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Huang ETC, Yang JS, Liao KYK, Tseng WCW, Lee CK, Gill M, Compas C, See S, Tsai FJ. Predicting blood-brain barrier permeability of molecules with a large language model and machine learning. Sci Rep 2024; 14:15844. [PMID: 38982309 PMCID: PMC11233737 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-66897-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Predicting the blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability of small-molecule compounds using a novel artificial intelligence platform is necessary for drug discovery. Machine learning and a large language model on artificial intelligence (AI) tools improve the accuracy and shorten the time for new drug development. The primary goal of this research is to develop artificial intelligence (AI) computing models and novel deep learning architectures capable of predicting whether molecules can permeate the human blood-brain barrier (BBB). The in silico (computational) and in vitro (experimental) results were validated by the Natural Products Research Laboratories (NPRL) at China Medical University Hospital (CMUH). The transformer-based MegaMolBART was used as the simplified molecular input line entry system (SMILES) encoder with an XGBoost classifier as an in silico method to check if a molecule could cross through the BBB. We used Morgan or Circular fingerprints to apply the Morgan algorithm to a set of atomic invariants as a baseline encoder also with an XGBoost classifier to compare the results. BBB permeability was assessed in vitro using three-dimensional (3D) human BBB spheroids (human brain microvascular endothelial cells, brain vascular pericytes, and astrocytes). Using multiple BBB databases, the results of the final in silico transformer and XGBoost model achieved an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.88 on the held-out test dataset. Temozolomide (TMZ) and 21 randomly selected BBB permeable compounds (Pred scores = 1, indicating BBB-permeable) from the NPRL penetrated human BBB spheroid cells. No evidence suggests that ferulic acid or five BBB-impermeable compounds (Pred scores < 1.29423E-05, which designate compounds that pass through the human BBB) can pass through the spheroid cells of the BBB. Our validation of in vitro experiments indicated that the in silico prediction of small-molecule permeation in the BBB model is accurate. Transformer-based models like MegaMolBART, leveraging the SMILES representations of molecules, show great promise for applications in new drug discovery. These models have the potential to accelerate the development of novel targeted treatments for disorders of the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eddie T C Huang
- NVIDIA AI Technology Center, NVIDIA Corporation, Santa Clara, USA
| | - Jai-Sing Yang
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ken Y K Liao
- NVIDIA AI Technology Center, NVIDIA Corporation, Santa Clara, USA
| | - Warren C W Tseng
- NVIDIA AI Technology Center, NVIDIA Corporation, Santa Clara, USA
| | - C K Lee
- NVIDIA AI Technology Center, NVIDIA Corporation, Santa Clara, USA
| | - Michelle Gill
- NVIDIA AI Technology Center, NVIDIA Corporation, Santa Clara, USA
| | - Colin Compas
- NVIDIA AI Technology Center, NVIDIA Corporation, Santa Clara, USA
| | - Simon See
- NVIDIA AI Technology Center, NVIDIA Corporation, Santa Clara, USA
| | - Fuu-Jen Tsai
- School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, China Medical University Children's Hospital, No. 2, Yude Road, Taichung, 404332, Taiwan.
- China Medical University Children's Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
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2
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Cooper CG, Kafetzis KN, Patabendige A, Tagalakis AD. Blood-brain barrier disruption in dementia: Nano-solutions as new treatment options. Eur J Neurosci 2024; 59:1359-1385. [PMID: 38154805 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.16229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Candidate drugs targeting the central nervous system (CNS) demonstrate extremely low clinical success rates, with more than 98% of potential treatments being discontinued due to poor blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability. Neurological conditions were shown to be the second leading cause of death globally in 2016, with the number of people currently affected by neurological disorders increasing rapidly. This increasing trend, along with an inability to develop BBB permeating drugs, is presenting a major hurdle in the treatment of CNS-related disorders, like dementia. To overcome this, it is necessary to understand the structure and function of the BBB, including the transport of molecules across its interface in both healthy and pathological conditions. The use of CNS drug carriers is rapidly gaining popularity in CNS research due to their ability to target BBB transport systems. Further research and development of drug delivery vehicles could provide essential information that can be used to develop novel treatments for neurological conditions. This review discusses the BBB and its transport systems and evaluates the potential of using nanoparticle-based delivery systems as drug carriers for CNS disease with a focus on dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Adjanie Patabendige
- Department of Biology, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, UK
- Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Aristides D Tagalakis
- Department of Biology, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, UK
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
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3
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Finger CE, Moreno-Gonzalez I, Gutierrez A, Moruno-Manchon JF, McCullough LD. Age-related immune alterations and cerebrovascular inflammation. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:803-818. [PMID: 34711943 PMCID: PMC9046462 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01361-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Aging is associated with chronic systemic inflammation, which contributes to the development of many age-related diseases, including vascular disease. The world's population is aging, leading to an increasing prevalence of both stroke and vascular dementia. The inflammatory response to ischemic stroke is critical to both stroke pathophysiology and recovery. Age is a predictor of poor outcomes after stroke. The immune response to stroke is altered in aged individuals, which contributes to the disparate outcomes between young and aged patients. In this review, we describe the current knowledge of the effects of aging on the immune system and the cerebral vasculature and how these changes alter the immune response to stroke and vascular dementia in animal and human studies. Potential implications of these age-related immune alterations on chronic inflammation in vascular disease outcome are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carson E. Finger
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, UTHealth Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX USA
| | - Ines Moreno-Gonzalez
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, UTHealth Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX USA ,grid.10215.370000 0001 2298 7828Department of Cell Biology, Genetics and Physiology, Instituto de Investigacion Biomedica de Malaga-IBIMA, Faculty of Sciences, Malaga University, Malaga, Spain ,grid.418264.d0000 0004 1762 4012Biomedical Research Networking Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Malaga, Spain
