1
|
Akyildiz A, Ismayilov R, Guven DC, Yildirim HC, Tatar OD, Kus F, Chalabiyev E, Turker FA, Dizdar O, Yalcin S, Gullu HI. Sirolimus experience in adult patients with vascular malformations. Vascular 2024:17085381241241853. [PMID: 38523367 DOI: 10.1177/17085381241241853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
AIM Sirolimus, a mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor, inhibits cell growth and proliferation by controlling ribosome biogenesis and protein synthesis in vascular anomalies and cancers. However, most sirolimus studies on vascular anomalies were conducted in the pediatric population, with limited data in adults. In this study, we assessed the effectiveness and safety of sirolimus in adult patients with vascular malformation, a subtype of vascular anomaly. METHODS We conducted a retrospective analysis of adult vascular malformation patients aged over 16, treated at Hacettepe University Cancer Institute from January 2013 to September 2022. Patient demographics and clinical characteristics were recorded. The primary outcome was the efficacy of sirolimus evaluated by response and disease control rates. The disease control rate was defined as the cumulative percentage of complete or partial responses, along with stable disease. The secondary endpoint was toxicity and safety. RESULTS 38 patients with a median age of 21 (IQR: 18-33) were recruited. Prior to sirolimus treatment, 57.9% of patients had undergone other therapeutic interventions, predominantly sclerotherapy and surgery. The median follow-up time during sirolimus treatment was 18.5 (IQR: 11.3-74.5) months. The disease control rate was 92.1% (35/38). Head-neck localization was associated with better response rates (p = .001). Sirolimus was generally well tolerated and grade 1 or 2 oral mucositis (n = 4) and skin rash (n = 3) were the most common side effects. CONCLUSION In this study, we found sirolimus was efficacious and well tolerated in adult patients with vascular malformation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arif Akyildiz
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hacettepe University Medical School, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Rashad Ismayilov
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hacettepe University Medical School, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Deniz Can Guven
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hacettepe University Medical School, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hasan Cagri Yildirim
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hacettepe University Medical School, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Omer Denizhan Tatar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hacettepe University Medical School, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Fatih Kus
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hacettepe University Medical School, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Elvin Chalabiyev
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hacettepe University Medical School, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Fatma Alev Turker
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hacettepe University Medical School, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Omer Dizdar
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hacettepe University Medical School, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Suayib Yalcin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hacettepe University Medical School, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Halil Ibrahim Gullu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hacettepe University Medical School, Ankara, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Selvarajoo N, Stanslas J, Islam MK, Sagineedu SR, Lian HK, Lim JCW. Pharmacological Modulation of Apoptosis and Autophagy in Pancreatic Cancer Treatment. Mini Rev Med Chem 2022; 22:2581-2595. [PMID: 35331093 DOI: 10.2174/1389557522666220324123605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic cancer is a fatal malignant neoplasm with infrequent signs and symptoms until a progressive stage. In 2020, GLOBOCAN reported that pancreatic cancer accounts for 4.7% of all cancer deaths. Despite the availability of standard chemotherapy regimens for treatment, the survival benefits are not guaranteed because tumor cells become chemoresistant even due to the development of chemoresistance in tumor cells even with a short treatment course, where apoptosis and autophagy play critical roles. OBJECTIVE This review compiled essential information on the regulatory mechanisms and roles of apoptosis and autophagy in pancreatic cancer, as well as drug-like molecules that target different pathways in pancreatic cancer eradication, with an aim to provide ideas to the scientific communities in discovering novel and specific drugs to treat pancreatic cancer, specifically PDAC. METHOD Electronic databases that were searched for research articles for this review were Scopus, Science Direct, PubMed, Springer Link, and Google Scholar. The published studies were identified and retrieved using selected keywords. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION Many small-molecule anticancer agents have been developed to regulate autophagy and apoptosis associated with pancreatic cancer treatment, where most of them target apoptosis directly through EGFR/Ras/Raf/MAPK and PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathways. The cancer drugs that regulate autophagy in treating cancer can be categorized into three groups: i) direct autophagy inducers (e.g., rapamycin), ii) indirect autophagy inducers (e.g., resveratrol), and iii) autophagy inhibitors. Resveratrol persuades both apoptosis and autophagy with a cytoprotective effect, while autophagy inhibitors (e.g., 3-methyladenine, chloroquine) can turn off the protective autophagic effect for therapeutic benefits. Several studies showed that autophagy inhibition resulted in a synergistic effect with chemotherapy (e.g., a combination of metformin with gemcitabine/ 5FU). Such drugs possess a unique clinical value in treating pancreatic cancer as well as other autophagy-dependent carcinomas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nityaa Selvarajoo
- Pharmacotherapeutics Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Johnson Stanslas
- Pharmacotherapeutics Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohammad Kaisarul Islam
- Pharmacotherapeutics Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sreenivasa Rao Sagineedu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ho Kok Lian
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Jonathan Chee Woei Lim
- Pharmacotherapeutics Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bonfim NESMT, Baranoski A, Mantovani MS. Cytotoxicity of sodium selenite in HaCaT cells induces cell death and alters the mRNA expression of PUMA, ATR, and mTOR genes. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2020; 62:126605. [PMID: 32634766 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2020.126605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND By identifying the molecular mechanisms underlying sodium selenite (Na2SeO3) cytotoxicity during exposure in non-tumor cells (HaCaT cells), we will improve the current understanding of its antiproliferative effects and modulation of gene expression in the main pathways related to the cell cycle, cell death, oxidative stress, and DNA damage and repair. METHODS Non-tumor HaCaT cells were treated with Na2SeO3 to induce cytotoxicity, and the effects were investigated using an MTT assay (cell viability), real-time cell analysis (profiling the cell index), flow cytometry (membrane integrity, cell cycle disruption, and apoptosis), a comet assay (genotoxicity, i.e., DNA damage), and RT-qPCR (mRNA expression of genes). RESULTS Treatment with Na2SeO3 was cytotoxic at 10 μM, producing morphological changes in cells (cytoplasmic granulations); however, it did not have a genotoxic effect. Na2SeO3 induced cell membrane damage, cell death, and cell cycle arrest in HaCaT cells. It also altered the mRNA expression levels of PUMA, ATR, and mTOR genes. However, it had no effect on the mRNA expression of caspases or PARP1, BIRC5, BECN1, and c-MYC genes, suggesting that Na2SeO3 causes PUMA-dependent apoptosis in HaCaT cells. The mRNA expression of specific genes related to oxidative stress, DNA damage and repair, and cell cycle control were unchanged by Na2SeO3. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated the cytotoxic effect of Na2SeO3 in HaCaT cells by analyzing mRNA expression patterns, changes in cell morphology, and proliferation kinetics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Adrivanio Baranoski
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Mário Sérgio Mantovani
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kehar M, Grunebaum E, Jimenez-Rivera C, Mozer-Glassberg Y, Jamal A, Ng VL, Avitzur Y. Conversion from tacrolimus to sirolimus as a treatment modality in de novo allergies and immune-mediated disorders in pediatric liver transplant recipients. Pediatr Transplant 2020; 24:e13737. [PMID: 32428390 DOI: 10.1111/petr.13737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
De novo PTAID may develop in pediatric solid organ transplant recipients, have a diverse spectrum, and are occasionally treatment resistant. Previous reports showed resolution of immune cytopenias in solid organ transplant recipients following replacement of the calcineurin inhibitor tacrolimus with the mTOR inhibitor sirolimus. Herein we describe a retrospective review (2000-2017) of subjects who developed PTAID in whom immunosuppression was changed to sirolimus. Eight recipients (6 males) of either liver (n = 7) or multivisceral transplant (n = 1) suffered from severe, treatment-resistant PTAID and were switched from tacrolimus to sirolimus. The median age at transplant was 1 year (range 0.5-2.4 years). Six (75%) recipients developed de novo allergy and 2 immune-mediated diseases. The median age at presentation of PTAID was 2.7 (1.4-9) years at a median of 1.3 (0.25-8) years after transplantation. The median time from PTAID presentation to conversion to sirolimus was 1.8 (0.45-10) years. Complete resolution of symptoms was seen in 4 (50%) patients after a median of 12 (range 4-24) months including 2 patients with immune-mediated disease, 1 eczema, and 1 with eosinophilic colitis. One patient with multiple food allergies had a partial response and 3 (38%) had no response. None of the 8 recipients developed sirolimus-attributed adverse events or acute rejection during a median follow-up of 5 (0.6-8) years after the conversion. Immunosuppression conversion from tacrolimus to sirolimus can be an effective therapy in patients suffering severe or treatment-resistant PTAID, suggesting a potential role for tacrolimus in the pathogenesis of PTAID.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohit Kehar
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Queens University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Eyal Grunebaum
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Carolina Jimenez-Rivera
- Division of Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Yael Mozer-Glassberg
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Nutrition, and Liver Diseases, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petah-Tikva, Israel
| | - Alisha Jamal
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Vicky Lee Ng
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yaron Avitzur
