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Mugundhan V, Arthanari A, Parthasarathy PR. Protective Effect of Ferulic Acid on Acetylcholinesterase and Amyloid Beta Peptide Plaque Formation in Alzheimer's Disease: An In Vitro Study. Cureus 2024; 16:e54103. [PMID: 38487137 PMCID: PMC10938272 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.54103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Aim This study aims to comprehensively evaluate the effects of ferulic acid (FA) on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme activity and amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide plaque formation in an in vitro model of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Background AD is a progressive neurological condition marked by disrupted cholinergic signaling, accumulation of Aβ peptide, and tau protein hyperphosphorylation. Currently, no direct anti-Alzheimer drug that effectively prevents the cognitive decline from AD has been reported. To combat this, a multi-target drug addressing several molecular aspects would be ideal for AD. Natural compounds are preferred over synthetic drugs due to their accessibility, cost-efficiency, and lower toxicity The proven association between polyphenol consumption and the prevention of AD has led to the investigation of the effect of FA, a polyphenolic compound, on acetylcholinesterase enzyme activity and Aβ peptide formation, the key targets of AD. Materials and method The free radical scavenging ability of FA was assessed by xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity. Furthermore, FA was also evaluated for its inhibitory activity against AChE enzyme and amyloid beta peptide formation to evaluate the neuroprotective potential of FA. Results The results showed that FA has the potential to be an AChE inhibitor, thus helping in blocking the activity of AChE and also reducing the incidence of amyloid beta plaque formation. Furthermore, the compound also exhibited a significant antioxidant property which was demonstrated by the xanthine oxidase enzyme inhibitory effect. Conclusion From the observed results, FA has significant antioxidant and neuroprotective effects which are compared with those of their respective standards. More research is required to determine the efficacy and safety of this compound as a treatment for neurodegenerative diseases like AD because the precise mechanism and degree of its AChE inhibitory effects in the brain are still elusive. A potent, selective, and effective drug is desperately needed to treat patients with AD and those at risk of developing the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varsha Mugundhan
- Department of Forensic Odontology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, IND
| | - Abirami Arthanari
- Department of Forensic Odontology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, IND
| | - Parameswari R Parthasarathy
- Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, IND
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Singh S, Agrawal N, Goyal A. Role of Alpha-7-Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor in Alzheimer's Disease. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS DRUG TARGETS 2024; 23:384-394. [PMID: 37366362 DOI: 10.2174/1871527322666230627123426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder affecting millions worldwide. One of the leading hypotheses for the underlying cause of AD is a reduction in nicotinic receptor levels in the brain. Among the nicotinic receptors, the alpha-7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR) has received particular attention due to its involvement in cognitive function.α7nAChR is a ligand-gated ion channel that is primarily found in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, areas of the brain responsible for learning, memory, and attention. Studies have shown that α7nAChR dysfunction is a key contributor to the pathogenesis of AD. The receptor is involved in regulating amyloidbeta (Aβ) production, a hallmark of AD pathology. Many drugs have been investigated as α7nAChR agonists or allosteric modulators to improve cognitive deficits in AD. Clinical studies have shown promising results with α7nAChR agonists, including improved memory and cognitive function. Although several studies have shown the significance of the α7 nAChR in AD, little is known about its function in AD pathogenesis. As a result, in this review, we have outlined the basic information of the α7 nAChR's structure, functions, cellular responses to its activation, and its role in AD's pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushma Singh
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura 281406, UP, India
- Pharmacy College, Azamgarh- 276128, UP, India
| | - Neetu Agrawal
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura 281406, UP, India
| | - Ahsas Goyal
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura 281406, UP, India
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Luo K, Chen J, Li H, Wu D, Du Y, Zhao S, Liu T, Li L, Dai Z, Li Y, Zhao Y, Tang L, Fu X. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of new multi-target scutellarein hybrids for treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Bioorg Chem 2023; 138:106596. [PMID: 37186997 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Scutellarein hybrids were designed, synthesized and evaluated as multifunctional therapeutic agents for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Compounds 11a-i, containing a 2-hydroxymethyl-3,5,6-trimethylpyrazine fragment at the 7-position of scutellarein, were found to have balanced and effective multi-target potencies against AD. Among them, compound 11e exhibited the most potent inhibition of electric eel and human acetylcholinesterase enzymes with IC50 values of 6.72 ± 0.09 and 8.91 ± 0.08 μM, respectively. In addition, compound 11e displayed not only excellent inhibition of self- and Cu2+-induced Aβ1-42 aggregation (91.85% and 85.62%, respectively) but also induced disassembly of self- and Cu2+-induced Aβ fibrils (84.54% and 83.49% disaggregation, respectively). Moreover, 11e significantly reduced tau protein hyperphosphorylation induced by Aβ25-35, and also exhibited good inhibition of platelet aggregation. A neuroprotective assay demonstrated that pre-treatment of PC12 cells with 11e significantly decreased lactate dehydrogenase levels, increased cell viability, enhanced expression of relevant apoptotic proteins (Bcl-2, Bax and caspase-3) and inhibited RSL3-induced PC12 cell ferroptosis. Furthermore, hCMEC/D3 and hPepT1-MDCK cell line permeability