| | - Antonia Gutierrez
- grid.10215.370000 0001 2298 7828Department of Cell Biology, Genetics and Physiology, Instituto de Investigacion Biomedica de Malaga-IBIMA, Faculty of Sciences, Malaga University, Malaga, Spain ,grid.418264.d0000 0004 1762 4012Biomedical Research Networking Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Malaga, Spain
| | - Jose Felix Moruno-Manchon
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, UTHealth Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX USA
| | - Louise D. McCullough
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, UTHealth Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX USA
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4
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Li Y, Ren M, Wang J, Ma R, Chen H, Xie Q, Li H, Li J, Wang J. Progress in Borneol Intervention for Ischemic Stroke: A Systematic Review. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:606682. [PMID: 34017247 PMCID: PMC8129537 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.606682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Borneol is a terpene and bicyclic organic compound that can be extracted from plants or chemically synthesized. As an important component of proprietary Chinese medicine for the treatment of stroke, its neuroprotective effects have been confirmed in many experiments. Unfortunately, there is no systematic review of these studies. This study aimed to systematically examine the neuroprotective effects of borneol in the cascade reaction of experimental ischemic stroke at different periods. Methods: Articles on animal experiments and cell-based research on the actions of borneol against ischemic stroke in the past 20°years were collected from Google Scholar, Web of Science, PubMed, ScienceDirect, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and other biomedical databases. Meta-analysis was performed on key indicators in vivo experiments. After sorting the articles, we focused on the neuroprotective effects and mechanism of action of borneol at different stages of cerebral ischemia. Results: Borneol is effective in the prevention and treatment of nerve injury in ischemic stroke. Its mechanisms of action include improvement of cerebral blood flow, inhibition of neuronal excitotoxicity, blocking of Ca2+ overload, and resistance to reactive oxygen species injury in the acute ischemic stage. In the subacute ischemic stage, borneol may antagonize blood-brain barrier injury, intervene in inflammatory reactions, and prevent neuron excessive death. In the late stage, borneol promotes neurogenesis and angiogenesis in the treatment of ischemic stroke. Conclusion: Borneol prevents neuronal injury after cerebral ischemia via multiple action mechanisms, and it can mobilize endogenous nutritional factors to hasten repair and regeneration of brain tissue. Because the neuroprotective effects of borneol are mediated by various therapeutic factors, deficiency caused by a single-target drug is avoided. Besides, borneol promotes other drugs to pass through the blood-brain barrier to exert synergistic therapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Li
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Mihong Ren
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiajun Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Rong Ma
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Hai Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Qian Xie
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongyan Li
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinxiu Li
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jian Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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El Zahar NM, Sutton JM, Bartlett MG. Assessment of brain-to-blood drug distribution using liquid chromatography. Biomed Chromatogr 2021; 35:e5123. [PMID: 33783841 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Delivery of already existing and new drugs under development to the brain necessitates passage across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) with its tight intercellular junctions, molecular components and transporter systems. Consequently, it is critical to identify the extent of brain permeation and the partitioning across the BBB. The interpretation of brain-to-blood ratios is considered to be a significant and fundamental approach for estimating drug penetration through BBB, the brain-targeting ability and central nervous system (CNS) pharmacokinetics. Among the different bioanalytical techniques, liquid chromatography with various detectors has been widely used for determination of these ratios. This review defines the different approaches for sample preparation, extraction techniques and liquid chromatography procedures concerned with the determination of drugs in blood and brain tissues and the assessment of brain-to-blood levels. These approaches are expanded to cover the analysis of several drug classes such as CNS-acting drugs, chemotherapeutics, antidiabetics, herbal medicinal products, radiopharmaceuticals, antibiotics and antivirals. Accordingly, stability in biological matrices and matrix effects are investigated. The different administration/formulation effects and the possible deviations in these ratios are also disscussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha M El Zahar
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.,Medicinal Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Salman International University, Ras-Sedr, South Sinai Governorate, Egypt
| | - J Michael Sutton
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Michael G Bartlett
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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Mansor NI, Nordin N, Mohamed F, Ling KH, Rosli R, Hassan Z. Crossing the Blood-Brain Barrier: A Review on Drug Delivery Strategies for Treatment of the Central Nervous System Diseases. Curr Drug Deliv 2020; 16:698-711. [PMID: 31456519 DOI: 10.2174/1567201816666190828153017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Many drugs have been designed to treat diseases of the central nervous system (CNS), especially neurodegenerative diseases. However, the presence of tight junctions at the blood-brain barrier has often compromised the efficiency of drug delivery to target sites in the brain. The principles of drug delivery systems across the blood-brain barrier are dependent on substrate-specific (i.e. protein transport and transcytosis) and non-specific (i.e. transcellular and paracellular) transport pathways, which are crucial factors in attempts to design efficient drug delivery strategies. This review describes how the blood-brain barrier presents the main challenge in delivering drugs to treat brain diseases and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of ongoing neurotherapeutic delivery strategies in overcoming this limitation. In addition, we discuss the application of colloidal carrier systems, particularly nanoparticles, as potential tools for therapy for the CNS diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Izzati Mansor
- Medical Genetics Unit, Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Genetics & Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Norshariza Nordin
