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Bai Y, Qiao Y, Li M, Yang W, Chen H, Wu Y, Zhang H. RIPK1 inhibitors: A key to unlocking the potential of necroptosis in drug development. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 265:116123. [PMID: 38199165 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Within the field of medical science, there is a great deal of interest in investigating cell death pathways in the hopes of discovering new drugs. Over the past two decades, pharmacological research has focused on necroptosis, a cell death process that has just been discovered. Receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1), an essential regulator in the cell death receptor signalling pathway, has been shown to be involved in the regulation of important events, including necrosis, inflammation, and apoptosis. Therefore, researching necroptosis inhibitors offers novel ways to treat a variety of disorders that are not well-treated by the therapeutic medications now on the market. The research and medicinal potential of RIPK1 inhibitors, a promising class of drugs, are thoroughly examined in this study. The journey from the discovery of Necrostatin-1 (Nec-1) to the recent advancements in RIPK1 inhibitors is marked by significant progress, highlighting the integration of traditional medicinal chemistry approaches with modern technologies like high-throughput screening and DNA-encoded library technology. This review presents a thorough exploration of the development and therapeutic potential of RIPK1 inhibitors, a promising class of compounds. Simultaneously, this review highlights the complex roles of RIPK1 in various pathological conditions and discusses potential inhibitors discovered through diverse pathways, emphasizing their efficacy against multiple disease models, providing significant guidance for the expansion of knowledge about RIPK1 and its inhibitors to develop more selective, potent, and safe therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinliang Bai
- Department of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030, China; School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yujun Qiao
- Department of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Mingming Li
- Department of Neurology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Wenzhen Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Haile Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Yanqing Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Honghua Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117544, Singapore.
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Bai W, Cui F, Wang Z, Gu X, Fang X, Zhou L, Guo S. Receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1) regulates cervical cancer cells via NF-κB-TNF-α pathway: An in vitro study. Transl Oncol 2023; 36:101748. [PMID: 37516007 PMCID: PMC10410169 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2023.101748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cervical cancer (CC) is associated with high morbidity and mortality rates in women. Members of the receptor-interacting protein kinase (RIPK) family are important regulators of inflammation and cell death. However, the characteristics, molecular functions, and expression mechanisms of RIPK1 in CC remain unclear. MATERIAL AND METHODS To determine whether RIPK1 can be used for targeted therapy of CC, we assessed the clinical importance, biological function, and potential impact of RIPK1 in CC in 50 patients with CC. We utilized immunohistochemical staining, transfection, western blotting, cell counting kit-8 assay, colony formation assay, and wound healing assays among others, to elucidate the role of RIPK1 in CC. RESULTS RIPK1 expression was higher in tumor tissues than in paracancerous tissues. Poor prognosis of CC was linked to RIPK1 upregulation. Furthermore, silencing RIPK1 significantly inhibited the proliferation, migration, and invasion of CC cells in vitro. We also established that RIPK1 increased cell migration, invasion, and multiplication by regulating nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF). DISCUSSION RIPK1 activates NF-κB and regulates TNF release to enhance the proliferation and spread of CC cells while suppressing their apoptosis. Therefore, RIPK1 plays a key role in the formation and progression of CC and is a potential target for CC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqi Bai
- Departments of Oncology Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, No. 287 Changhuai Road, Bengbu 233004, China
| | - Fengjie Cui
- Departments of Oncology Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, No. 287 Changhuai Road, Bengbu 233004, China
| | - Zihan Wang
- Department of Oncology Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Xianhua Gu
- Departments of Oncology Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, No. 287 Changhuai Road, Bengbu 233004, China
| | - Xiaojing Fang
- Departments of Oncology Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, No. 287 Changhuai Road, Bengbu 233004, China
| | - Li Zhou
- Departments of Oncology Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, No. 287 Changhuai Road, Bengbu 233004, China
| | - Suyang Guo
- Departments of Oncology Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, No. 287 Changhuai Road, Bengbu 233004, China.