assays indicated that 11e would have optimal blood-brain barrier and intestinal absorption characteristics. In addition, in vivo studies revealed that compound 11e significantly attenuated learning and memory impairment in an AD mice model. Toxicity experiments with the compound did not reveal any safety concerns. Notably, 11e significantly reduced β-amyloid precursor protein (APP) and β-site APP cleaving enzyme-1 (BACE-1) protein expression in brain tissue of scopolamine-treated mice. Taken together, these outstanding properties qualified compound 11e as a promising multi-target candidate for AD therapy, worthy of further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keke Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou, China; School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China; National Engineering Research Center of Miao's Medicines & Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM, Ministry of Education, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou, China
| | - Jiao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou, China; School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China; National Engineering Research Center of Miao's Medicines & Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM, Ministry of Education, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou, China
| | - Hui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou, China; School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China; National Engineering Research Center of Miao's Medicines & Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM, Ministry of Education, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou, China
| | - Dirong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou, China; School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China; National Engineering Research Center of Miao's Medicines & Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM, Ministry of Education, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou, China
| | - Yuanjiang Du
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou, China; School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China; National Engineering Research Center of Miao's Medicines & Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM, Ministry of Education, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou, China
| | - Shanshan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants & College of Pharmacy, Guizhou Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Chemical Drug R&D, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Ting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou, China; School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China; Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China
| | - Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou, China; School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China
| | - Zeqin Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou, China; School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China
| | - Yongjun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou, China; Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China; National Engineering Research Center of Miao's Medicines & Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM, Ministry of Education, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou, China
| | - Yonglong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou, China; School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China; National Engineering Research Center of Miao's Medicines & Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM, Ministry of Education, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou, China
| | - Lei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants & College of Pharmacy, Guizhou Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Chemical Drug R&D, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China.
| | - Xiaozhong Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou, China; School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China; National Engineering Research Center of Miao's Medicines & Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM, Ministry of Education, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou, China.
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Structure-activity relationship of pyrazol-4-yl-pyridine derivatives and identification of a radiofluorinated probe for imaging the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M 4. Acta Pharm Sin B 2023; 13:213-226. [PMID: 36815036 PMCID: PMC9939360 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an accumulating body of evidence implicating the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor 4 (M4) in schizophrenia and dementia with Lewy bodies, however, a clinically validated M4 positron emission tomography (PET) radioligand is currently lacking. As such, the aim of this study was to develop a suitable M4 PET ligand that allows the non-invasive visualization of M4 in the brain. Structure-activity relationship studies of pyrazol-4-yl-pyridine derivates led to the discovery of target compound 12 - a subtype-selective positive allosteric modulator (PAM). The radiofluorinated analogue, [18F]12, was synthesized in 28 ± 10% radiochemical yield, >37 GBq/μmol and an excellent radiochemical purity >99%. Initial in vitro autoradiograms on rodent brain sections were performed in the absence of carbachol and showed moderate specificity as well as a low selectivity of [18F]12 for the M4-rich striatum. However, in the presence of carbachol, a significant increase in tracer binding was observed in the rat striatum, which was reduced by >60% under blocking conditions, thus indicating that orthosteric ligand interaction is required for efficient binding of [18F]12 to the allosteric site. Remarkably, however, the presence of carbachol was not required for high specific binding in the non-human primate (NHP) and human striatum, and did not further improve the specificity and selectivity of [18F]12 in higher species. These results pointed towards significant species-differences and paved the way for a preliminary PET study in NHP, where peak brain uptake of [18F]12 was found in the putamen and temporal cortex. In conclusion, we report on the identification and preclinical development of the first radiofluorinated M4 PET radioligand with promising attributes. The availability of a clinically validated M4 PET radioligand harbors potential to facilitate drug development and provide a useful diagnostic tool for non-invasive imaging.