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lu Y, Zhang EY, Liu J, Yu JJ. Inhibition of the mechanistic target of rapamycin induces cell survival via MAPK in tuberous sclerosis complex. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2020; 15:209. [PMID: 32807195 PMCID: PMC7433150 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-020-01490-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a genetic disorder that cause tumors to form in many organs. These lesions may lead to epilepsy, autism, developmental delay, renal, and pulmonary failure. Loss of function mutations in TSC1 and TSC2 genes by aberrant activation of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTORC1) signaling pathway are the known causes of TSC. Therefore, targeting mTORC1 becomes a most available therapeutic strategy for TSC. Although mTORC1 inhibitor rapamycin and Rapalogs have demonstrated exciting results in the recent clinical trials, however, tumors rebound and upon the discontinuation of the mTORC1 inhibition. Thus, understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms responsible for rapamycin-induced cell survival becomes an urgent need. Identification of additional molecular targets and development more effective remission-inducing therapeutic strategies are necessary for TSC patients. Results We have discovered an Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-evoked positive feedback loop that dampens the efficacy of mTORC1 inhibition. Mechanistically, mTORC1 inhibition increased MEK1-dependent activation of MAPK in TSC-deficient cells. Pharmacological inhibition of MAPK abrogated this feedback loop activation. Importantly, the combinatorial inhibition of mTORC1 and MAPK induces the death of TSC2-deficient cells. Conclusions Our results provide a rationale for dual targeting of mTORC1 and MAPK pathways in TSC and other mTORC1 hyperactive neoplasm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiyang Lu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 231 Albert Sabin Way-ML 0564, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Erik Y Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 231 Albert Sabin Way-ML 0564, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 231 Albert Sabin Way-ML 0564, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA.,Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Guangzhou Institute for Respiratory Health, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jane J Yu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 231 Albert Sabin Way-ML 0564, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sun RJ, Shan NN. Megakaryocytic dysfunction in immune thrombocytopenia is linked to autophagy. Cancer Cell Int 2019; 19:59. [PMID: 30923461 PMCID: PMC6419848 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-019-0779-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is a multifactorial autoimmune disease characterized by both increased platelet destruction and/or reduced platelet production. Even though they are detected in ≤ 50% of ITP patients, auto-antibodies play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of ITP. Recent experimental and clinical observations have revealed abnormal autophagy in ITP patients. Autophagy is a catabolic process responsible for the elimination and recycling of cytoplasmic constituents, such as organelles and macromolecules, in eukaryotic cells. Additionally, it triggers cell death or promotes cell survival following various forms of stress, and maintains the microenvironment and stemness of haematopoietic stem cells. The role of autophagy in megakaryopoiesis, thrombopoiesis, and platelet function is slowly being uncovered. The abnormal autophagy in ITP patients may be caused by deletion of autophagy-related genes such as ATG7 and abnormal signalling due to overexpression of mTOR. These changes are thought to affect markers of haematopoietic stem cells, such as CD41 and CD61, and differentiation of megakaryocytes, ultimately decreasing the function and quantity of platelets and leading to the onset of ITP. This review highlights recent evidence on the essential role played by autophagy in megakaryopoiesis, megakaryocyte differentiation, thrombopoiesis, and platelet production. It also discusses the potential of targeting the autophagy pathway as a novel therapeutic approach against ITP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Jie Sun
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, 325 Jing Wu Rd, Jinan, 250021 Shandong People's Republic of China
| | - Ning-Ning Shan
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, 325 Jing Wu Rd, Jinan, 250021 Shandong People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Fourgeaud C, Simon L, Benoughidane B, Vignes S. Lymphœdèmes associés à la prise de sirolimus : à propos de 15 patients. Rev Med Interne 2019; 40:151-157. [DOI: 10.1016/j.revmed.2018.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
8
|
Xie Y, Li B, Bu W, Gao L, Zhang Y, Lan X, Hou J, Xu Z, Chang S, Yu D, Xie B, Wang Y, Wang H, Zhang Y, Wu X, Zhu W, Shi J. Dihydrocelastrol exerts potent antitumor activity in mantle cell lymphoma cells via dual inhibition of mTORC1 and mTORC2. Int J Oncol 2018; 53:823-834. [PMID: 29901111 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2018.4438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a distinct and highly aggressive subtype of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Dihydrocelastrol (DHCE) is a dihydro-analog of celastrol, which is isolated from the traditional Chinese medicinal plant Tripterygium wilfordii. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of DHCE treatment on MCL cells, and to determine the mechanism underlying its potent antitumor activity in vitro and in vivo using the Cell Counting kit-8 assay, clonogenic assay, apoptosis assay, cell cycle analysis, immunofluorescence staining, western blotting and tumor xenograft models. The results demonstrated that DHCE treatment exerted minimal cytotoxic effects on normal cells, but markedly suppressed MCL cell proliferation by inducing G0/G1 phase cell cycle arrest, and inhibited MCL cell viability by stimulating apoptosis via extrinsic and intrinsic pathways. In addition, the results revealed that DHCE suppressed cell growth and proliferation by inhibiting mammalian target of rapamycin complex (mTORC)1-mediated phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6 kinase and eukaryotic initiation factor 4E binding protein. Simultaneously, DHCE induced apoptosis and inhibited cell survival by suppressing mTORC2-mediated phosphorylation of protein kinase B and nuclear factor-κB activity. In addition to in vitro findings, DHCE treatment reduced the MCL tumor burden in a xenograft mouse model, without indications of toxicity. Furthermore, combined treatment with DHCE and bortezomib, a proteasome inhibitor, induced a synergistic cytotoxic effect on MCL cells. These findings indicated that DHCE may have the potential to serve as a novel therapeutic agent for the treatment of MCL through dually inhibiting mTORC1 and mTORC2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongsheng Xie
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
| | - Bo Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Wenxuan Bu
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
| | - Lu Gao
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
| | - Yong Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Xiucai Lan
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
| | - Jun Hou
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
| | - Zhijian Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Shuaikang Chang
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
| | - Dandan Yu
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
| | - Bingqian Xie
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
| | - Yingcong Wang
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
| | - Houcai Wang
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
| | - Yiwen Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
| | - Xiaosong Wu
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
| | - Weiliang Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Jumei Shi
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
Celastrol is a highly investigated anticancer moiety. It is a pentacyclic triterpenoid, isolated several decades ago with promising role in chemoprevention. Celastrol has been found to target multiple proinflammatory, angiogenic and metastatic proteins. Inhibition of these targets results in significant reduction of cancer growth, survival and metastasis. This review summarizes the varied molecular targets of celastrol along with insight into the various recently published clinical, preclinical and industrial patents (2011-2017).
Collapse
|
10
|
Sprangers B, Nair V, Launay-Vacher V, Riella LV, Jhaveri KD. Risk factors associated with post-kidney transplant malignancies: an article from the Cancer-Kidney International Network. Clin Kidney J 2018; 11:315-329. [PMID: 29942495 PMCID: PMC6007332 DOI: 10.1093/ckj/sfx122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In kidney transplant recipients, cancer is one of the leading causes of death with a functioning graft beyond the first year of kidney transplantation, and malignancies account for 8-10% of all deaths in the USA (2.6 deaths/1000 patient-years) and exceed 30% of deaths in Australia (5/1000 patient-years) in kidney transplant recipients. Patient-, transplant- and medication-related factors contribute to the increased cancer risk following kidney transplantation. While it is well established that the overall immunosuppressive dose is associated with an increased risk for cancer following transplantation, the contributive effect of different immunosuppressive agents is not well established. In this review we will discuss the different risk factors for malignancies after kidney transplantation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ben Sprangers
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven and Division of Nephrology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven and Laboratory of Experimental Transplantation, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Cancer-Kidney International Network, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Vinay Nair
- Department of Medicine, Division of Kidney Diseases and Hypertension, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY, USA
| | - Vincent Launay-Vacher
- Cancer-Kidney International Network, Brussels, Belgium
- Service ICAR and Department of Nephrology, Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Leonardo V Riella
- Department of Medicine, Schuster Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kenar D Jhaveri
- Cancer-Kidney International Network, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Medicine, Division of Kidney Diseases and Hypertension, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
D'Abronzo LS, Ghosh PM. eIF4E Phosphorylation in Prostate Cancer. Neoplasia 2018; 20:563-573. [PMID: 29730477 PMCID: PMC5994774 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) progression involves a shift from endocrine to paracrine and eventually autocrine control resulting from alterations in molecular mechanisms in the cells. Deregulation of RNA translation is crucial for tumor cells to grow and proliferate; therefore, overactivation of the translation machinery is often observed in cancer. The two most important signal transduction pathways regulating PCa progression are PI3K/Akt/mTOR and Ras/MAPK. These two pathways converge on the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) which binds to the protein scaffold eIF4G upon mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) activation and is phosphorylated by the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) interacting protein kinases (Mnk1/2). This review describes the role of eIF4E in mRNA translation initiation mediated by its binding to the methylated 5′ terminal structure (m7G-cap) of many mRNAs, and the ability of many tumor cells to bypass this mechanism. Hormonal therapy and chemotherapy are two of the most prevalent therapies used in patients with advanced PCa, and studies have implicated a role for eIF4E phosphorylation in promoting resistance to both these therapies. It appears that eIF4E phosphorylation enhances the rate of translation of oncogene mRNAs to increase tumorigenicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leandro S D'Abronzo
- VA Northern California Health Care System, Mather, CA; Department of Urological Surgery, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA
| | - Paramita M Ghosh