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High Glucose-Induced Kidney Injury via Activation of Necroptosis in Diabetic Kidney Disease. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2023; 2023:2713864. [PMID: 36756299 PMCID: PMC9902134 DOI: 10.1155/2023/2713864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a major microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus (DM) and is closely associated to programmed cell death. However, the complex mechanisms of necroptosis, an alternative cell death pathway, in DKD pathogenesis are yet to be elucidated. This study indicates that necroptosis is involved in DKD induced by high glucose (HG) both in vivo and in vitro. HG intervention led to the activation of RIPK1/RIPK3/MLKL signaling, resulting in renal tissue necroptosis and proinflammatory activation in streptozotocin/high-fat diet- (STZ/HFD-) induced diabetic mice and HG-induced normal rat kidney tubular cells (NRK-52E). We further found that in HG-induced NRK-52E cell, necroptosis might, at least partly, depend on the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Meanwhile, ROS participated in necroptosis via a positive feedback loop involving the RIPK1/RIPK3 pathway. In addition, blocking RIPK1/RIPK3/MLKL signaling by necrostatin-1 (Nec-1), a key inhibitor of RIPK1 in the necroptosis pathway, or antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC), an inhibitor of ROS generation, could effectively protect the kidney against HG-induced damage, decrease the release of proinflammatory cytokines, and rescue renal function in STZ/HFD-induced diabetic mice. Inhibition of RIPK1 effectively decreased the activation of RIPK1-kinase-/NF-κB-dependent inflammation. Collectively, we demonstrated that high glucose induced DKD via renal tubular epithelium necroptosis, and Nec-1 or NAC treatment downregulated the RIPK1/RIPK3/MLKL pathway and finally reduced necroptosis, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Thus, RIPK1 may be a therapeutic target for DKD.
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He DL, Fan YG, Wang ZY. Energy Crisis Links to Autophagy and Ferroptosis in Alzheimer's Disease: Current Evidence and Future Avenues. Curr Neuropharmacol 2023; 21:67-86. [PMID: 35980072 PMCID: PMC10193753 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x20666220817140737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases worldwide. The occult nature of the onset and the uncertainty of the etiology largely impede the development of therapeutic strategies for AD. Previous studies revealed that the disorder of energy metabolism in the brains of AD patients appears far earlier than the typical pathological features of AD, suggesting a tight association between energy crisis and the onset of AD. Energy crisis in the brain is known to be induced by the reductions in glucose uptake and utilization, which may be ascribed to the diminished expressions of cerebral glucose transporters (GLUTs), insulin resistance, mitochondrial dysfunctions, and lactate dysmetabolism. Notably, the energy sensors such as peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor (PPAR), transcription factor EB (TFEB), and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) were shown to be the critical regulators of autophagy, which play important roles in regulating beta-amyloid (Aβ) metabolism, tau phosphorylation, neuroinflammation, iron dynamics, as well as ferroptosis. In this study, we summarized the current knowledge on the molecular mechanisms involved in the energy dysmetabolism of AD and discussed the interplays existing between energy crisis, autophagy, and ferroptosis. In addition, we highlighted the potential network in which autophagy may serve as a bridge between energy crisis and ferroptosis in the progression of AD. A deeper understanding of the relationship between energy dysmetabolism and AD may provide new insight into developing strategies for treating AD; meanwhile, the energy crisis in the progression of AD should gain more attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Long He
- Key Laboratory of Major Chronic Diseases of Nervous System of Liaoning Province, Health Sciences Institute of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Health Sciences Institute of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Yong-Gang Fan
- Key Laboratory of Major Chronic Diseases of Nervous System of Liaoning Province, Health Sciences Institute of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Health Sciences Institute of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Zhan-You Wang
- Key Laboratory of Major Chronic Diseases of Nervous System of Liaoning Province, Health Sciences Institute of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Health Sciences Institute of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China