- Medical Genetics Unit, Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Genetics & Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Farahidah Mohamed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), Kuantan, Malaysia.,IKOP Sdn. Bhd., Pilot Plant Pharmaceutical Manufacturing, Faculty of Pharmacy, IIUM, Kuantan, Malaysia.,International Institute of Halal Research & Training (INHART), IIUM, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - King Hwa Ling
- Medical Genetics Unit, Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Genetics & Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Rozita Rosli
- Medical Genetics Unit, Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Genetics & Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,UPM-MAKNA Cancer Research Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Zurina Hassan
- Centre for Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor, Penang, Malaysia
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Sharma HS, Muresanu DF, Castellani RJ, Nozari A, Lafuente JV, Tian ZR, Sahib S, Bryukhovetskiy I, Bryukhovetskiy A, Buzoianu AD, Patnaik R, Wiklund L, Sharma A. Pathophysiology of blood-brain barrier in brain tumor. Novel therapeutic advances using nanomedicine. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2020; 151:1-66. [PMID: 32448602 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2020.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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8
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Yu Y, Wang C, Zhang X, Zhu J, Wang L, Ji M, Zhang Z, Ji XM, Wang SL. Perfluorooctane sulfonate disrupts the blood brain barrier through the crosstalk between endothelial cells and astrocytes in mice. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 256:113429. [PMID: 31706766 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), a classic environmental pollutant, is reported to accumulate in brain and induce neurotoxicity. However, little is known the route and mechanism of its entrance in brain. In the present study, ICR mice were treated with PFOS for 28 days, the cerebral PFOS were measured and the morphological and ultrastructural changes of blood-brain barrier (BBB) were observed. Also, the expression and localization of the proteins related to the cerebral damages, tight junctions (TJs) and p38 activation were detected. Additionally, U87 cells were used to explore the role of p38 in PFOS-induced damages of astrocytes. PFOS significantly decreased the expression of TJ-related proteins (ZO-1, Claudin-5, Claudin-11, Occludin) in endothelial cells and disrupted BBB, which subsequently led PFOS to astrocytes and increased the expression of the proteins related to astrocytic damages (Aquaporin 4 and S100β). These results aggravated BBB disruption and further increased the cerebral PFOS levels. Besides, phosphorylated p38 activation was involved into PFOS-induced astrocytic damages in vivo and in vitro. In conclusion, the crosstalk between endothelial cells and astrocytes facilitated the BBB disruption and increased the accumulation of PFOS in brain. Our findings provided a new insight into the toxicological and physiological profiles of PFOS-induced neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongquan Yu
- Key Lab of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211166, PR China; State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211166, PR China
| | - Chao Wang
- Key Lab of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211166, PR China; State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211166, PR China
| | - Xuhui Zhang
- Key Lab of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211166, PR China
| | - Jiansheng Zhu
- Key Lab of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211166, PR China; State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211166, PR China
| | - Li Wang
- Key Lab of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211166, PR China
| | - Minghui Ji
- Key Lab of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211166, PR China
| | - Zhan Zhang
- Key Lab of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211166, PR China
| | - Xiao-Ming Ji
- Key Lab of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211166, PR China
| | - Shou-Lin Wang
- Key Lab of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211166, PR China; State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211166, PR China.
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Berdasco C, Pinto A, Calabró V, Arenas D, Cangelosi A, Geoghegan P, Evelson P, Goldstein J. Shiga toxin 2 from enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli induces reactive glial cells and neurovascular disarrangements including edema and lipid peroxidation in the murine brain hippocampus. J Biomed Sci 2019; 26:16. [PMID: 30732602 PMCID: PMC6366040 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-019-0509-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Shiga toxin 2 from enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli is the etiologic agent of bloody diarrhea, hemolytic uremic syndrome and derived encephalopathies that may result to death in patients. Being a Gram negative bacterium, lipopolysaccharide is also released. Particularly, the hippocampus has been found affected in patients intoxicated with Shiga toxin 2. In the current work, the deleterious effects of Shiga toxin 2 and lipopolysaccharide are investigated in detail in hippocampal cells for the first time in a translational murine model, providing conclusive evidences on how these toxins may damage in the observed clinic cases. METHODS Male NIH mice (25 g) were injected intravenously with saline solution, lipopolysaccharide, Shiga toxin 2 or a combination of Shiga toxin 2 with lipopolysaccharide. Brain water content assay was made to determine brain edema. Another set of animals were intracardially perfused with a fixative solution and their brains were subjected to immunofluorescence with lectins to determine the microvasculature profile, and anti-GFAP, anti-NeuN, anti-MBP and anti-Iba1 to study reactive astrocytes, neuronal damage, myelin dysarrangements and microglial state respectively. Finally, the Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances Assay was made to determine lipid peroxidation. In all assays, statistical significance was performed using the One-way analysis of variance followed by Bonferroni post hoc test. RESULTS Systemic sublethal administration of Shiga toxin 2 increased the expressions of astrocytic GFAP and microglial Iba1, and decreased the expressions of endothelial glycocalyx, NeuN neurons from CA1 pyramidal layer and oligodendrocytic MBP myelin sheath from the fimbria of the hippocampus. In addition, increased interstitial fluids and Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances-derived lipid peroxidation were also found. The observed outcomes were enhanced when sublethal administration of Shiga toxin 2 was co-administered together with lipopolysaccharide. CONCLUSION Systemic sublethal administration of Shiga toxin 2 produced a deterioration of the cells that integrate the vascular unit displaying astrocytic and microglial reactive profiles, while edema and lipid peroxidation were also observed. The contribution of lipopolysaccharide to pathogenicity caused by Shiga toxin 2 resulted to enhance the observed hippocampal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Berdasco
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica ‘‘Houssay” (IFIBIO), Laboratorio de Neurofisiopatología, Facultad de Medicina, Paraguay 2155 piso 7, 1121 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alipio Pinto