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Yang L, Nao J. Ferroptosis: a potential therapeutic target for Alzheimer's disease. Rev Neurosci 2022:revneuro-2022-0121. [PMID: 36514247 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2022-0121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The most prevalent dementia-causing neurodegenerative condition is Alzheimer's disease (AD). The aberrant buildup of amyloid β and tau hyperphosphorylation are the two most well-known theories about the mechanisms underlying AD development. However, a significant number of pharmacological clinical studies conducted around the world based on the two aforementioned theories have not shown promising outcomes, and AD is still not effectively treated. Ferroptosis, a non-apoptotic programmed cell death defined by the buildup of deadly amounts of iron-dependent lipid peroxides, has received more attention in recent years. A wealth of data is emerging to support the role of iron in the pathophysiology of AD. Cell line and animal studies applying ferroptosis modulators to the treatment of AD have shown encouraging results. Based on these studies, we describe in this review the underlying mechanisms of ferroptosis; the role that ferroptosis plays in AD pathology; and summarise some of the research advances in the treatment of AD with ferroptosis modulators. We hope to contribute to the clinical management of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Yang
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Jianfei Nao
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
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Iqbal A, Begum N, Rabbi F, Akhtar N, Rahman KU, Khan WM, Shah Z. In-Vitro Antimicrobial, Antioxidant and Enzyme Inhibitory Activities of Fixed Oil Extracted from Stem Bark of Tamarix aphylla. Pharm Chem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-022-02762-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Amyloid β, Lipid Metabolism, Basal Cholinergic System, and Therapeutics in Alzheimer’s Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012092. [PMID: 36292947 PMCID: PMC9603563 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of insoluble aggregates of amyloid β (Aβ) in the form of neuritic plaques (NPs) is one of the main features that define Alzheimer’s disease. Studies have suggested that the accumulation of these peptides in the brain significantly contributes to extensive neuronal loss. Furthermore, the content and distribution of cholesterol in the membrane have been shown to have an important effect on the production and subsequent accumulation of Aβ peptides in the plasma membrane, contributing to dysfunction and neuronal death. The monomeric forms of these membrane-bound peptides undergo several conformational changes, ranging from oligomeric forms to beta-sheet structures, each presenting different levels of toxicity. Aβ peptides can be internalized by particular receptors and trigger changes from Tau phosphorylation to alterations in cognitive function, through dysfunction of the cholinergic system. The goal of this review is to summarize the current knowledge on the role of lipids in Alzheimer’s disease and their relationship with the basal cholinergic system, as well as potential disease-modifying therapies.