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Sun Y, Xu L, Shao H, Quan D, Mo Z, Wang J, Zhang W, Yu J, Zhuang C, Xu K. Discovery of a Trifluoromethoxy Cyclopentanone Benzothiazole Receptor-Interacting Protein Kinase 1 Inhibitor as the Treatment for Alzheimer’s Disease. J Med Chem 2022; 65:14957-14969. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Lijuan Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Hongming Shao
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Danni Quan
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Zixin Mo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jue Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Wannian Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jianqiang Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Chunlin Zhuang
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Ke Xu
- Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200434, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Brain Functional Modulation, Shanghai 200434, China
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Erythropoietin administration exerted neuroprotective effects against cardiac ischemia/reperfusion injury. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PHARMACOLOGY AND DRUG DISCOVERY 2022; 3:100124. [PMID: 36568264 PMCID: PMC9780068 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphar.2022.100124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) leads to cardiac dysfunction and also causes brain dysfunction and pathology. The neuroprotective effects of erythropoietin (EPO), the hormone controlling the production of red blood cells, have been shown in case of cerebral ischemic/reperfusion (I/R) injury. However, the effects of EPO on the brain pathologies induced by cardiac I/R injury have not been investigated. We hypothesized that the administration of EPO attenuates brain damage caused by cardiac I/R injury through decreasing peripheral and brain oxidative stress, preserving microglial morphology, attenuating hippocampal necroptosis, and decreasing hippocampal apoptosis, and hippocampal dysplasticity. Male Wistar rats (n = 38) were divided into two groups, sham (n = 6) and cardiac I/R (n = 32). All rats being subjected to the cardiac I/R operation were randomly divided into 4 subgroups (n = 8/group): vehicle, EPO pretreatment, EPO given during ischemia, and EPO given at the onset of reperfusion. The EPO was given at a dosage of 5000 units/kg via intravenous injection. Left ventricle function, oxidative stress, brain mitochondrial function, microglial morphology, hippocampal necroptosis, hippocampal apoptosis, and hippocampal plasticity were measured. EPO administration exerted beneficial anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic effects on the brain against cardiac I/R. Giving EPO before cardiac ischemia conferred the greatest neuroprotection against cardiac I/R injury through the attenuation of LV dysfunction, decrease in peripheral and brain oxidative stress, and the attenuation of microglial activation, brain mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptosis, and necroptosis, leading to the improvement of hippocampal dysplasticity under cardiac I/R conditions. EPO pretreatment provided the greatest benefits on brain pathology induced by cardiac I/R.
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Neuroimmune Mechanisms Underlying Neuropathic Pain: The Potential Role of TNF-α-Necroptosis Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137191. [PMID: 35806192 PMCID: PMC9266916 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The neuroimmune mechanism underlying neuropathic pain has been extensively studied. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), a key pro-inflammatory cytokine that drives cytokine storm and stimulates a cascade of other cytokines in pain-related pathways, induces and modulates neuropathic pain by facilitating peripheral (primary afferents) and central (spinal cord) sensitization. Functionally, TNF-α controls the balance between cell survival and death by inducing an inflammatory response and two programmed cell death mechanisms (apoptosis and necroptosis). Necroptosis, a novel form of programmed cell death, is receiving increasing attraction and may trigger neuroinflammation to promote neuropathic pain. Chronic pain is often accompanied by adverse pain-associated emotional reactions and cognitive disorders. Overproduction of TNF-α in supraspinal structures such as the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and hippocampus plays an important role in pain-associated emotional disorders and memory deficits and also participates in the modulation of pain transduction. At present, studies reporting on the role of the TNF-α–necroptosis pathway in pain-related disorders are lacking. This review indicates the important research prospects of this pathway in pain modulation based on its role in anxiety, depression and memory deficits associated with other neurodegenerative diseases. In addition, we have summarized studies related to the underlying mechanisms of neuropathic pain mediated by TNF-α and discussed the role of the TNF-α–necroptosis pathway in detail, which may represent an avenue for future therapeutic intervention.