- VA Northern California Health Care System, Mather, CA; Department of Urological Surgery, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Li Q, Xia X, Ji J, Ma J, Tao L, Mo L, Chen W. MiR-199a-3p enhances cisplatin sensitivity of cholangiocarcinoma cells by inhibiting mTOR signaling pathway and expression of MDR1. Oncotarget 2018; 8:33621-33630. [PMID: 28422725 PMCID: PMC5464895 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have reported reduced miRNA-199a-3p (miR-199a-3p) in different human malignancies, however, little is known about miR-199a-3p in cholangiocarcinoma cells. In this study, we demonstrate the essential role and mechanism of miR-199a-3p in regulating cisplatin sensitivity in cholangiocarcinoma cell lines. Using a CCK-8 cell counting assay we found that expression of miR-199a-3p was positively correlated with cisplatin sensitivity in cholangiocarcinoma cell lines. MiR-199a-3p overexpression could decrease the proliferation rate and increase apoptosis of cholangiocarcinoma cells in the presence of cisplatin, while miR-199a-3p inhibition had the opposite effect. Further study demonstrated that mTOR was the target gene of miR-199a-3p, and that miR-199a-3p mimics could inhibit expression of mTOR, which consequently reduced the phosphorylation of its downstream proteins 4EBP1 and p70s6k. Rescue experiments proved that miR-199a-3p could increase the cisplatin sensitivity of cholangiocarcinoma cell lines by regulating mTOR expression. Moreover, we also found that miR-199a-3p overexpression could reduce cisplatin induced MDR1 expression by decreasing the synthesis and increasing the degradation of MDR1, thus enhancing the effectiveness of cisplatin in cholangiocarcinoma. In conclusion, miR-199a-3p could increase cisplatin sensitivity of cholangiocarcinoma cell lines by inhibiting the activity of the mTOR signaling pathway and decreasing the expression of MDR1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Afflicted Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuefeng Xia
- Department of General Surgery, The Afflicted Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Jie Ji
- Nangjing Medical University, Nangjing, China
| | - Jianghui Ma
- Department of General Surgery, The Afflicted Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Liang Tao
- Department of General Surgery, The Afflicted Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Linjun Mo
- School of Surgery, The University of Western Australia, and Western Australia Liver and Kidney Surgical Transplant Service, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Wei Chen
- Institute of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Chen L, Wang Y, He J, Zhang C, Chen J, Shi D. Long Noncoding RNA H19 Promotes Proliferation and Invasion in Human Glioma Cells by Downregulating miR-152. Oncol Res 2018; 26:1419-1428. [PMID: 29422115 PMCID: PMC7844716 DOI: 10.3727/096504018x15178768577951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
miR-152 and lncRNA H19 have been frequently implicated in various cellular processes including cell proliferation, invasion, angiogenesis, and apoptosis. However, the interaction between miR-152 and H19 in glioma has never been reported. RT-qPCR was used to examine the expression of miR-152 and H19 in human glioma cell lines and normal human astrocytes (NHAs). The interaction between miR-152 and lncRNA H19 was assessed by dual-luciferase reporter assay. MTT assay and Transwell invasion assay were used to determine the proliferation and invasion of U251 and U87 cells. A xenograft tumor experiment was performed to confirm the role of H19 in vivo. The results showed that H19 expression was upregulated and miR-152 expression was downregulated in human glioma cell lines. H19 downregulation or miR-152 upregulation suppressed glioma cell proliferation and invasion in vitro. Moreover, H19 and miR-152 directly regulated each other. Furthermore, decreased miR-152 expression alleviated si-H19-induced inhibitory effects on proliferation and invasion in glioma cells. As expected, H19 silencing hindered glioma growth in vivo. Taken together, H19 promoted glioma cell proliferation and invasion by negatively regulating miR-152 expression, providing evidence for the potential application of H19 as a biomarker and therapy target for glioma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, 101st Hospital of PLA (Wuxi Taihu Hospital), Clinical Medical School of Anhui Medical University, Wuxi, P.R. China
| | - Yuhai Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, 101st Hospital of PLA (Wuxi Taihu Hospital), Clinical Medical School of Anhui Medical University, Wuxi, P.R. China
| | - Jianqing He
- Department of Neurosurgery, 101st Hospital of PLA (Wuxi Taihu Hospital), Clinical Medical School of Anhui Medical University, Wuxi, P.R. China
| | - Chunlei Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, 101st Hospital of PLA (Wuxi Taihu Hospital), Clinical Medical School of Anhui Medical University, Wuxi, P.R. China
| | - Junhui Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, 101st Hospital of PLA (Wuxi Taihu Hospital), Clinical Medical School of Anhui Medical University, Wuxi, P.R. China
| | - Dongliang Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, 101st Hospital of PLA (Wuxi Taihu Hospital), Clinical Medical School of Anhui Medical University, Wuxi, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Sharma S, Guru SK, Manda S, Kumar A, Mintoo MJ, Prasad VD, Sharma PR, Mondhe DM, Bharate SB, Bhushan S. A marine sponge alkaloid derivative 4-chloro fascaplysin inhibits tumor growth and VEGF mediated angiogenesis by disrupting PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling cascade. Chem Biol Interact 2017; 275:47-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2017.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
15
|
Recent Advances and Challenges of mTOR Inhibitors Use in the Treatment of Patients with Tuberous Sclerosis Complex. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:9820181. [PMID: 28386314 PMCID: PMC5366202 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9820181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a genetic condition characterized by the presence of benign, noninvasive, and tumor-like lesions called hamartomas that can affect multiple organ systems and are responsible for the clinical features of the disease. In the majority of cases, TSC results from mutations in the TSC1 and TSC2 genes, leading to the overactivation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signalling pathway, which controls several cell functions, including cell growth, proliferation, and survival. The establishment of a connection between TSC and mTOR led to the clinical use of drugs known as mTOR inhibitors (like rapamycin, also known as sirolimus and everolimus), which are becoming an increasingly interesting tool in the management of TSC-associated features, such as subependymal giant cell astrocytomas, renal angiomyolipomas, and also epilepsy. However, the intrinsic characteristics of these drugs and their systemic effects in such a heterogeneous condition pose many challenges in clinical practice, so that some questions remain unanswered. This article provides an overview of the pharmacological aspects of mTOR inhibitors about the clinical trials leading to their approval in TSC-related conditions and exposes current challenges and future directions associated with this promising therapeutic line.
Collapse
|
16
|
Yang B, Zhao S. Polydatin regulates proliferation, apoptosis and autophagy in multiple myeloma cells through mTOR/p70s6k pathway. Onco Targets Ther 2017; 10:935-944. [PMID: 28243129 PMCID: PMC5317338 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s123398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polydatin (PD) plays an important role in suppressing platelet aggregation, reducing blood lipid, restoring microcirculation and protecting from myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury and shock. In addition, PD possesses anticancer activity. However, the effect and the mechanism of PD in regulating multiple myeloma (MM) cell survival and death are still unknown. METHODS Cell proliferation and apoptosis of RPMI 8226 cells, respectively, were analyzed by cell counting kit8 (CCK-8) assay and flow cytometry. The levels of caspase-3, cleaved caspase-3, caspase-9, cleaved caspase-9, Bcl-2 and Bax were analyzed by Western blot. Autophagy induced by PD was investigated by detecting the levels of Beclin 1, Atg5, LC3I, LC3II, HSP70 and HSP27. The autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3-MA), mTOR/p70s6k inhibitor rapamycin, and mTOR activator MHY1485 were used to analyze the mechanism of cell proliferation, apoptosis and autophagy influenced by PD. The phosphorylations of mTOR and p70s6k were detected by Western blot. RESULTS A gradual decrease in cell proliferation of RPMI 8226 cells was observed with an increase in PD concentrations (P<0.05). PD also induced cell apoptosis and autophagy in a concentration-dependent manner. Both 3-MA and MHY1485 reversed the inhibitory effect of PD on cell proliferation and attenuated the positive effect of PD on cell apoptosis and autophagy. The phosphorylation of mTOR and p70s6k was significantly suppressed by PD (P<0.05). Furthermore, inhibition of the mTOR/p70s6k signaling pathway by rapamycin significantly induced autophagy and apoptosis and inhibited cell viability (P<0.05). CONCLUSION PD effectively suppressed cell proliferation and induced apoptosis and autophagy of MM cells via the mTOR/p70s6k signaling pathway in a concentration-dependent manner in vitro, indicating that PD could be a potential anticancer drug for MM therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baojun Yang
- Department of Pathology, General Hospital of PINGMEISHENMA Medical Group, Pingdingshan
| | - Shunxin Zhao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Wang K, Liu Y, Tian J, Huang K, Shi T, Dai X, Zhang W. Transcriptional Profiling and Identification of Heat-Responsive Genes in Perennial Ryegrass by RNA-Sequencing. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1032. [PMID: 28680431 PMCID: PMC5478880 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) is one of the most widely used forage and turf grasses in the world due to its desirable agronomic qualities. However, as a cool-season perennial grass species, high temperature is a major factor limiting its performance in warmer and transition regions. In this study, a de novo transcriptome was generated using a cDNA library constructed from perennial ryegrass leaves subjected to short-term heat stress treatment. Then the expression profiling and identification of perennial ryegrass heat response genes by digital gene expression analyses was performed. The goal of this work was to produce expression profiles of high temperature stress responsive genes in perennial ryegrass leaves and further identify the potentially important candidate genes with altered levels of transcript, such as those genes involved in transcriptional regulation, antioxidant responses, plant hormones and signal transduction, and cellular metabolism. The de novo assembly of perennial ryegrass transcriptome in this study obtained more total and annotated unigenes compared to previously published ones. Many DEGs identified were genes that are known to respond to heat stress in plants, including HSFs, HSPs, and antioxidant related genes. In the meanwhile, we also identified four gene candidates mainly involved in C4 carbon fixation, and one TOR gene. Their exact roles in plant heat stress response need to dissect further. This study would be important by providing the gene resources for improving heat stress tolerance in both perennial ryegrass and other cool-season perennial grass plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kehua Wang
- Department of Grassland Science, China Agricultural UniversityBeijing, China
- *Correspondence: Kehua Wang, Wanjun Zhang,
| | - Yanrong Liu
- Department of Grassland Science, China Agricultural UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Jinli Tian
- Department of Grassland Science, China Agricultural UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Kunyong Huang
- Department of Grassland Science, China Agricultural UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Tianran Shi
- Department of Grassland Science, China Agricultural UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Xiaoxia Dai