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica ‘‘Houssay” (IFIBIO), Laboratorio de Neurofisiopatología, Facultad de Medicina, Paraguay 2155 piso 7, 1121 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Valeria Calabró
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular (IBIMOL), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - David Arenas
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica ‘‘Houssay” (IFIBIO), Laboratorio de Neurofisiopatología, Facultad de Medicina, Paraguay 2155 piso 7, 1121 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Adriana Cangelosi
- Centro Nacional de Control de Calidad de Biológicos (CNCCB), ANLIS “Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán”, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Patricia Geoghegan
- Centro Nacional de Control de Calidad de Biológicos (CNCCB), ANLIS “Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán”, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pablo Evelson
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular (IBIMOL), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Química Analítica y Fisicoquímica, Cátedra de Química General e Inorgánica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jorge Goldstein
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica ‘‘Houssay” (IFIBIO), Laboratorio de Neurofisiopatología, Facultad de Medicina, Paraguay 2155 piso 7, 1121 Buenos Aires, Argentina
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10
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Li Y, Chen T, Miao X, Yi X, Wang X, Zhao H, Lee SMY, Zheng Y. Zebrafish: A promising in vivo model for assessing the delivery of natural products, fluorescence dyes and drugs across the blood-brain barrier. Pharmacol Res 2017; 125:246-257. [PMID: 28867638 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The blood brain barrier (BBB) is the network of capillaries that controls the passage of substances from the blood into the brain and other parts of the central nervous system (CNS). As this barrier is the major obstacle for drug delivery into CNS, a credible BBB model is very necessary to assess the BBB permeability of novel neuroactive compounds including thousands of bioactive compounds which have been extracted from medicinal plants and have the potential for the treatment of CNS diseases. Increasing reports indicated that zebrafish has emerged as a timely, reproducible model for BBB permeability assessment. In this review, the development and functions of the BBB in zebrafish, such as its anatomical morphology, tight junctions, drug transporters and enzyme expression, are compared with those in mammals. The studies outlined in this review describe the utilization of the zebrafish as a BBB model to investigate the permeability and distribution of fluorescent dyes and drugs. Particularly, this review focuses on the use of zebrafish to evaluate the delivery of natural products and nanosized drug delivery systems across the BBB. Due to the highly conserved nature of both the structure and function of the BBB between zebrafish and mammals, zebrafish has the potential to be developed as a model for assessing and predicting the permeability of BBB to novel compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Tongkai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Xiaoqing Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Xiang Yi
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Xueqing Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Haitao Zhao
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Simon Ming-Yuen Lee
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Ying Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China.
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11
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Effects of colistin on amino acid neurotransmitters and blood-brain barrier in the mouse brain. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2016; 55:32-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Kulkarni AD, Patel HM, Surana SJ, Belgamwar VS, Pardeshi CV. Brain-blood ratio: implications in brain drug delivery. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2015; 13:85-92. [PMID: 26393289 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2016.1092519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The brain-blood ratio is an important model correlating the brain-targeting ability of neurotherapeutics with the CNS pharmacokinetics, which need to be presented before the scientific community for exploration of its scientific worth. The purpose of this article is to bring this key concept and its precise discussion to the attention of the researchers. AREAS COVERED Three major points are discussed herein: First, the significance of brain-blood ratio with respect to investigational neurotherapeutics, and carrier systems and correlation of its research findings with the brain targeting efficiency. Second, the various factors influencing the brain-blood ratio. Third, the various strategies for enhancing the brain-blood ratio. In addition, the benchmark criteria for CNS-likeness of drug molecules and the correlation of brain-blood ratio with brain targeting ability of neurotherapeutics have been tabulated. EXPERT OPINION The brain-blood ratio (also referred to as the brain-plasma ratio) represents one of the tools available today for estimation of CNS pharmacokinetics. It is preferred over other complicated techniques (in situ brain perfusion and microdialysis) due to its ease of use and practicality. We are optimistic that the brain-blood ratio offers an excellent way of evaluating brain-targeting efficiency of neurotherapeutics effectively. In our opinion, it is a very fundamental aspect of brain bioavailability and needs to be presented in a precise way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijeet D Kulkarni
- a 1 R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Industrial Pharmacy Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics , Shirpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Harun M Patel
- b 2 R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Shirpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sanjay J Surana
- c 3 R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Department of Pharmacognosy , Shirpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Veena S Belgamwar
- d 4 R. T. M. Nagpur University, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Chandrakantsing V Pardeshi
- e 5 R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Industrial Pharmacy Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics , Near Karwand Naka, Shirpur, Maharashtra, India +91 25 63 25 51 89 and +91 98 81 41 47 52 ; +91 25 63 25 18 08 ;