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Fazle R, Amir Z, Amna N. Assessment of phytotoxic, genotoxic and enzyme inhibition potential of. J TRADIT CHIN MED 2022; 42:595-603. [PMID: 35848976 PMCID: PMC9924791 DOI: 10.19852/j.cnki.jtcm.2022.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate Sterculia diversifolia stem bark and leaves for phytotoxic, genotoxic and enzymes inhibition potential. METHODS Phytotoxic activity of both stem bark and leaves were screened using Lemna minor. The genotoxic activity of Sterculia diversifolia stem bark and leaves extracts were tested using comet assay protocol while enzyme inhibition activity of crude extract and various fractions of both stem bark and leaves were evaluated using acetyl cholinesterase, lipoxygenase, β-glu-curonidase, urease, xanthine oxidase and carbonic anhydrase. RESULTS Phytotoxic activity showed significant results in dose dependant manner in both stem bark (ethyl acetate and n-butanol) and leaves (ethyl acetate, n-butanol and n-hexane) fractions. In genotoxic activity, dichloromethane fraction showed significant activity followed by ethyl acetate fraction. Acetyl cholinesterease inhibitory activity showed significant results in both stem bark and leaves fractions, while significant lipoxygenase inhibition was shown by ethyl acetate, dichloromethane, crude extract and n-hexane fractions of both stem bark and leaves. β-glucuronidase, urease and carbonic anhydrase inhibitory activity showed highly significant results in ethyl acetate fraction of both stem bark and leaves, while xanthine oxidase inhibition was shown by dichloromethane fraction of stem bark and leaves extracts. CONCLUSIONS This study emphasizes the important phytotoxic, genotoxic and enzyme inhibition effects of Sterculia diversifolia stem bark and leaves. Hence, it is clear that Sterculia diversifolia stem bark and leaves possess phytotoxic, genotoxic and enzyme inhibitory agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabbi Fazle
- 1 Department of Pharmacy, Abasyn University Peshawar, Peshawar 25000, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
- Fazle Rabbi, Department of Pharmacy, Abasyn University Peshawar, Peshawar, 25000, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. , Telephone: +92-0314-9244566
| | - Zada Amir
- 2 Department of Pharmacy, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Nisar Amna
- 2 Department of Pharmacy, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
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Mast N, Li Y, Pikuleva IA. Increased Acetylcholine Levels and Other Brain Effects in 5XFAD Mice after Treatment with 8,14-Dihydroxy Metabolite of Efavirenz. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147669. [PMID: 35887013 PMCID: PMC9317559 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Efavirenz (EFV), an FDA-approved anti-HIV drug, has off-target binding to CYP46A1, the CNS enzyme which converts cholesterol to 24-hydroxycholesterol. At small doses, EFV allosterically activates CYP46A1 in mice and humans and mitigates some of the Alzheimer's disease manifestations in 5XFAD mice, an animal model. Notably, in vitro, all phase 1 EFV hydroxymetabolites activate CYP46A1 as well and bind either to the allosteric site for EFV, neurotransmitters or both. Herein, we treated 5XFAD mice with 8,14-dihydroxyEFV, the binder to the neurotransmitter allosteric site, which elicits the highest CYP46A1 activation in vitro. We found that treated animals of both sexes had activation of CYP46A1 and cholesterol turnover in the brain, decreased content of the amyloid beta 42 peptide, increased levels of acetyl-CoA and acetylcholine, and altered expression of the brain marker proteins. In addition, male mice had improved performance in the Barnes Maze test and increased expression of the acetylcholine-related genes. This work expands our knowledge of the beneficial CYP46A1 activation effects and demonstrates that 8,14-dihydroxyEFV crosses the blood-brain barrier and has therapeutic potential as a CYP46A1 activator.
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The Aptamer Ob2, a novel AChE inhibitor, restores cognitive deficits and alleviates amyloidogenesis in 5×FAD transgenic mice. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2022; 28:114-123. [PMID: 35402070 PMCID: PMC8938253 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2022.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Loss of cerebral cholinergic neurons and decreased levels of acetylcholine (ACh) are considered to be major factors causing cognitive dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Abnormally elevated levels of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) resulting in decreased levels of ACh are common in AD patients; thus, AChE inhibitors (AChEIs) are widely used for the treatment of AD. In our previous work, we acquired DNA aptamers Ob1, Ob2, and Ob3 against human brain AChE from systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX). In this study, we investigated the effect of these aptamers on learning and memory abilities, as well as the underlying mechanism in a 5×FAD transgenic AD mouse model. Here, we showed that only aptamer Ob2 exhibits a good inhibitory effect on both mouse and human AChE activity. In addition, chronic treatment with aptamer Ob2 significantly improved cognitive ability of 5×FAD mice in the Morris water maze. Moreover, the mechanism of aptamer Ob2 in 5×FAD mice may be associated with its inhibition of AChE activity, alleviation of the levels of Aβ by lowering the expression of β-secretase (BACE1), and activation of astrocytes in the brains of 5×FAD mice. These results indicate that aptamer Ob2 exhibits potential as an effective AChEI for the treatment of AD.