- Department of Grassland Science, China Agricultural UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Wanjun Zhang
- Department of Grassland Science, China Agricultural UniversityBeijing, China
- National Energy R&D Center for Biomass, China Agricultural UniversityBeijing, China
- *Correspondence: Kehua Wang, Wanjun Zhang,
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Park JH, Yoon J, Park B. Pomolic acid suppresses HIF1α/VEGF-mediated angiogenesis by targeting p38-MAPK and mTOR signaling cascades. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 23:1716-1726. [PMID: 27912873 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2016.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pomolic acid (PA), an active triterpenoid from Euscaphis japonica, inhibits the proliferation of a variety of cancer cells, but the molecular mechanisms of the anti-angiogenic potential of PA have not been fully elucidated in breast cancer cells. HYPOTHESIS/PURPOSE We investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying the anti-angiogenic effect of PA in epidermal growth factor (EGF)-responsive human breast cancer cells, MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231, and human umbilical vascular endothelial cells (HUVEC). STUDY DESIGN/METHODS Effects of PA on EGF-induced HIF1α/VEGF expression in MCF-7, MDA-MB-231 and HUVEC were assayed. As to the mechanisms, EGF-mediated MAPKs, PI3K/Akt, and mTOR signaling pathway were performed. Wound healing and invasion assay, tube formation assay, immunoblot assay, real-time PCR, luciferase gene assay, electrophoretic mobility shift assay and immunofluorescence staining were used for assessment. RESULTS PA significantly and selectively suppressed EGF-induced HIF1α/VEGF expression, whereas it did not affect the expression of HIF1β in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231. Furthermore, PA inhibited EGF-induced angiogenesis in vitro and downregulated HIF1α/VEGF expression in HUVEC. Mechanistically, we found that the inhibitory effects of PA on HIF1α/VEGF expression are associated with inhibition of HIF1α/VEGF expression through an EGF-dependent mechanism. In addition, PA suppressed the EGF-induced phosphorylation of p38-MAPK and mTOR. CONCLUSION PA suppresses EGF-induced HIF1α protein translation by inhibiting the p38-MAPK and mTOR kinase signaling pathways and plays a novel anti-angiogenic role.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hyun Park
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeoldaero, Dalseo-Gu, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaewoo Yoon
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeoldaero, Dalseo-Gu, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea.
| | - Byoungduck Park
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeoldaero, Dalseo-Gu, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Kuo YH, Chiang EPI, Chao CY, Rodriguez RL, Chou PY, Tsai SY, Pai MH, Tang FY. Dual Inhibition of Key Proliferation Signaling Pathways in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells by a Novel Derivative of Taiwanin A. Mol Cancer Ther 2016; 16:480-493. [PMID: 27956520 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-16-0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The treatment of breast cancer cells obtained by blocking the aberrant activation of the proliferation signaling pathways PI3K/Akt/mTOR and MEK/ERK has received considerable attention in recent years. Previous studies showed that Taiwanin A inhibited the proliferation of several types of cancer cells. In this study, we report that 3,4-bis-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzylidene-dihydrofuran (BTMB), a novel derivative of Taiwanin A, significantly inhibited the proliferation of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells both in vitro and in vivo The results show that BTMB inhibited the proliferation of human TNBC cells by the induction of cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis in a dose-dependent fashion. BTMB inhibited the expression of β-catenin, cdc2 and the cell-cycle regulatory proteins, cyclin A, cyclin D1, and cyclin E. The mechanism of action was associated with the suppression of cell survival signaling through inactivation of the Akt and ERK1/2 signaling pathways. Moreover, BTMB induced cell apoptosis through an increase in the expression of BAX, cleaved caspase-3, and cleaved PARP. Moreover, BTMB inhibited TNBC cell colony formation and sensitized TNBC cells to cisplatin, a chemotherapeutic drug. In a TNBC mouse xenograft model, BTMB significantly inhibited the growth of mammary carcinomas through decreased expression of cyclin D1. BTMB was shown to significantly suppress the growth of mammary carcinoma and therefore to have potential as an anticancer therapeutic agent. Mol Cancer Ther; 16(3); 480-93. ©2016 AACR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yueh-Hsiung Kuo
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, PR China
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan, PR China
| | - En-Pei Isabel Chiang
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, PR China
- NCHU-UCD Plant and Food Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, PR China
- Agricultural Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, PR China
| | - Che-Yi Chao
- Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan, PR China
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, PR China
| | - Raymond L Rodriguez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Pei-Yu Chou
- Biomedical Science Laboratory, Department of Nutrition, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, PR China
| | - Shu-Yao Tsai
- Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan, PR China
| | - Man-Hui Pai
- Department of Anatomy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, PR China
| | - Feng-Yao Tang
- Biomedical Science Laboratory, Department of Nutrition, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Yang MY, Hung CH, Chang CH, Tseng TH, Wang CJ. Solanum nigrum Suppress Angiogenesis-Mediated Tumor Growth Through Inhibition of the AKT/mTOR Pathway. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2016; 44:1273-1288. [DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x16500713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Solanum nigrum L., an edible plant and local dish, has been assigned anticancer activities. However, the anticancer mechanisms of S. nigrum are poorly understood. Here, we investigated whether the water or polyphenol extracts of S. nigrum (SNWE or SNPE) could inhibit angiogenesis-mediated tumor growth. In nude mice bearing tumor xenografts, SNWE or SNPE significantly reduced the volume and weight of the tumors, and decreased the expression of CD31, a marker for angiogenesis. SNWE or SNPE was found to inhibit the VEGF-induced capillary structure formation of endothelial cells. The chicken egg chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) and matrigel plug assays showed further that SNWE or SNPE inhibited tumor angiogenesis. In human umbilical vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs), SNWE or SNPE suppressed the VEGF-induced activation of AKT and mTOR. Moreover, SNWE or SNPE inhibited the viability of human hepatoma HepG2 cells, and these effects were correlated with the extent of inhibition of the AKT/mTOR pathway. Taken together, our data imply that SNWE or SNPE downregulated the AKT/mTOR pathway in HUVECs and HepG2 cells, which lead to reduced tumor growth and angiogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mon-Yuan Yang
- Institute of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hung Hung
- Institute of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hua Chang
- Institute of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan
| | - Tsui-Hwa Tseng
- Department of Medical Applied Chemistry, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Education, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan
| | - Chau-Jong Wang
- Institute of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Roohi A, Hojjat-Farsangi M. Recent advances in targeting mTOR signaling pathway using small molecule inhibitors. J Drug Target 2016; 25:189-201. [PMID: 27632356 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2016.1236112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Targeted-based cancer therapy (TBCT) or personalized medicine is one of the main treatment modalities for cancer that has been developed to decrease the undesirable effects of chemotherapy. Targeted therapy inhibits the growth of tumor cells by interrupting with particular molecules required for tumorigenesis and proliferation of tumor cells rather than interfering with dividing normal cells. Therefore, targeted therapies are anticipated to be more efficient than former tumor treatment agents with minimal side effects on non-tumor cells. Small molecule inhibitors (SMIs) are currently one of the most investigated anti-tumor agents of TBCT. These small organic agents target several vital molecules involved in cell biological processes and induce target cells apoptosis and necrosis. Mechanistic (mammalian) target of rapamycin (mTOR) complexes (mTORC1/2) control different intracellular processes, including growth, proliferation, angiogenesis and metabolism. Signaling pathways, in which mTOR complexes are involved in are usually dysregulated in various tumors and have been shown to be ideal targets for SMIs. Currently, different mTOR-SMIs are in the clinic for the treatment of cancer patients, and several others are in preclinical or clinical settings. In this review, we summarize recent advances in developing different mTOR inhibitors, which are currently in preclinical and clinical investigations or have been approved for cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Azam Roohi
- a Department of Immunology, School of Public Health , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Mohammad Hojjat-Farsangi
- b Department of Oncology-Pathology, Immune and Gene therapy Lab , Cancer Center Karolinska (CCK), Karolinska University Hospital Solna and Karolinska Institute , Stockholm , Sweden.,c Department of Immunology, School of Medicine , Bushehr University of Medical Sciences , Bushehr , Iran
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Iezzi A, Caiola E, Broggini M. Activity of Pan-Class I Isoform PI3K/mTOR Inhibitor PF-05212384 in Combination with Crizotinib in Ovarian Cancer Xenografts and PDX. Transl Oncol 2016; 9:458-465. [PMID: 27751351 PMCID: PMC5067927 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2016.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Phosphatidyl inositol-3 kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and c-Met signaling pathways are often deregulated in cancer. The two pathways are interconnected and at least c-Met has been implicated in drug resistance. The aim of the study was to assess in ovarian cancer preclinical models, the efficacy and tolerability of a dual PI3K mTOR inhibitor (PF-05212384 or gedatolisib) and a c-Met inhibitor (crizotinib) either as single agents or in combination. In vitro, both PF-05212384 and crizotinib showed a concentration dependent activity in the two ovarian cancer cell lines. The combination of the two did not result in synergistic activity. A subline resistant to gedatolisib was obtained and showed an increased expression of MDR-1 gene. In vivo results show that crizotinib alone did not display any activity in all the tumors investigated, while PF-05212384 alone had some marginal activity. The combination of the two resulted in all the experiments superior to single agents with a good tolerability. Considering that crizotinib did not show activity in the models used, the results indicate that crizotinib is able to potentiate the activity of PF-05212384. Although the activity of the combination was not striking in these three models of ovarian cancer, due to the good tolerability of the combination, the results would suggest the possibility to combine the two drugs in settings in which gedatolisib or crizotinib alone have already some significant activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alice Iezzi
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Milan, Italy.