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Agúndez JAG, Jiménez-Jiménez FJ, Alonso-Navarro H, García-Martín E. Drug and xenobiotic biotransformation in the blood-brain barrier: a neglected issue. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:335. [PMID: 25368552 PMCID: PMC4201098 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug biotransformation is a crucial mechanism for facilitating the elimination of chemicals from the organism and for decreasing their pharmacological activity. Published evidence suggests that brain drug metabolism may play a role in the development of adverse drug reactions and in the clinical response to drugs and xenobiotics. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) has been regarded mainly as a physical barrier for drugs and xenobiotics, and little attention has been paid to the BBB as a drug-metabolizing barrier. The presence of drug-metabolizing enzymes in the BBB is likely to have functional implications because local metabolism may inactivate drugs or may modify the drug's ability to cross the BBB, thus modifying drug response and the risk of developing adverse drug reactions. In this perspective paper, we discuss the expression of relevant xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes in the brain and in the BBB, and we cover current advances and future directions on the potential role of these BBB drug-metabolizing enzymes as modifiers of drug response.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A G Agúndez
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Extremadura Cáceres, Spain ; ISCIII Research Network of Adverse Reactions to Allergens and Drugs Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Elena García-Martín
- ISCIII Research Network of Adverse Reactions to Allergens and Drugs Madrid, Spain ; Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of Extremadura Cáceres, Spain
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Luckenbach T, Fischer S, Sturm A. Current advances on ABC drug transporters in fish. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2014; 165:28-52. [PMID: 24858718 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2014.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Most members of the large ATP-binding cassette (ABC) gene family are transporters involved in substrate translocation across biological membranes. In eukaryotes, ABC proteins functioning as drug transporters are located in the plasma membrane and mediate the cellular efflux of a wide range of organic chemicals, with some transporters also transporting certain metals. As the enhanced expression of ABC drug transporters can confer multidrug resistance (MDR) to cancers and multixenobiotic resistance (MXR) to organisms from polluted habitats, these ABC family members are also referred to as MDR or MXR proteins. In mammals, ABC drug transporters show predominant expression in tissues involved in excretion or constituting internal or external body boundaries, where they facilitate the excretion of chemicals and their metabolites, and limit chemical uptake and penetration into "sanctuary" sites of the body. Available knowledge about ABC proteins is still limited in teleost fish, a large vertebrate group of high ecological and economic importance. Using transport activity measurements and immunochemical approaches, early studies demonstrated similarities in the tissue distribution of ABC drug transporters between teleosts and mammals, suggesting conserved roles of the transporters in the biochemical defence against toxicants. Recently, the availability of teleost genome assemblies has stimulated studies of the ABC family in this taxon. This review summarises the current knowledge regarding the genetics, functional properties, physiological function, and ecotoxicological relevance of teleostean ABC transporters. The available literature is reviewed with emphasis on recent studies addressing the tissue distribution, substrate spectrum, regulation, physiological function and phylogenetic origin of teleostean ABC transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Till Luckenbach
- Department of Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stephan Fischer
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; Department of Environmental Systems Sciences, ETH Zürich, Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Armin Sturm
- Institute of Aquaculture, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, Scotland, UK.
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Chemotherapeutic drugs that penetrate the blood–brain barrier affect the development of hyperactive delirium in cancer patients. Palliat Support Care 2014; 13:859-64. [DOI: 10.1017/s1478951514000765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AbstractObjective:Delirium is a frequently encountered psychiatric disease in terminal cancer patients. However, the mechanism of delirium is unclear. The aim of our study was to investigate the relationship between administration of chemotherapy drugs that penetrate the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and the development of delirium in cancer patients.Method:We retrospectively analyzed 166 cancer patients (97 males, 69 females) continuously who died between September of 2007 and January of 2010 using a review of medical charts. Multiple logistic regression analysis was employed to investigate the effects of antineoplastic drugs penetrating the BBB on development of delirium in cancer patients with control for other risk factors.Results:In multivariate analysis, antineoplastic drugs that penetrated the BBB were significantly associated with development of delirium (OR = 18.92, CI95 = 1.08–333.04, p < 0.001).Significance of results:The use of chemotherapy drugs that penetrate the BBB may be a risk factor for delirium. This information may allow palliative care doctors and medical oncologists to predict which patients are at increased risk for delirium.
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Matsuoka H, Tsurutani J, Tanizaki J, Iwasa T, Komoike Y, Koyama A, Nakagawa K. Regression of brain metastases from breast cancer with eribulin: a case report. BMC Res Notes 2013; 6:541. [PMID: 24350786 PMCID: PMC3878316 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-6-541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Eribulin is a recently approved new therapeutic option for patients with metastatic breast cancer. According to several reports, eribulin has limited ability to cross the blood brain barrier. Recently, capecitabine and eribulin have been recognized as drugs with similar application for patients with advanced breast cancer. Although there have been several case reports describing the efficacy of capecitabine against brain metastases, no report of eribulin demonstrating efficacy for brain metastases exists today. Case presentation We describe a case of a 57-year-old Japanese woman who was diagnosed with breast cancer stage IV metastasized to multiple organs including liver and lung. After she received 3 regimens, she showed evidence of brain metastases, and whole brain radiation therapy was performed. Lapatinib and capecitabine was then administered as fourth-line chemotherapy, but the patient was hospitalized due to the exacerbation of interstitial pneumonitis and progression of brain and liver metastases. To control the systemic disease, eribulin was commenced as fifth-line chemotherapy. One month later, a significant response of brain metastases had been achieved, and this response has persisted for the last 4 months. We now describe a remarkable antitumor effect of eribulin against brain metastases from breast cancer. This case is the first report which indicates potential treatment of brain metastases using this medication. Conclusion This report suggests that eribulin treatment may be beneficial for breast cancer patients with brain metastases progressing after whole brain radiation therapy. However, further clinical studies are warranted to determine the clinical effect of eribulin in brain metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromichi Matsuoka
- Department of Medical Oncology, Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohno-higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan.