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Wu D, Chen J, Luo K, Li H, Liu T, Li L, Dai Z, Li Y, Zhao Y, Fu X. Design, synthesis and evaluation of novel scutellarin and scutellarein-N,N-bis-substituted carbamate-l-amino acid derivatives as potential multifunctional therapeutics for Alzheimer's disease. Bioorg Chem 2022; 122:105760. [PMID: 35349945 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.105760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we designed, synthesized and evaluated a series of scutellarin and scutellarein-N,N-bis-substituted carbamate-l-amino acid derivatives as multifunctional therapeutic agents for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Compounds containing scutellarein as the parent nucleus (6a-l) had good inhibitory activity against acetyl cholinesterase (AChE), with compound 6 h exhibiting the most potent inhibition of electric eel AChE and human AChE enzymes with IC50 values of 6.01 ± 1.66 and 7.91 ± 0.49 μM, respectively. In addition, compound 6 h displayed not only excellent inhibition of self- and Cu2+-induced Aβ1-42 aggregation (89.17% and 86.19% inhibition) but also induced disassembly of self- and Cu2+-induced Aβ fibrils (84.25% and 78.73% disaggregation). Moreover, a neuroprotective assay demonstrated that pre-treatment of PC12 cells with 6 h significantly decreased lactate dehydrogenase levels, increased cell viability, enhanced expression of relevant apoptotic proteins (Bcl-2, Bax, and caspase-3) and inhibited RSL3 induced PC12 cell ferroptosis. Furthermore, hCMEC/D3 and hPepT1-MDCK cell line permeability assays indicated that 6 h would have optimal blood-brain barrier and intestinal absorption characteristics. The in vivo experimental data suggested that 6 h ameliorated learning and memory impairment in mice by decreasing AChE activity, increasing ACh levels and alleviating pathological damage of hippocampal tissue cells. These multifunctional properties highlight compound 6 h as a promising candidate for development as a multifunctional drug against AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou, China; School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China; National Engineering Research Center of Miao's Medicines & Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM, Ministry of Education, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou, China
| | - Jiao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou, China; School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China; National Engineering Research Center of Miao's Medicines & Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM, Ministry of Education, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou, China
| | - Keke Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou, China; School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China; National Engineering Research Center of Miao's Medicines & Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM, Ministry of Education, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou, China
| | - Hui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou, China; School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China; National Engineering Research Center of Miao's Medicines & Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM, Ministry of Education, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou, China
| | - Ting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou, China; School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China; Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China
| | - Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou, China; School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China
| | - Zeqin Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou, China; School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China
| | - Yongjun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou, China; Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China; National Engineering Research Center of Miao's Medicines & Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM, Ministry of Education, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou, China
| | - Yonglong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou, China; School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China; National Engineering Research Center of Miao's Medicines & Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM, Ministry of Education, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou, China
| | - Xiaozhong Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou, China; School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China; National Engineering Research Center of Miao's Medicines & Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM, Ministry of Education, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou, China.
