1
|
Hu S, Chen J, Cao JX, Zhang SS, Gu SX, Chen FE. Quinolines and isoquinolines as HIV-1 inhibitors: Chemical structures, action targets, and biological activities. Bioorg Chem 2023; 136:106549. [PMID: 37119785 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), a lentivirus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), poses a serious threat to global public health. Since the advent of the first drug zidovudine, a number of anti-HIV agents acting on different targets have been approved to combat HIV/AIDS. Among the abundant heterocyclic families, quinoline and isoquinoline moieties are recognized as promising scaffolds for HIV inhibition. This review intends to highlight the advances in diverse chemical structures and abundant biological activity of quinolines and isoquinolines as anti-HIV agents acting on different targets, which aims to provide useful references and inspirations to design and develop novel HIV inhibitors for medicinal chemists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sha Hu
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering & Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Jiong Chen
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering & Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Jin-Xu Cao
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering & Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China; Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Shuang-Shuang Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering & Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China; Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Shuang-Xi Gu
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering & Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China; Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China.
| | - Fen-Er Chen
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering & Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China; Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China; Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mostashari-Rad T, Claes S, Schols D, Shirvani P, Fassihi A. New 2-alkylthio-1-benzylimidazole-5-carboxylic acid derivatives targeting gp41: design, synthesis and in vitro anti-HIV activity evaluation. Curr HIV Res 2022; 20:CHR-EPUB-124859. [PMID: 35770403 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x20666220628154901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background Although current available medications have increased the quality of life in HIV-infected patients, there are still some shortcomings in HIV treatment arising from viral resistance, drug side effects and high cost of medication. Therefore, there is an urgent need for some suitable HIV inhibitors with different mechanisms of action. Gp41, located on the HIV cell surface, plays an important role in the fusion of viral and host cell membranes. With the same structure in different HIV strains, gp41 seems to be a promising target for developing novel HIV fusion inhibitors. Objective Based on the essential structural elements of gp41 inhibitors, two series of compounds were prepared and their inhibitory effect on HIV cell growth was investigated. Compared to the known small-molecule gp41 inhibitors, 2-Alkylthio-1-benzylimidazole-5-carboxylic acid (series I) and (E)-4-{[5-(((1-benzyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methoxyimino)methyl)-2-(alkylthio)-1H-imidazol-1-yl]methyl}benzoic acid derivatives (series II) had more flexible skeleton with extra moieties interacting with the gp41 key residues. Method In silico drug design approaches including molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations were employed to design these novel compounds prior to preparation. The designed compounds exhibited proper chemical interactions and stable complexes with gp41. Then, the selected candidates were efficiently synthesized, and their anti-HIV-1 and anti-HIV-2 activities, as well as their cellular cytotoxicity in MT-4 cells were determined. Results None of the compounds belonging to the series I were active against HIV-1 and HIV-2 replication in cell cultures, and most of the compounds in series II exhibited significant cytotoxicity against MT-4 cells in low micro molar concentrations. Conclusion The smaller molecular structures of the compounds in series I might be responsible for their poor anti-HIV effects. The high toxicity of the series II compounds on the host cell makes it impossible to assess their anti-HIV activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tahereh Mostashari-Rad
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Sandra Claes
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dominique Schols
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pouria Shirvani
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Afshin Fassihi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Recent research results have converted gp120 binders to a therapeutic option for the treatment of HIV-1 infection. A medicinal chemistry point of view. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 229:114078. [PMID: 34992041 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.114078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Current therapeutic armamentarium for treatment of HIV-1 infection is based on the use of highly active antiretroviral therapy that, unfortunately, does not act as a curative remedy. Moreover, duration of the therapy often results in lack of compliance with the consequent emergence of multidrug resistance. Finally, drug toxicity issues also arise during treatments. In the attempt to achieve a curative effect, in addition to invest substantial resources in finding new anti-HIV-1 agents and in optimizing antiviral lead compounds and drugs currently available, additional efforts should be done to deplete viral reservoir located within host CD4+ T cells. Gp120 binders represent a class of compounds able to affect the interactions between viral envelope proteins and host CD4, thus avoiding virus-to-cell attachment and fusion, and the consequent viral entry into host cells. This review summarizes the efforts done in the last five years to design new gp120 binders, that finally culminated in the approval of fostemsavir as an anti-HIV-1 drug.