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Wong AD, Ye M, Levy AF, Rothstein JD, Bergles DE, Searson PC. The blood-brain barrier: an engineering perspective. FRONTIERS IN NEUROENGINEERING 2013; 6:7. [PMID: 24009582 PMCID: PMC3757302 DOI: 10.3389/fneng.2013.00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 380] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
It has been more than 100 years since Paul Ehrlich reported that various water-soluble dyes injected into the circulation did not enter the brain. Since Ehrlich's first experiments, only a small number of molecules, such as alcohol and caffeine have been found to cross the blood-brain barrier, and this selective permeability remains the major roadblock to treatment of many central nervous system diseases. At the same time, many central nervous system diseases are associated with disruption of the blood-brain barrier that can lead to changes in permeability, modulation of immune cell transport, and trafficking of pathogens into the brain. Therefore, advances in our understanding of the structure and function of the blood-brain barrier are key to developing effective treatments for a wide range of central nervous system diseases. Over the past 10 years it has become recognized that the blood-brain barrier is a complex, dynamic system that involves biomechanical and biochemical signaling between the vascular system and the brain. Here we reconstruct the structure, function, and transport properties of the blood-brain barrier from an engineering perspective. New insight into the physics of the blood-brain barrier could ultimately lead to clinical advances in the treatment of central nervous system diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D. Wong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimore, MD, USA
- Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mao Ye
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimore, MD, USA
- Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimore, MD, USA
| | - Amanda F. Levy
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimore, MD, USA
- Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jeffrey D. Rothstein
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimore, MD, USA
- Brain Sciences Institute, Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dwight E. Bergles
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimore, MD, USA
| | - Peter C. Searson
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimore, MD, USA
- Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimore, MD, USA
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Pinto A, Jacobsen M, Geoghegan PA, Cangelosi A, Cejudo ML, Tironi-Farinati C, Goldstein J. Dexamethasone rescues neurovascular unit integrity from cell damage caused by systemic administration of shiga toxin 2 and lipopolysaccharide in mice motor cortex. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70020. [PMID: 23894578 PMCID: PMC3720947 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin 2 (Stx2)-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) causes hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) that can lead to fatal encephalopathies. Neurological abnormalities may occur before or after the onset of systemic pathological symptoms and motor disorders are frequently observed in affected patients and in studies with animal models. As Stx2 succeeds in crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and invading the brain parenchyma, it is highly probable that the observed neurological alterations are based on the possibility that the toxin may trigger the impairment of the neurovascular unit and/or cell damage in the parenchyma. Also, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) produced and secreted by enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) may aggravate the deleterious effects of Stx2 in the brain. Therefore, this study aimed to determine (i) whether Stx2 affects the neurovascular unit and parenchymal cells, (ii) whether the contribution of LPS aggravates these effects, and (iii) whether an inflammatory event underlies the pathophysiological mechanisms that lead to the observed injury. The administration of a sub-lethal dose of Stx2 was employed to study in detail the motor cortex obtained from a translational murine model of encephalopathy. In the present paper we report that Stx2 damaged microvasculature, caused astrocyte reaction and neuronal degeneration, and that this was aggravated by LPS. Dexamethasone, an anti-inflammatory, reversed the pathologic effects and proved to be an important drug in the treatment of acute encephalopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alipio Pinto
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiopatología, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariana Jacobsen
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiopatología, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Patricia A. Geoghegan
- Centro Nacional de Control de Calidad de Biológicos (CNCCB), – ANLIS “Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán”, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Adriana Cangelosi
- Centro Nacional de Control de Calidad de Biológicos (CNCCB), – ANLIS “Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán”, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Laura Cejudo
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiopatología, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carla Tironi-Farinati
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiopatología, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jorge Goldstein
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiopatología, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Thinnes FP. New findings concerning vertebrate porin II--on the relevance of glycine motifs of type-1 VDAC. Mol Genet Metab 2013; 108:212-24. [PMID: 23419876 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2013.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Revised: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