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Li J, Xiang H, Huang C, Lu J. Pharmacological Actions of Myricetin in the Nervous System: A Comprehensive Review of Preclinical Studies in Animals and Cell Models. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:797298. [PMID: 34975495 PMCID: PMC8716845 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.797298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Myricetin is a natural flavonoid extracted from a variety of plants, such as medicinal herbs, vegetables, berries, and tea leaves. A growing body of evidence has reported that myricetin supplementation display therapeutic activities in a lot of nervous system disorders, such as cerebral ischemia, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, epilepsy, and glioblastoma. Myricetin supplementation can also protect against pathological changes and behavioral impairment induced by multiple sclerosis and chronic stress. On the basis of these pharmacological actions, myricetin could be developed as a potential drug for the prevention and/or treatment of nervous system disorders. Mechanistic studies have shown that inhibition of oxidative stress, cellular apoptosis, and neuroinflammatory response are common mechanisms for the neuroprotective actions of myricetin. Other mechanisms, including the activation of the nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), protein kinase B (Akt), cyclic adenosine monophosphate-response element binding protein (CREB), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signaling, inhibition of intracellular Ca2+ increase, inhibition of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)-p38 activation, and suppression of mutant protein aggregation, may also mediate the neuroprotective effects of myricetin. Furthermore, myricetin treatment has been shown to promote the activation of the inhibitory neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus, which subsequently produces anti-epilepsy effects. In this review, we make a comprehensive understanding about the pharmacological effects of myricetin in the nervous system, aiming to push the development of myricetin as a novel drug for the treatment of nervous system disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The People’s Hospital of Taizhou, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Taizhou, China
| | - Haitao Xiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Suzhou Kowloon Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Chao Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Jiashu Lu
- Department of Pharmacy, The People’s Hospital of Taizhou, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Taizho, China
- *Correspondence: Jiashu Lu,
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Wang Y, Zhang H, Wang J, Yu M, Zhang Q, Yan S, You D, Shi L, Zhang L, Wang L, Wu H, Cao X. Aconiti lateralis Radix Praeparata inhibits Alzheimer's disease by regulating the complex regulation network with the core of GRIN1 and MAPK1. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2021; 59:311-320. [PMID: 33784489 PMCID: PMC8018400 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2021.1900879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Current medicine for Alzheimer's disease (AD) cannot effectively reverse or block nerve injury. Traditional Chinese Medicine practice and research imply Aconiti lateralis Radix Praeparata (Fuzi) may meet this goal. OBJECTIVE Analysing the anti-AD effect of Fuzi and its potential molecular mechanism. MATERIALS AND METHODS AD model cells were treated with Fuzi in 0-300 mg/mL for 24 h in 37 °C. The cell viability (CV) and length of cell projections (LCP) for each group were observed, analysed, and standardised using control as a baseline (CVs and LCPs). The Fuzi and AD relevant genes were identified basing on databases, and the molecular mechanism of Fuzi anti-AD was predicted by network analysis. RESULTS Experiment results showed that Fuzi in 0.4 mg/mL boosted LCP (LCPs = 1.2533, p ≤ 0.05), and in 1.6-100 mg/mL increased CV (CVs from 1.1673 to 1.3321, p ≤ 0.05). Bioinformatics analysis found 17 Fuzi target genes (relevant scores ≥ 20), showing strong AD relevant signals (RMS_p ≤ 0.05, related scores ≥ 5), enriched in the pathways regulating axon growth, synaptic plasticity, cell survival, proliferation, apoptosis, and death (p ≤ 0.05). Especially, GRIN1 and MAPK1 interacted with APP protein and located in the key point of the "Alzheimer's disease" pathway. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that Fuzi may have therapeutic and prevention potential in AD, and GRIN1 and MAPK1 may be the core of the pathways of the Fuzi anti-AD process. Fuzi should be studied more extensively, especially for the prevention of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutao Wang
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
- Basic Medical College, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Huixiang Zhang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Basic Medical College, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Jing Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Ming Yu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Bioengineering Centre, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, P.R. China
| | - Qianqian Zhang
- Basic Medical College, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Shan Yan
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Bioengineering Centre, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, P.R. China
| | - Dingyun You
- School of Public Health, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Lanlan Shi
- Basic Medical College, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Lihuan Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Limei Wang
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Hongxiang Wu
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Xue Cao
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
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14
