilms. We present a method for growing biofilms from initiating cells whose positions are controlled with single-cell precision using laser trapping. The native growth, motility, and surface adhesion of positioned microbes are preserved, as we show for model organisms Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. We demonstrate that laser-trapping and placing bacteria on surfaces can reveal the effects of spatial structure on bacterial growth in early biofilm development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime B Hutchison
- Center for Nonlinear Dynamics and Department of Physics and ‡School of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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Castelhano Santos N, Pereira MO, Lourenço A. Pathogenicity phenomena in three model systems: from network mining to emerging system-level properties. Brief Bioinform 2013; 16:169-82. [PMID: 24106130 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbt071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the interconnections of microbial pathogenicity phenomena, such as biofilm formation, quorum sensing and antimicrobial resistance, is a tremendous open challenge for biomedical research. Progress made by wet-lab researchers and bioinformaticians in understanding the underlying regulatory phenomena has been significant, with converging evidence from multiple high-throughput technologies. Notably, network reconstructions are already of considerable size and quality, tackling both intracellular regulation and signal mediation in microbial infection. Therefore, it stands to reason that in silico investigations would play a more active part in this research. Drug target identification and drug repurposing could take much advantage of the ability to simulate pathogen regulatory systems, host-pathogen interactions and pathogen cross-talking. Here, we review the bioinformatics resources and tools available for the study of the gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus and the fungal species Candida albicans. The choice of these three microorganisms fits the rationale of the review converging into pathogens of great clinical importance, which thrive in biofilm consortia and manifest growing antimicrobial resistance.
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Microbial adhesion and biofilm formation on microfiltration membranes: a detailed characterization using model organisms with increasing complexity. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:470867. [PMID: 23986906 PMCID: PMC3748401 DOI: 10.1155/2013/470867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Since many years, membrane biofouling has been described as the Achilles heel of membrane fouling. In the present study, an ecological assay was performed using model systems with increasing complexity: a monospecies assay using Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Escherichia coli separately, a duospecies assay using both microorganisms, and a multispecies assay using activated sludge with or without spiked P. aeruginosa. The microbial adhesion and biofilm formation were evaluated in terms of bacterial cell densities, species richness, and bacterial community composition on polyvinyldifluoride, polyethylene, and polysulfone membranes. The data show that biofouling formation was strongly influenced by the kind of microorganism, the interactions between the organisms, and the changes in environmental conditions whereas the membrane effect was less important. The findings obtained in this study suggest that more knowledge in species composition and microbial interactions is needed in order to understand the complex biofouling process. This is the first report describing the microbial interactions with a membrane during the biofouling development.
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