New findings concerning vertebrate porin part I was published in 1997, then summarizing early data and reflections regarding the molecular structure of vertebrate voltage-dependent anion-selective channels, VDAC/eukaryotic porin, and the extra-mitochondrial expression pattern of human type-1 VDAC. Meanwhile, endeavors of different laboratories confirmed and widened this beginning by encircling the function of the channels. Regarding the function of mitochondrial outer membrane-standing VDACs the channels are established parts of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway and thus therapeutic targets in studies on several diseases: cancer, Alzheimer's disease, Down Syndrome, Parkinson's disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, cystic fibrosis and malaria. Regarding cell membrane-integrated type-1 VDAC it has been documented by different approaches that this porin channel is engaged in cell volume regulation, trans-membrane electron transport and apoptosis. Furthermore, new data insinuate a bridging of extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways, putatively gaining relevance in Alzheimer research. Mammalian type-1 VDAC, a β-barrel, is basically built up by nineteen β-sheets connected by peptide stretches of varying lengths. The molecule also comprises an N-terminal stretch of some twenty amino acids which, according to biochemical data, traverses the channel lumen towards the cytosolic surface of outer mitochondrial membranes or the plasma lemma, respectively and works as voltage sensor in channel gating. In artificial lipid bilayers VDACs figure as anion or cation-channels, as VDACs are permeable to both cations and anions, with voltage shifts changing the relative permeability. Type-1 VDAC carries several motifs where glycine residues are in critical positions. Motifs of this type, on the on hand, are established nucleotide binding sites. On the other hand, the GxxxG motifs are also discussed as relevant peptide dimerization/aggregation/membrane perturbation motifs. Finally, GxxxG motifs bind cholesterol. Type-1 VDAC shows one such GxxxG motif at the proximal end of its N-terminal voltage sensor while amyloid Aβ peptides include three of them in series. Noteworthy, two additional may be modified versions, GxxxGxG and GxxGxxxG, are found on β-sheet 19 or 9, respectively. Recent data have allowed speculating that amyloid Aβ induces apoptosis via opening type-1 VDAC in cell membranes of hypo-metabolic neurons, a process most likely running over life time--as leaves fall from trees in the tropics--and ending in Alzheimer's disease whenever critical brain regions are affected. The expression of GxxxG motifs on either reactant under consideration is in line with this model of Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis, which clearly differs from the amyloid Aβ cascade theory, and which can, furthermore, be understood as a basic model for apoptosis induction. However, to assume randomly distributed interactions of body wide found amyloid Aβ peptides with the N-terminal voltage sensors of ubiquitously expressed cell membrane-standing human type-1 VDAC opens up a new view on Alzheimer's disease, which might even include a clue on systemic aspects of the disease. While elaborating this concept, my focus was at first only on the GxxxG motif at the proximal end of the N-terminal voltage sensor of type-1 VDAC. Here, I include a corresponding sequence stretch on the channel's β-sheet 19, too.
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Thinnes FP. Why cancer survivors have a lower risk of Alzheimer disease. Mol Genet Metab 2012; 107:630-1. [PMID: 22867886 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2012.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Tying up two recent lines of experimental evidence may help explain this vital issue. On the one hand, data indicate that cancerous transformations of cells include changes in expression level and/or the functionality of multidrug resistance modulators which then disturb chemotherapy. On the other hand, studies have shown that some of the ABC transporters--at the blood-brain barrier--work as effective efflux pumps for amyloid Aβ peptides. Amyloid Aβ peptides, cut from the amyloid precursor protein of neurons can be assumed to induce brain wide neuronal apoptosis via opening plasma lemma-standing type-1 VDAC/porin channels as shown by in vitro experiments using established neuronal cell lines. However, extrusion of apoptosis inductive Aβ by increased ABC transporter activity at the blood-brain barrier from the brain of cancer survivors might abolish this effect. The hypothesis presented can be read as a clue on what in recent literature is referred to as the inverse association of cancer and Alzheimer disease.
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Watts SW, Morrison SF, Davis RP, Barman SM. Serotonin and blood pressure regulation. Pharmacol Rev 2012; 64:359-88. [PMID: 22407614 DOI: 10.1124/pr.111.004697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT; serotonin) was discovered more than 60 years ago as a substance isolated from blood. The neural effects of 5-HT have been well investigated and understood, thanks in part to the pharmacological tools available to dissect the serotonergic system and the development of the frequently prescribed selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors. By contrast, our understanding of the role of 5-HT in the control and modification of blood pressure pales in comparison. Here we focus on the role of 5-HT in systemic blood pressure control. This review provides an in-depth study of the function and pharmacology of 5-HT in those tissues that can modify blood pressure (blood, vasculature, heart, adrenal gland, kidney, brain), with a focus on the autonomic nervous system that includes mechanisms of action and pharmacology of 5-HT within each system. We compare the change in blood pressure produced in different species by short- and long-term administration of 5-HT or selective serotonin receptor agonists. To further our understanding of the mechanisms through which 5-HT modifies blood pressure, we also describe the blood pressure effects of commonly used drugs that modify the actions of 5-HT. The pharmacology and physiological actions of 5-HT in modifying blood pressure are important, given its involvement in circulatory shock, orthostatic hypotension, serotonin syndrome and hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie W Watts
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1317, USA.