| | - Elisa Caiola
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Milan, Italy.
| | - Massimo Broggini
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Milan, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Patidar M, Yadav N, Dalai SK. Interleukin 15: A key cytokine for immunotherapy. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2016; 31:49-59. [PMID: 27325459 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-15, a member of the immunoregulatory cytokines family, is a pluripotent molecule with therapeutic potential. It is predominantly expressed by the myeloid cells, as well as other cell types. IL-15 serves multiple functions including dictating T cell response, regulating tissue repair and B cell homing, modulating inflammation, and activating NK cells. Among cytokines, IL-15 is unique because of its wide expression, tightly regulated secretion, trans-presentation, and therapeutic potential. IL-15 has been investigated for its therapeutic potential for the induction and maintenance of T cell responses. In addition, IL-15 can be targeted by antibody- or mutant IL-15 therapy to reduce inflammation. Its multifaceted biological applications are crucial in immunotherapy. In this article, we review the functions, expression, and regulation of IL-15 for designing an improved IL-15-based therapy targeting the IL-15 signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Patidar
- Institute of Science, Nirma University, Ahmedabad 382481, India.
| | - Naveen Yadav
- Institute of Science, Nirma University, Ahmedabad 382481, India.
| | - Sarat K Dalai
- Institute of Science, Nirma University, Ahmedabad 382481, India.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
PP242 suppresses cell proliferation, metastasis, and angiogenesis of gastric cancer through inhibition of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. Anticancer Drugs 2016; 25:1129-40. [PMID: 25035961 PMCID: PMC4222793 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000000148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Although preclinical work with rapalogs suggests potential in the treatment of gastric cancer, they have been less successful clinically. In this study, we report the impact of the investigational drug PP242, a potent and selective small-molecule active-site TORC1/2 kinase inhibitor, on tumor growth and metastasis. The antiproliferative effect of PP242 was assessed using the Cell Counting Kit-8 assay. The migration and invasion potential were analyzed using wound-healing and transwell assays, respectively. The Matrigel capillary tube formation assay was performed to mimic in-vivo angiogenesis. Immunoblotting and immunofluorescence were used to observe protein levels and distribution of actin fibers. Finally, S2448p-mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) expression was detected on gastric cancer tissues using immunohistochemistry. First, PP242 potently inhibited cell proliferation in gastric cancer cell lines and in human endothelial cells in vitro at the IC50 ranged from 50 to 500 nmol/l. Then, an inhibitory effect of PP242 on metastasis was observed in gastric cancer cell AGS, along with the cytoskeletal rearrangements and suppression of the phosphorylation of PI3K downstream factors including AKT, mTOR, and P70S6K. Furthermore, PP242 was found to decrease the tube formation and migration of human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Using immunohistochemistry, we found that S2448p-mTOR staining was observed in 41.8% (82/196) of gastric cancer tissues and correlated with depth of mural invasion, lymph node metastasis, tumor node metastasis stage, and vascular invasion. These results show that PP242 suppresses cell proliferation and angiogenesis of gastric cancer through inhibition of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, which might be an effective novel therapeutic candidate against gastric cancer in the future.
Collapse
|
25
|
Cao J, Huang W. Compensatory Increase of Transglutaminase 2 Is Responsible for Resistance to mTOR Inhibitor Treatment. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149388. [PMID: 26872016 PMCID: PMC4752276 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) plays a crucial role in controlling cell growth and homeostasis. Deregulation of mTOR signaling is frequently observed in some cancers, making it an attractive drug target for cancer therapy. Although mTORC1 inhibitor rapalog-based therapy has shown positive results in various pre-clinical animal cancer studies, tumors rebound upon treatment discontinuation. Moreover, several recent clinical trials showed that the mTORC1 inhibitors rapamycin and rapalog only reduce the capacity for cell proliferation without promoting cell death, consistent with the concept that rapamycin is cytostatic and reduces disease progression but is not cytotoxic. It is imperative that rapamycin-regulated events and additional targets for more effective drug combinations be identified. Here, we report that rapamycin treatment promotes a compensatory increase in transglutaminase 2 (TGM2) levels in mTORC1-driven tumors. TGM2 inhibition potently sensitizes mTORC1-hyperactive cancer cells to rapamycin treatment, and a rapamycin-induced autophagy blockade inhibits the compensatory TGM2 upregulation. More importantly, tumor regression was observed in MCF-7-xenograft tumor-bearing mice treated with both mTORC1 and TGM2 inhibitors compared with those treated with either a single inhibitor or the vehicle control. These results demonstrate a critical role for the compensatory increase in transglutaminase 2 levels in promoting mTORC1 inhibitor resistance and suggest that rational combination therapy may potentially suppress cancer therapy resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Cao
- China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenlong Huang
- China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Smolensky D, Rathore K, Cekanova M. Phosphatidylinositol- 3-kinase inhibitor induces chemosensitivity to a novel derivative of doxorubicin, AD198 chemotherapy in human bladder cancer cells in vitro. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:927. [PMID: 26597249 PMCID: PMC4657321 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1930-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Doxorubicin (Dox) is widely used to treat progressed bladder cancer after transurethral resection. The use of Dox-chemotherapy has been limited due to induced drug resistance and cumulative cardiotoxic effects. N-benzyladriamycin-14-valerate (AD198), a novel derivative of Dox, has a potential to become a more effective treatment than Dox by overcoming drug resistance and cardio-toxicity as shown in the rodent model of lymphoma in vivo. The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of Dox and AD198 and explore their mechanisms in inhibition on human bladder cancer cells in vitro. METHODS We evaluated the effects of Dox and AD198 on cell viability of human transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) cell lines T24 and UMUC3 by MTS assay in vitro. The effects of Dox and AD198 on cell apoptosis were determined by caspase 3/7 assay, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and Western Blotting (WB) analysis. RESULTS AD198 was more effective than Dox in inhibition of cell viability of T24 and UMUC3 cells in vitro. Both Dox and AD198 significantly increased the generation of ROS and induced apoptosis in caspase-dependent and -independent manner in T24 and UMUC3 cells. AD 198 induced significantly higher production of ROS as compared to Dox in human TCC cells. Dox and AD198 activated the pro-apoptotic p38 MAPK pathway; however, on the other hand also increased phosphorylation of AKT, an anti-apoptotic signaling pathway, in T24 and UMUC3 cells. Combined treatment of PI3K inhibitor (LY294002) with Dox or AD198 inhibited cell viability of T24 and UMUC3 cells more effectively than any of drug treatments alone. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that AD198 as novel derivative of Dox, could be a used as effective treatment for bladder cancer. Dox and AD198 induced PI3K/AKT signaling pathway that is a one of the indicators of pro-survival and possible drug-resistance mechanisms of chemotherapies in bladder cancer. Combined therapies of Dox or AD198 with inhibitors of PI3K/AKT signaling pathway might lead to more effective treatment outcome for patients diagnosed with bladder cancer based on our in vitro experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dmitriy Smolensky
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tennessee, 2407 River Drive A122, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA. .,UT-ORNL Graduate School of Genome Science and Technology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA.
| | - Kusum Rathore
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tennessee, 2407 River Drive A122, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA.