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Yamasaki T, Kumata K, Hiraishi A, Zhang Y, Wakizaka H, Kurihara Y, Nengaki N, Zhang MR. Synthesis of [ 11C]carbonyl-labeled cyclohexyl (5-(2-acetamidobenzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)-2-methylpyridin-3-yl)carbamate ([ 11C-carbonyl]PK68) as a potential PET tracer for receptor-interacting protein 1 kinase. EJNMMI Radiopharm Chem 2022; 7:4. [PMID: 35290562 PMCID: PMC8924334 DOI: 10.1186/s41181-022-00156-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Receptor-interacting protein 1 kinase (RIPK1) is a key enzyme in the regulation of cellular necroptosis. Recently, cyclohexyl (5-(2-acetamidobenzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)-2-methylpyridin-3-yl)carbamate (PK68, 5) has been developed as a potent inhibitor of RIPK1. Herein, we synthesized [11C]carbonyl-labeled PK68 ([11C-carbonyl]PK68, [11C]PK68) as a potential PET tracer for imaging RIPK1 and evaluated its brain uptake in vivo. Results We synthesized [11C]PK68 by reacting amine precursor 14 with [11C]acetyl chloride. At the end of synthesis, we obtained [11C]PK68 of 1200–1790 MBq with a radiochemical yield of 9.1 ± 5.9% (n = 10, decay-corrected to the end of irradiation) and radiochemical purity of > 99%, and a molar activity of 37–99 GBq/μmol starting from 18–33 GBq of [11C]CO2. The fully automated synthesis took 30 min from the end of irradiation. In a small-animal PET study, [11C]PK68 was rapidly distributed in the liver and kidneys of healthy mice after injection, and subsequently cleared from their bodies via hepatobiliary excretion and the intestinal reuptake pathway. Although there was no obvious specific binding of RIPK1 in the PET study, [11C]PK68 demonstrated relatively high stability in vivo and provided useful structural information further candidate development. Conclusions In the present study, we successfully radiosynthesized [11C]PK68 as a potential PET tracer and evaluated its brain uptake. We are planning to optimize the chemical structure of [11C]PK68 and conduct further PET studies on it using pathological models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoteru Yamasaki
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, Quantum Life and Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Katsushi Kumata
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, Quantum Life and Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Atsuto Hiraishi
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, Quantum Life and Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Yiding Zhang
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, Quantum Life and Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Hidekatsu Wakizaka
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, Quantum Life and Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kurihara
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, Quantum Life and Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan.,SHI Accelerator Service Co. Ltd., 1-17-6 Osaki, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 141-0032, Japan
| | - Nobuki Nengaki
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, Quantum Life and Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan.,SHI Accelerator Service Co. Ltd., 1-17-6 Osaki, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 141-0032, Japan
| | - Ming-Rong Zhang
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, Quantum Life and Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan.
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Chronic Ethanol Consumption Induces Osteopenia via Activation of Osteoblast Necroptosis. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:3027954. [PMID: 34745415 PMCID: PMC8566044 DOI: 10.1155/2021/3027954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Chronic high-dose alcohol consumption impairs bone remodeling, reduces bone mass, and increases the risk of osteoporosis and bone fracture. However, the mechanisms underlying alcohol-induced osteoporosis are yet to be elucidated. In this study, we showed that excess intake of ethyl alcohol (EtOH) resulted in osteopenia and osteoblast necroptosis in mice that led to necrotic lesions and reduced osteogenic differentiation in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs). We found that EtOH treatment led to the activation of the RIPK1/RIPK3/MLKL signaling, resulting in increased osteoblast necroptosis and decreased osteogenic differentiation and bone formation both in vivo and in vitro. We further discovered that excessive EtOH treatment-induced osteoblast necroptosis might partly depend on reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation; concomitantly, ROS contributed to necroptosis of osteoblasts through a positive feedback loop involving RIPK1/RIPK3. In addition, blocking of the RIPK1/RIPK3/MLKL signaling by necrostatin-1 (Nec-1), a key inhibitor of RIPK1 kinase in the necroptosis pathway, or antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC), an inhibitor of ROS, could decrease the activation of osteoblast necroptosis and ameliorate alcohol-induced osteopenia both in vivo and in vitro. Collectively, we demonstrated that chronic high-dose alcohol consumption induced osteopenia via osteoblast necroptosis and revealed that RIPK1 kinase may be a therapeutic target for alcohol-induced osteopenia.
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