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Xiao G, Black C, Hetu G, Sands E, Wang J, Caputo R, Rohde E, Gan LSL. Cerebrospinal Fluid Can Be Used as a Surrogate to Assess Brain Exposures of Breast Cancer Resistance Protein and P-Glycoprotein Substrates. Drug Metab Dispos 2012; 40:779-87. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.111.043703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Overgaard CE, Daugherty BL, Mitchell LA, Koval M. Claudins: control of barrier function and regulation in response to oxidant stress. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 15:1179-93. [PMID: 21275791 PMCID: PMC3144428 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2011.3893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Claudins are a family of nearly two dozen transmembrane proteins that are a key part of the tight junction barrier that regulates solute movement across polarized epithelia. Claudin family members interact with each other, as well as with other transmembrane tight junction proteins (such as occludin) and cytosolic scaffolding proteins (such as zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1)). Although the interplay between all of these different classes of proteins is critical for tight junction formation and function, claudin family proteins are directly responsible for forming the equivalent of paracellular ion selective channels (or pores) with specific permeability and thus are essential for barrier function. In this review, we summarize current progress in identifying structural elements of claudins that regulate their transport, assembly, and function. The effects of oxidant stress on claudins are also examined, with particular emphasis on lung epithelial barrier function and oxidant stress induced by chronic alcohol abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian E Overgaard
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Nicholas MK, Lukas RV, Chmura S, Yamini B, Lesniak M, Pytel P. Molecular heterogeneity in glioblastoma: therapeutic opportunities and challenges. Semin Oncol 2011; 38:243-53. [PMID: 21421114 DOI: 10.1053/j.seminoncol.2011.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) has been recognized as a clinical and pathologic entity for more than a century. Throughout its history, its cells of origin have been in question. Its behavior is aggressive and despite decades of effort, median survival is just beginning to improve. Surgical techniques and radiotherapy schemas continue to be refined, but the most recent progress has been achieved through improved medical therapies. These are the result of both pharmacological advances and a deeper understanding of the biological characteristics of GBM. Due to a combination of its complex phenotype and organ-specific clinical manifestations, efforts to refine GBM treatment with targeted therapies largely have been frustrated. In this review, we discuss recent attempts to exploit new molecular insights, consider the reasons for slow progress in developing better treatments, and examine future therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kelly Nicholas
- Department of Neurology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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Huang YH, Airas L, Schwab N, Wiendl H. Janus head: the dual role of HLA-G in CNS immunity. Cell Mol Life Sci 2011; 68:407-16. [PMID: 21086150 PMCID: PMC11114849 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-010-0582-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2010] [Accepted: 10/22/2010] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) is considered an immune-privileged organ that maintains an adaptable immune surveillance system. Dysregulated immune function within the CNS contributes to the development of brain tumor growth, and robust immune activation results in excessive inflammation. Human lymphocyte antigen-G (HLA-G) proteins with tolerogenic immunoreactivity have been implicated in various pathophysiological processes including immune surveillance, governing homeostasis and immune regulation. In this review, we describe the wealth of evidence for the involvement of HLA-G in the CNS under physiological and pathological conditions. Further, we review regulatory functions that may be applicable as beneficial strategies in the therapeutic manipulation of immune-mediated CNS immune responses. Additionally, we try to understand how this molecule cooperates with other CNS-resident cells to maintain normal immune homeostasis, while still facilitating the development of the appropriate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hwa Huang
- Department of Neurology, Inflammatory Disorders of the Nervous System and Neurooncology, University of Müenster, Domagkstr. 13, 48149 Müenster, Germany
| | - Laura Airas
- Department of Neurology, MediCity Research Laboratory, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Nicholas Schwab
- Department of Neurology, Inflammatory Disorders of the Nervous System and Neurooncology, University of Müenster, Domagkstr. 13, 48149 Müenster, Germany
| | - Heinz Wiendl
- Department of Neurology, Inflammatory Disorders of the Nervous System and Neurooncology, University of Müenster, Domagkstr. 13, 48149 Müenster, Germany
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Jeynes B, Provias J. An investigation into the role of P-glycoprotein in Alzheimer's disease lesion pathogenesis. Neurosci Lett 2011; 487:389-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2010.10.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2010] [Revised: 10/22/2010] [Accepted: 10/26/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Bany BM, Hamilton GS. Assessment of permeability barriers to macromolecules in the rodent endometrium at the onset of implantation. Methods Mol Biol 2011; 763:83-94. [PMID: 21874445 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-191-8_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In rodents, embryo implantation is an invasive process, which begins with its attachment to the uterine wall and culminates in the formation of the definitive placenta several days later. It is critical that the endometrium provide a supportive environment for the implanting embryo during this process, as the placenta is not yet established. The concept of changing permeability barriers to macromolecules between different extracellular compartments in the rodent uterus at the onset of implantation has been established. This chapter provides protocols that can be used to assess this changing permeability barrier and the associated redistribution of macromolecules during the early phases of implantation in rodents. An increased permeability of the endometrial vasculature to plasma proteins occurs in areas adjacent to the implanting blastocyst. In addition, alterations in the extracellular matrix enhance the accumulation of fluid and extravasated macromolecules. We describe several protocols proven to be effective in studying and quantifying early vascular and extravascular responses to natural and artificial "implantation stimuli." The first three protocols represent qualitative and quantitative methods to assess the early endometrial "vascular permeability" response. On the contrary, the fourth protocol addresses the onset of decidualization and the arising permeability barrier, which restricts the movement of macromolecules through the extracellular space. This barrier is believed to provide transient protection for the implanting embryo against potentially harmful maternal serum proteins. This protocol describes assessment of resistance of the primary decidual zone to the movement of macromolecules across the compartments of the extracellular space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent M Bany
- Department of Physiology and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL, USA.
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Gilert A, Machluf M. Nano to micro delivery systems: targeting angiogenesis in brain tumors. JOURNAL OF ANGIOGENESIS RESEARCH 2010; 2:20. [PMID: 20932320 PMCID: PMC2964525 DOI: 10.1186/2040-2384-2-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2010] [Accepted: 10/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Treating brain tumors using inhibitors of angiogenesis is extensively researched and tested in clinical trials. Although anti-angiogenic treatment holds a great potential for treating primary and secondary brain tumors, no clinical treatment is currently approved for brain tumor patients. One of the main hurdles in treating brain tumors is the blood brain barrier - a protective barrier of the brain, which prevents drugs from entering the brain parenchyma. As most therapeutics are excluded from the brain there is an urgent need to develop delivery platforms which will bypass such hurdles and enable the delivery of anti-angiogenic drugs into the tumor bed. Such delivery systems should be able to control release the drug or a combination of drugs at a therapeutic level for the desired time. In this mini-review we will discuss the latest improvements in nano and micro drug delivery platforms that were designed to deliver inhibitors of angiogenesis to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Gilert
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
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