| | - Maria Cekanova
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tennessee, 2407 River Drive A122, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA. .,UT-ORNL Graduate School of Genome Science and Technology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Guru SK, Pathania AS, Kumar S, Ramesh D, Kumar M, Rana S, Kumar A, Malik F, Sharma P, Chandan B, Jaglan S, Sharma J, Shah BA, Tasduq SA, Lattoo SK, Faruk A, Saxena A, Vishwakarma R, Bhushan S. Secalonic Acid-D Represses HIF1α/VEGF-Mediated Angiogenesis by Regulating the Akt/mTOR/p70S6K Signaling Cascade. Cancer Res 2015; 75:2886-96. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-2312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
28
|
Oh T, Ivan ME, Sun MZ, Safaee M, Fakurnejad S, Clark AJ, Sayegh ET, Bloch O, Parsa AT. PI3K pathway inhibitors: potential prospects as adjuncts to vaccine immunotherapy for glioblastoma. Immunotherapy 2015; 6:737-53. [PMID: 25186604 DOI: 10.2217/imt.14.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Constitutive activation of the PI3K pathway has been implicated in glioblastoma (GBM) pathogenesis. Pharmacologic inhibition can both inhibit tumor survival and downregulate expression of programmed death ligand-1, a protein highly expressed on glioma cells that strongly contributes to cancer immunosuppression. In that manner, PI3K pathway inhibitors can help optimize GBM vaccine immunotherapy. In this review, we describe and assess the potential integration of various classes of PI3K pathway inhibitors into GBM immunotherapy. While early-generation inhibitors have a wide range of immunosuppressive effects that could negate their antitumor potency, further work should better characterize how contemporary inhibitors affect the immune response. This will help determine if these inhibitors are truly a therapeutic avenue with a strong future in GBM immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taemin Oh
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 676 N St Clair Street, Suite 2210, Chicago, IL 60611-2911, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Pan Q, Gao C, Chen Y, Feng Y, Liu WJ, Liu HF. Update on the role of autophagy in systemic lupus erythematosus: A novel therapeutic target. Biomed Pharmacother 2015; 71:190-3. [PMID: 25960235 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2015.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), induced by the interaction of susceptibility genes and environment risk factors, is a classical autoimmune diseases characterized by the dysregulation of innate and adaptive immune systems. Recently, evidence from genetic, cell biology and animal models suggested autophagy, a major pathway for organelle and protein turnover, plays a pivotal role in the occurrence and development of SLE, but not yet fully elucidated. We summarized an update on the recognized key principles of autophagy in SLE and focused our attention on the role of autophagy, including two main signaling pathways including mTOR and Beclin-1, in immune cells, such as B cell, T cell, neutrophils, etc. in SLE. Also, effects of currently used biological and chemical therapeutic drugs on autophagy in SLE were discussed. Autophagy may provide new targets for both diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for SLE although some results are still controversial, which worth more in-depth discussion in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingjun Pan
- Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjang 524001, China.
| | - Caina Gao
- Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjang 524001, China.
| | - Yanwen Chen
- Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjang 524001, China.
| | - Yongmin Feng
- Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjang 524001, China.
| | - Wei Jing Liu
- Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjang 524001, China.
| | - Hua-feng Liu
- Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjang 524001, China.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Lai SL, Wong PF, Lim TK, Lin Q, Mustafa MR. iTRAQ-based proteomic identification of proteins involved in anti-angiogenic effects of Panduratin A on HUVECs. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 22:203-212. [PMID: 25636890 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2014.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Revised: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Panduratin A (PA), a cyclohexanyl chalcone from Boesenbergia rotunda (L.) Mansf. was shown to possess anti-angiogenic effects in our previous study. In the present study, the molecular targets and anti-angiogenic mechanisms of PA on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were identified using an iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomics approach. A total of 263 proteins were found to be differentially regulated in response to treatment with PA. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis revealed that cellular growth and proliferation, protein synthesis, RNA post-transcriptional modification, cellular assembly and organization and cell-to-cell signaling and interaction were the most significantly deregulated molecular and cellular functions in PA-treated HUVECs. PA inhibited the expressions of ARPC2 and CTNND1 that are associated with the formation of actin cytoskeleton, focal adhesion and cellular protrusions. In addition, PA down-regulated CD63, GRB-2, ICAM-2 and STAB-1 that are implicated in adhesion, migration and tube formation of endothelial cells. The differential expressions of three targets, namely, ARPC2, CDK4, and GRB-2 were validated by western blot analyses. Furthermore, PA inhibited G1-S progression, and resulted in G0/G1 arrest in HUVECs. The blockage in cell cycle progression was accompanied with the suppression of mTOR signaling. Treatment of HUVECs with PA resulted in decreased phosphorylation of ribosomal S6 and 4EBP1 proteins, the two downstream effectors of mTOR signaling. We further showed that PA is able to inhibit mTOR signaling induced by VEGF, a potent inducer of angiogenesis. Taken together, by integrating quantitative proteomic approach, we identified protein targets in which PA mediates its anti-angiogenic effects. The present study thus provides mechanistic evidence to the previously reported multifaceted anti-angiogenic effects of PA. Our study further identified mTOR signaling as an important target of PA, and therefore highlights the potential of PA for therapeutic intervention against angiogenesis-related pathogenesis, particularly, metastatic malignancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siew-Li Lai
- Centre of Natural Products & Drug Discovery (CENAR), Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Pooi-Fong Wong
- Centre of Natural Products & Drug Discovery (CENAR), Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Teck-Kwang Lim
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Qingsong Lin
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Mohd Rais Mustafa
- Centre of Natural Products & Drug Discovery (CENAR), Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Lai EY, Chen ZG, Zhou X, Fan XR, Wang H, Lai PL, Su YC, Zhang BY, Bai XC, Li YF. DEPTOR Expression Negatively Correlates with mTORC1 Activity and Tumor Progression in Colorectal Cancer. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 15:4589-94. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.11.4589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
|
32
|
Malignancies: pre and post transplantation strategies. Transplant Rev (Orlando) 2013; 28:76-83. [PMID: 24439783 DOI: 10.1016/j.trre.2013.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The overall incidence of cancer is increased 2-3 fold in solid organ transplant recipients compared to the general population. The increase in risk is not uniform for all malignancies, in all ages or in all regions of the world. Several cancers are greatly increased, many are increased 2-4 fold and others do not appear to be increased at all. The pattern of increase is similar to patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and those cancers most increased are associated with viral infections. These observations support the concept that much of the increased risk is from immunosuppression. Nonetheless there are differences between specific organ groups that deserve further examination. Those with advanced organ failure are also at increased risk for certain malignancies, which suggest either organ damage per se may pre-dispose to cancers or there are exposures to carcinogens in common. The purpose of this review to examine cancer incidence and mortality in solid organ transplantation and the role of pre transplant screening and post-transplant surveillance to reduce the burden of disease and improve patient outcomes. This review will focus on cancers that are common, associated with significant case fatality rates and have potential screening strategies to reduce burden of disease.
Collapse
|
33
|
Bitting RL, Healy P, Creel PA, Turnbull J, Morris K, Wood SY, Hurwitz HI, Starr MD, Nixon AB, Armstrong AJ, George DJ. A phase Ib study of combined VEGFR and mTOR inhibition with vatalanib and everolimus in patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma. Clin Genitourin Cancer 2013; 12:241-50. [PMID: 24685058 DOI: 10.1016/j.clgc.2013.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Revised: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vatalanib is an oral vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI), whereas everolimus inhibits mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). Combination therapy with VEGFR and mTOR inhibitors has not been well tolerated to date but may have efficacy in renal cell carcinoma (RCC). PATIENTS AND METHODS A phase Ib study of vatalanib and everolimus was performed in patients with advanced solid tumors to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD), safety, and tolerability of the combination. A dose-expansion cohort of 20 patients with metastatic RCC was studied to further define toxicity and preliminary efficacy in patients with RCC. RESULTS We evaluated 32 patients over 3 dose levels and a dose-expansion cohort. The most common toxicities of any grade were proteinuria, fatigue, hypertriglyceridemia, nausea, and vomiting. Dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs) included severe hypertension, diarrhea, neutropenia, mucositis, and fatigue. The MTD for the combination was vatalanib 1000 mg daily and everolimus 5 mg daily. In all patients, median overall survival (OS) was 16.3 months. In patients with RCC, median progression-free survival (PFS) was 5.8 months, and OS was 16.5 months. OS was significantly better in treatment-naive patients (25.1 months) compared with patients who had received previous vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-targeted therapy (6.3 months). Seven of 24 (29.2%) evaluable patients demonstrated a partial response, and an additional 15 patients exhibited stable disease. Long-term tolerability (> 1 year) was demonstrated in 19% of patients. CONCLUSION Relevant doses of vatalanib and everolimus were achieved in combination, with expected toxicities. A substantial number of patients with RCC achieved an objective response in the treatment-naive setting, with prolonged tolerability and survival. Further comparative phase II/III studies of specifically targeted VEGF and mTOR inhibitor combinations may be warranted in patients with RCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rhonda L Bitting
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Patrick Healy
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Patricia A Creel
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - James Turnbull
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Karla Morris
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Sarah Yenser Wood
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Herbert I Hurwitz
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Mark D Starr
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Andrew B Nixon
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Andrew J Armstrong
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Daniel J George
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Multitargeted molecular docking study of plant-derived natural products on phosphoinositide-3 kinase pathway components. Med Chem Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-013-0774-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
35
|
Jiang X, Wang G, Liu R, Wang Y, Wang Y, Qiu X, Gao X. RNase non-sensitive and endocytosis independent siRNA delivery system: delivery of siRNA into tumor cells and high efficiency induction of apoptosis. NANOSCALE 2013; 5:7256-7264. [PMID: 23812036 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr01183f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