Collapse
|
4
|
Fritschi C, Liang S, Mohammadi M, Anang S, Moraca F, Chen J, Madani N, Sodroski JG, Abrams CF, Hendrickson WA, Smith AB. Identification of gp120 Residue His105 as a Novel Target for HIV-1 Neutralization by Small-Molecule CD4-Mimics. ACS Med Chem Lett 2021; 12:1824-1831. [PMID: 34795873 PMCID: PMC8591726 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.1c00437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The design and synthesis of butyl chain derivatives at the indane ring 3-position of our lead CD4-mimetic compound BNM-III-170 that inhibits human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) infection are reported. Optimization efforts were guided by crystallographic and computational analysis of the small-molecule ligands of the Phe43 cavity of the envelope glycoprotein gp120. Biological evaluation of 11-21 revealed that members of this series of CD4-mimetic compounds are able to inhibit HIV-1 viral entry into target cells more potently and with greater breadth compared to BNM-III-170. Crystallographic analysis of the binding pocket of 14, 16, and 17 revealed a novel hydrogen bonding interaction between His105 and a primary hydroxyl group on the butyl side chain. Further optimization of this interaction with the His105 residue holds the promise of more potent CD4-mimetic compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher
J. Fritschi
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Shuaiyi Liang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics and Department of Physiology
and Cellular
Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Mohammadjavad Mohammadi
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Saumya Anang
- Department of Cancer
Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer
Institute and Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical
School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Francesca Moraca
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Junhua Chen
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Navid Madani
- Department of Cancer
Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer
Institute and Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical
School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Joseph G. Sodroski
- Department of Cancer
Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer
Institute and Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical
School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Department
of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard
School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Cameron F. Abrams
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Wayne A. Hendrickson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics and Department of Physiology
and Cellular
Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Amos B. Smith
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Tamiz N, Mostashari-Rad T, Najafipour A, Claes S, Schols D, Fassihi A. Synthesis, Molecular Docking and Molecular Dynamics Simulation of 2- Thioxothiazolidin-4-One Derivatives against Gp41. Curr HIV Res 2021; 19:47-60. [PMID: 32885756 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x18666200903172127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Gp41 and its conserved hydrophobic groove on the N-terminal heptad repeat region are attractive targets in the design of HIV-1 entry inhibitors. Linearly extended molecules have shown potent anti-HIV-1 activity for their effective interactions with the gp41 binding pocket. Rhodanine ring attached to substituted pyrrole or furan rings has been proved a preferred moiety to be inserted inside the molecular structure of the gp41 inhibitors. OBJECTIVES Based on the previous findings we are going to describe some rhodanine derivatives in which a substituted imidazole ring is introduced in place of the pyrrole or furan rings. The compounds' flexibility is increased by inserting methylene groups inside the main scaffold. METHODS Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations approaches were exploited to investigate the chemical interactions and the stability of the designed ligands-gp41 complex. All compounds were synthesized and their chemical structures were elucidated by 1HNMR, 13CNMR, FTIR and Mass spectroscopy. Biological activities of the compounds against HIV-1 and HIV-2 and their cellular toxicities against the T-lymphocyte (MT-4) cell line were determined. RESULTS All the designed compounds showed proper and stable chemical interactions with gp41 according to the in silico studies. The results of the biological tests proved none of the compounds active against HIV-1 replication in cell cultures. CONCLUSION Since all the studied compounds were potently toxic for the host cell; it was therefore not possible to assess their anti-HIV activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nahid Tamiz
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Tahereh Mostashari-Rad
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Aylar Najafipour
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Sandra Claes
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dominique Schols
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Afshin Fassihi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wlodawer A, Dauter Z, Shabalin IG, Gilski M, Brzezinski D, Kowiel M, Minor W, Rupp B, Jaskolski M. Ligand-centered assessment of SARS-CoV-2 drug target models in the Protein Data Bank. FEBS J 2020; 287:3703-3718. [PMID: 32418327 PMCID: PMC7276724 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A bright spot in the SARS‐CoV‐2 (CoV‐2) coronavirus pandemic has been the immediate mobilization of the biomedical community, working to develop treatments and vaccines for COVID‐19. Rational drug design against emerging threats depends on well‐established methodology, mainly utilizing X‐ray crystallography, to provide accurate structure models of the macromolecular drug targets and of their complexes with candidates for drug development. In the current crisis, the structural biological community has responded by presenting structure models of CoV‐2 proteins and depositing them in the Protein Data Bank (PDB), usually without time embargo and before publication. Since the structures from the first‐line research are produced in an accelerated mode, there is an elevated chance of mistakes and errors, with the ultimate risk of hindering, rather than speeding up, drug development. In the present work, we have used model‐validation metrics and examined the electron density maps for the deposited models of CoV‐2 proteins and a sample of related proteins available in the PDB as of April 1, 2020. We present these results with the aim of helping the biomedical community establish a better‐validated pool of data. The proteins are divided into groups according to their structure and function. In most cases, no major corrections were necessary. However, in several cases significant revisions in the functionally sensitive area of protein–inhibitor complexes or for bound ions justified correction, re‐refinement, and eventually reversioning in the PDB. The re‐refined coordinate files and a tool for facilitating model comparisons are available at https://covid-19.bioreproducibility.org.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Wlodawer
- Protein Structure Section, Macromolecular Crystallography Laboratory, NCI, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Zbigniew Dauter
- Synchrotron Radiation Research Section, Macromolecular Crystallography Laboratory, NCI, Argonne National Laboratory, IL, USA
| | - Ivan G Shabalin
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Miroslaw Gilski
- Department of Crystallography, Faculty of Chemistry, A. Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland.,Center for Biocrystallographic Research, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Dariusz Brzezinski
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.,Center for Biocrystallographic Research, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland.,Institute of Computing Science, Poznan University of Technology, Poland
| | - Marcin Kowiel
- Center for Biocrystallographic Research, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Wladek Minor
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Bernhard Rupp
- k.-k. Hofkristallamt, San Diego, CA, USA.,Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Medical University Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Mariusz Jaskolski
- Department of Crystallography, Faculty of Chemistry, A. Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland.,Center for Biocrystallographic Research, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Saha M, Bhattacharya S. Recent Developments in the Medicinal Chemistry for New Small-Molecule Therapeutics to Treat HIV-AIDS. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:1569-1570. [PMID: 31612809 DOI: 10.2174/156802661918191009110427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mrinmoy Saha
- Chemistry Research and Development Abzena 360 George Patterson Boulevard Bristol, PA 19007, United States
| | - Shreya Bhattacharya
- Department of Dermatology Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania 421 Curie Boulevard Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| |
Collapse
|