To date, RNase degradation and endosome/lysosome trapping are still serious problems for siRNA-based molecular therapy, although different kinds of delivery formulations have been tried. In this report, a cell penetrating peptide (CPP, including a positively charged segment, a linear segment, and a hydrophobic segment) and a single wall carbon nanotube (SWCNT) are applied together by a simple method to act as a siRNA delivery system. The siRNAs first form a complex with the positively charged segment of CPP via electrostatic forces, and the siRNA-CPP further coats the surface of the SWCNT via hydrophobic interactions. This siRNA delivery system is non-sensitive to RNase and can avoid endosome/lysosome trapping in vitro. When this siRNA delivery system is studied in Hela cells, siRNA uptake was observed in 98% Hela cells, and over 70% mRNA of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is knocked down, triggering cell apoptosis on a significant scale. Our siRNA delivery system is easy to handle and benign to cultured cells, providing a very efficient approach for the delivery of siRNA into the cell cytosol and cleaving the target mRNA therein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinglu Jiang
- Department of Anatomy, Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection of Guangdong Province, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
Malignancy has become one of the three major causes of death after transplantation in the past decade and is thus increasingly important in all organ transplant programs. Death from cardiovascular disease and infection are both decreasing in frequency from a combination of screening, prophylaxis, aggressive risk factor management, and interventional therapies. Cancer, on the other hand, is poorly and expensively screened for; risk factors are mostly elusive and/or hard to impact on except for the use of immunosuppression itself; and finally therapeutic approaches to the transplant recipient with cancer are often nihilistic. This article provides a review of each of the issues as they come to affect transplantation: cancer before wait-listing, cancer transmission from the donor, cancer after transplantation, outcomes of transplant recipients after a diagnosis of cancer, and the role of screening and therapy in reducing the impact of cancer in transplant recipients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy R Chapman
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital, Australia.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Martins F, de Oliveira MA, Wang Q, Sonis S, Gallottini M, George S, Treister N. A review of oral toxicity associated with mTOR inhibitor therapy in cancer patients. Oral Oncol 2013; 49:293-8. [PMID: 23312237 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2012.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Revised: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 11/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Aphthous-like stomatitis has been identified as one of the most common dose-limiting toxicities associated with mTOR inhibitor therapy in cancer patients. The objective of this study was to summarize the cumulative oral toxicities associated with mTOR inhibitors in published oncology trials with respect to dose, schedule, and need for dose modifications. A review of all oncology-related clinical trials of mTOR inhibitors was conducted and standardized data was abstracted from each study. 44 studies were included in the analysis with a total of 2822 patients treated with temsirolimus (19 studies), everolimus (20 studies), and ridaforolimus (five studies) for a wide range of malignancies. At least one adverse event (AE) occurred in 74.4% of patients. Mucositis was the most frequent AE overall (73.4%), the third most frequent severe AE (20.7%), accounting for 27.3% dose reductions and 13.1% of discontinuations, and the most frequent dose limiting toxicity (52.5%). Mucositis typically occurred during the first cycle of therapy and was graded as mild to moderate in approximately 90% of the patients; severe mucositis generally occurred at higher doses. There were no clear differences in mucositis among the three agents and in most cases lesions resolved spontaneously. Oral mucositis is a frequent complication of mTOR inhibitor therapy and a significant cause of dose reductions and discontinuations in oncology trials. Prevention and management strategies should be investigated to improve tolerability and better permit effective long-term regimens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Martins
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Martinet W, De Meyer I, Verheye S, Schrijvers DM, Timmermans JP, De Meyer GRY. Drug-induced macrophage autophagy in atherosclerosis: for better or worse? Basic Res Cardiol 2012; 108:321. [PMID: 23233268 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-012-0321-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Revised: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a reparative, life-sustaining process by which cytoplasmic components are sequestered in double membrane vesicles and degraded upon fusion with lysosomal compartments. Mice with a macrophage-specific deletion of the essential autophagy gene Atg5 develop plaques with increased apoptosis and oxidative stress as well as enhanced plaque necrosis. This finding indicates that basal autophagy in macrophages is anti-apoptotic and present in atherosclerotic plaques to protect macrophages against various atherogenic stressors. However, autophagy is impaired in advanced stages of atherosclerosis and its deficiency promotes atherosclerosis in part through activation of the inflammasome. Because basal autophagy can be intensified selectively in macrophages by specific drugs such as mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors or Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) ligands, these drugs were recently tested as potential plaque stabilizing compounds. Stent-based delivery of the mTOR inhibitor everolimus promotes a stable plaque phenotype, whereas local administration of the TLR7 ligand imiquimod stimulates inflammation and plaque progression. Therefore, more drugs capable of inducing autophagy should be tested in plaque macrophages to evaluate the feasibility of this approach. Given that drug-induced macrophage autophagy is associated with pro-inflammatory responses due to cytokine release, induction of postautophagic necrosis or activation of phagocytes after clearance of the autophagic corpse, cotreatment with anti-inflammatory compounds may be required. Overall, this review highlights the pros and cons of macrophage autophagy as a drug target for plaque stabilization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wim Martinet
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Riou S, Morelon E, Guibaud L, Chotel F, Dijoud F, Marec-Berard P. Efficacy of Rapamycin for Refractory Hemangioendotheliomas in Maffucci's Syndrome. J Clin Oncol 2012; 30:e213-5. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2012.41.7287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Riou
- Institut Hématologie Oncologie Pédiatrique, Lyon, France
| | - Emmanuel Morelon
- Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Université de Lyon, INSERM (National Institute of Health and Medical Research) Unit 851 (Laboratory of Immunity, Infection and Vaccination), Lyon, France
| | - Laurent Guibaud
- Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, Lyon (Bron); Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Franck Chotel
- Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, Lyon (Bron); Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Frederique Dijoud
- Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, Lyon (Bron); Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Sun Y, Chen X, Zhao J, Zou X, Li G, Li X, Shen B, Sun S. Combined use of rapamycin and leflunomide in prevention of acute cardiac allografts rejection in rats. Transpl Immunol 2012; 27:19-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2012.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2011] [Revised: 03/31/2012] [Accepted: 04/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
41
|
Protzel C, Maruschke M, Hakenberg OW. Epidemiology, Aetiology, and Pathogenesis of Renal Cell Carcinoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eursup.2012.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
42
|
Fagone P, Donia M, Mangano K, Quattrocchi C, Mammana S, Coco M, Libra M, McCubrey JA, Nicoletti F. Comparative study of rapamycin and temsirolimus demonstrates superimposable anti-tumour potency on prostate cancer cells. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2012; 112:63-9. [PMID: 22762560 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2012.00923.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Rapamycin is a macrocyclic lactone currently used for the treatment of cancer and for the prevention of transplant rejection. The primary pharmacological mode of action of rapamycin occurs through the inhibition (blocking) of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). By doing so, rapamycin interferes with the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt-mTOR axis that controls several cellular functions involving cell growth, proliferation and angiogenesis. The frequent activation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathway in advanced prostate cancer has provided a rationale for the use of mTOR inhibitors in this setting. We carried out a comparative study on the effects of rapamycin and temsirolimus on the in vitro and in vivo growth of the prostate cancer cell lines, LnCap and PC3. Our results demonstrate that rapamycin and temsirolimus exert similar in vitro and in vivo anti-proliferative effects against prostate cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Fagone
- Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Sanders JA, Brilliant KE, Clift D, Patel A, Cerretti B, Claro P, Mills DR, Hixson DC, Gruppuso PA. The inhibitory effect of rapamycin on the oval cell response and development of preneoplastic foci in the rat. Exp Mol Pathol 2012; 93:40-9. [PMID: 22525806 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2012.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Oval cell activation occurs under conditions of severe liver injury when normal hepatocyte proliferation is blocked. Recent studies have shown that a subset of hepatocellular carcinomas expresses oval cell markers, suggesting that these cells are targets of hepatocarcinogens. However, the signaling pathways that control oval cell activation and proliferation are not well characterized. Based on the role of the nutrient signaling kinase complex, mTORC1, in liver development, we investigated the role of this pathway in oval cell activation. Oval cell proliferation was induced in male Fisher rats by a modification of the traditional choline deficient plus ethionine model (CDE) or by 2-acetylaminoflourene treatment followed by 2/3 partial hepatectomy with or without initiation by diethylnitrosamine. To assess the role of mTOR in the oval cell response and development of preneoplastic foci, the effect of the mTORC1 inhibitor, rapamycin, was studied in all models. Rapamycin induced a significant suppression of the oval cell response in both models, an effect that coincided with a decrease in oval cell proliferation. Rapamycin administration did not affect the abundance of neutrophils or natural killer cells in CDE-treated liver or the expression of key cytokines. Gene expression studies revealed the fetal hepatocyte marker MKP-4 to be expressed in oval cells. In an experimental model of hepatic carcinogenesis, rapamycin decreased the size of preneoplastic foci and the rate of cell proliferation within the foci. mTORC1 signaling plays a key role in the oval cell response and in the development of preneoplastic foci. This pathway may be a target for the chemoprevention of hepatocellular carcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Sanders
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Rhode Island Hospital and The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903 USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Antitumor effect of the mTOR inhibitor everolimus in combination with trastuzumab on human breast cancer stem cells in vitro and in vivo. Tumour Biol 2012; 33:1349-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-012-0383-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
|
45
|
Ryu NH, Park KR, Kim SM, Yun HM, Nam D, Lee SG, Jang HJ, Ahn KS, Kim SH, Shim BS, Choi SH, Mosaddik A, Cho SK, Ahn KS. A hexane fraction of guava Leaves (Psidium guajava L.) induces anticancer activity by suppressing AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin/ribosomal p70 S6 kinase in human prostate cancer cells. J Med Food 2012; 15:231-41. [PMID: 22280146 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2011.1701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was carried out to evaluate the anticancer effects of guava leaf extracts and its fractions. The chemical compositions of the active extracts were also determined. In the present study, we set out to determine whether the anticancer effects of guava leaves are linked with their ability to suppress constitutive AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)/ribosomal p70 S6 kinase (S6K1) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation pathways in human prostate cancer cells. We found that guava leaf hexane fraction (GHF) was the most potent inducer of cytotoxic and apoptotic effects in PC-3 cells. The molecular mechanism or mechanisms of GHF apoptotic potential were correlated with the suppression of AKT/mTOR/S6K1 and MAPK signaling pathways. This effect of GHF correlated with down-regulation of various proteins that mediate cell proliferation, cell survival, metastasis, and angiogenesis. Analysis of GHF by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry tentatively identified 60 compounds, including β-eudesmol (11.98%), α-copaene (7.97%), phytol (7.95%), α-patchoulene (3.76%), β-caryophyllene oxide (CPO) (3.63%), caryophylla-3(15),7(14)-dien-6-ol (2.68%), (E)-methyl isoeugenol (1.90%), α-terpineol (1.76%), and octadecane (1.23%). Besides GHF, CPO, but not phytol, also inhibited the AKT/mTOR/S6K1 signaling pathway and induced apoptosis in prostate cancer cells. Overall, these findings suggest that guava leaves can interfere with multiple signaling cascades linked with tumorigenesis and provide a source of potential therapeutic compounds for both the prevention and treatment of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nae Hyung Ryu
- College of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Pierdominici M, Vomero M, Barbati C, Colasanti T, Maselli A, Vacirca D, Giovannetti A, Malorni W, Ortona E. Role of autophagy in immunity and autoimmunity, with a special focus on systemic lupus erythematosus. FASEB J 2012; 26:1400-12. [PMID: 22247332 DOI: 10.1096/fj.11-194175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a lysosome-mediated catabolic process that allows cells to degrade unwanted cytoplasmic constituents and to recycle nutrients. Autophagy is also involved in innate and adaptive immune responses, playing a key role in interactions against microbes, in antigen processing for major histocompatibility complex (MHC) presentation, and in lymphocyte development, survival, and proliferation. Over recent years, perturbations in autophagy have been implicated in a number of diseases, including autoimmunity. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multifactorial disease characterized by autoimmune responses against self-antigens generated by dying cells. Genome-wide association studies have linked several single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the autophagy-related gene Atg5 to SLE susceptibility. Loss of Atg5-dependent effects, including clearance of dying cells and cell antigen presentation, might contribute to the autoimmunity and inflammation associated with SLE. Moreover, activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), a key player in the autophagy regulation, has recently been demonstrated in SLE, confirming an altered autophagy pathway in this disease. In the present review, we summarize the autophagy mechanisms, their molecular regulation, and their relevance in immunity and autoimmunity. The potential of targeting autophagy pathway in SLE, by developing innovative therapeutic approaches, has finally been discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Pierdominici
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Xu Q, Liu LZ, Qian X, Chen Q, Jiang Y, Li D, Lai L, Jiang BH. MiR-145 directly targets p70S6K1 in cancer cells to inhibit tumor growth and angiogenesis. Nucleic Acids Res 2012; 40:761-74. [PMID: 21917858 PMCID: PMC3258133 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkr730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2011] [Revised: 08/22/2011] [Accepted: 08/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
MiR-145 can regulate cell apoptosis, proliferation, neural development and stem cell differentiation. Previous studies indicate that miR-145 is downregulated in human colon cancer cells. However, the molecular mechanisms of miR-145 used to regulate colon carcinogenesis and angiogenesis remain to be clarified. Here, we show that the expression of miR-145 is downregulated in colon and ovarian cancer tissues and cell lines. MiR-145 inhibits p70S6K1 post-transcriptional expression by binding to its 3'-UTR. The angiogenic factors hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which are downstream molecules of p70S6K1, are decreased by miR-145 overexpression. P70S6K1 rescues miR-145-suppressed HIF-1 and VEGF levels, tumorigenesis and tumor angiogenesis. Furthermore, the miR-145 level is inversely correlated with the amount of p70S6K1 protein in colon cancer tissues. Taken together, these studies suggest that miR-145 serves as a tumor suppressor which downregulates HIF-1 and VEGF expression by targeting p70S6K1, leading to the inhibition of tumor growth and angiogenesis. The miR-145 rescue could be a rationale for therapeutic applications in colon cancer in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Xu
- State Key lab of Reproductive Medicine, and Department of Pathology, Cancer Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA and Institute of Molecular and Chemical Biology, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling-Zhi Liu
- State Key lab of Reproductive Medicine, and Department of Pathology, Cancer Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA and Institute of Molecular and Chemical Biology, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu Qian
- State Key lab of Reproductive Medicine, and Department of Pathology, Cancer Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA and Institute of Molecular and Chemical Biology, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Chen
- State Key lab of Reproductive Medicine, and Department of Pathology, Cancer Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA and Institute of Molecular and Chemical Biology, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Jiang
- State Key lab of Reproductive Medicine, and Department of Pathology, Cancer Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA and Institute of Molecular and Chemical Biology, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan Li
- State Key lab of Reproductive Medicine, and Department of Pathology, Cancer Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA and Institute of Molecular and Chemical Biology, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lihui Lai
- State Key lab of Reproductive Medicine, and Department of Pathology, Cancer Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA and Institute of Molecular and Chemical Biology, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing-Hua Jiang
- State Key lab of Reproductive Medicine, and Department of Pathology, Cancer Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA and Institute of Molecular and Chemical Biology, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Abstract
Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a giant protein kinase that controls cell proliferation, growth, and metabolism. mTOR is regulated by nutrient availability, by mitogens, and by stress, and operates through two independently regulated hetero-oligomeric complexes. We have attempted to identify the cellular components necessary to maintain the activity of mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1), the amino acid-dependent, rapamycin-inhibitable complex, using a whole genome approach involving RNAi-induced depletion of cellular polypeptides. We have used a pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cell line, Mia-PaCa for this screen; as with many pancreatic cancers, these cells exhibit constitutive activation of mTORC1. PDAC is the most common form of pancreatic cancer and the 5-year survival rate remains 3-5% despite current nonspecific and targeted therapies. Although rapamycin-related mTOR inhibitors have yet to demonstrate encouraging clinical responses, it is now evident that this class of compounds is capable of only partial mTORC1 inhibition. Identifying previously unappreciated proteins needed for maintenance of mTORC1 activity may provide new targets and lead to the development of beneficial therapies for pancreatic cancer.
Collapse
|
49
|
Liu J, Hu XJ, Jin B, Qu XJ, Hou KZ, Liu YP. β-Elemene induces apoptosis as well as protective autophagy in human non-small-cell lung cancer A549 cells. J Pharm Pharmacol 2011; 64:146-53. [PMID: 22150682 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.2011.01371.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES β-Elemene, a novel traditional Chinese medicine, has been shown to be effective against a wide range of tumours. In this study, the antitumour effect of β-elemene on human non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) A549 cells and the mechanism involved have been investigated. METHODS Cell viability and apoptosis were measured by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and flow cytometry, respectively. Protein expression was assayed by Western blotting. Autophagy was evaluated under fluorescence microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. KEY FINDINGS β-Elemene inhibited the viability of A549 cells in a dose-dependent manner. This suppression of cell viability was due to the induction of apoptosis. Further study showed that β-elemene inhibited the activity of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR/p70S6K1 signalling pathway, and at the same time it triggered a robust autophagy. The autophagy was characterized by the accumulation of punctate LC3 dots in the cytoplasm, morphological changes, and the increased levels of LC3-II as well as Atg5-Atg12 conjugated proteins. Inhibition of autophagy with chlorochine significantly enhanced the antitumour effect of β-elemene. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicated that β-elemene inhibited the activity of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR/p70S6K1 signalling pathway in human NSCLC A549 cells, which resulted in apoptosis as well as protective autophagy. A combination of β-elemene with autophagy inhibitor might be an effective therapeutic option for advanced NSCLC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Pal SK, Vanderwalde A, Hurria A, Figlin RA. Systemic therapies for metastatic renal cell carcinoma in older adults. Drugs Aging 2011; 28:635-49. [PMID: 21812499 PMCID: PMC5333645 DOI: 10.2165/11592880-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The introduction of targeted therapies has radically changed the treatment paradigm for metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). However, multiple clinical dilemmas have emerged. For instance, limited data are available to juxtapose the safety and efficacy profile of targeted therapies between older and younger adults. Herein, pivotal trials of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)- and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)-directed therapies are assessed in the context of their implications in treating older adults with mRCC. In general, subset analyses from these pivotal studies suggest similar efficacy of targeted therapies amongst older adults. Aging is accompanied by a multitude of physiological changes, as well as an increased prevalence of co-morbidities. The age-related toxicity profiles of targeted agents for mRCC are detailed to provide a framework for the risks and benefits of these therapies in older adults. Ultimately, tools such as the Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment (CGA) that account for physiological (as opposed to chronological) age may prove useful in the evaluation and treatment of older adults with mRCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sumanta K. Pal
- Division of Genitourinary Malignancies, Department of Medical Oncology & Experimental Therapeutics, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Ari Vanderwalde
- Department of Medical Oncology & Experimental Therapeutics, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Arti Hurria
- Department of Medical Oncology & Experimental Therapeutics, Cancer Control and Population Sciences Program, and Cancer and Aging Research Program, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Robert A. Figlin
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|