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Ye C, Xu R, Cao Z, Song Q, Yu G, Shi Y, Liu Z, Liu X, Deng Y. Design, synthesis, and in vitro evaluation of 4-aminoalkyl-1(2H)-phthalazinones as potential multifunctional anti-Alzheimer's disease agents. Bioorg Chem 2021; 111:104895. [PMID: 33887586 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.104895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A series of 4-aminoalkyl-1(2H)-phthalazinone derivatives was designed and synthesized as potential multifunctional agents for Alzheimer's disease (AD) treatment. In vitro biological assay results demonstrated that most synthesized compounds exhibited significant AChE inhibition, moderate to high MAOs inhibitory potencies and good anti-platelet aggregation abilities. Among them, compound 15b exhibited the highest inhibitory potencies towards MAO-B and MAO-A (IC50 = 0.7 µM and 6.4 µM respectively), moderate inhibition towards AChE (IC50 = 8.2 µM), and good activities against self- and Cu2+-induced Aβ1-42 aggregation and platelet aggregation. Moreover, 15b also displayed antioxidant capacity, neuroprotective potency, anti-neuroinflammation and BBB permeability. These excellent results indicated that compound 15b could be worthy of further studies to be considered as a promising multifunctional candidate for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanyuan Ye
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Rui Xu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zhongcheng Cao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Qing Song
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Guangjun Yu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yichun Shi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zhuoling Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiuxiu Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Yong Deng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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15
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Sohn E, Kim YJ, Kim JH, Jeong SJ. Ficus erecta Thunb Leaves Alleviate Memory Loss Induced by Scopolamine in Mice via Regulation of Oxidative Stress and Cholinergic System. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:3665-3676. [PMID: 33797061 PMCID: PMC8280041 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02358-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We examined the neuropharmacological effects of ethanol extract of Ficus erecta Thunb leaves (EEFE) on cognitive dysfunction in a scopolamine (SCO)-induced memory impairment animal model. Memory impairment was measured using the Y-maze test and passive avoidance task (PAT). For 19 days, EEFE (100 or 200 mg/kg) was treated through oral administration. Treatment with EEFE ameliorated memory impairment in behavioral tests, along with significant protection from neuronal oxidative stress and neuronal cell loss in the brain tissues of SCO-injected mice. Antioxidant and neuroprotective effects of EEFE were further confirmed using in vitro assays. Our findings indicate that the mechanisms of neuroprotection and antioxidation of EEFE are regulated by the cholinergic system, promotion of cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) phosphorylation, and the nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/heme oxygenase (HO)-1 signaling activation. The current study proposes that EEFE could be an encouraging plant resource and serve as a potent neuropharmacological drug candidate against neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunjin Sohn
- Clinical Medicine Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, 34054, South Korea.
| | - Yu Jin Kim
- Clinical Medicine Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, 34054, South Korea
| | - Joo-Hwan Kim
- Department of Life Science, Gachon University, Seongnam, 21936, South Korea
| | - Soo-Jin Jeong
- Clinical Medicine Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, 34054, South Korea.
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16
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Qu W, Yuan B, Liu J, Liu Q, Zhang X, Cui R, Yang W, Li B. Emerging role of AMPA receptor subunit GluA1 in synaptic plasticity: Implications for Alzheimer's disease. Cell Prolif 2020; 54:e12959. [PMID: 33188547 PMCID: PMC7791177 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well established that GluA1 mediated synaptic plasticity plays a central role in the early development of AD. The complex cellular and molecular mechanisms that enable GluA1‐related synaptic regulation remain to fully understood. Particularly, understanding the mechanisms that disrupt GluA1 related synaptic plasticity is central to the development of disease‐modifying therapies which are sorely needed as the incidence of AD rises. We surmise that the published evidence establishes deficits in synaptic plasticity as a central factor of AD aetiology. We additionally highlight potential therapeutic strategies for the treatment of AD, and we delve into the roles of GluA1 in learning and memory. Particularly, we review the current understanding of the molecular interactions that confer the actions of this ubiquitous excitatory receptor subunit including post‐translational modification and accessory protein recruitment of the GluA1 subunit. These are proposed to regulate receptor trafficking, recycling, channel conductance and synaptic transmission and plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenrui Qu
- Department of Hand Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Baoming Yuan
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Hand Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Qianqian Liu
- Department of Hand Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Department of Burn Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ranji Cui
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Bingjin Li
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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17
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Hernández-Rodríguez M, Arciniega-Martínez IM, García-Marín ID, Correa-Basurto J, Rosales-Hernández MC. Chronic Administration of Scopolamine Increased GSK3βP9, Beta Secretase, Amyloid Beta, and Oxidative Stress in the Hippocampus of Wistar Rats. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:3979-3988. [PMID: 32638218 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02009-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The increase of amyloid beta (Aβ) release and hyperphosphorylation of Tau protein represents the main events related to Alzheimer's disease (AD). Furthermore, the sporadic type represents the most common form of AD. Therefore, the establishment of a non-transgenic animal model that resembles the characteristics of the disease is of particular importance. Scopolamine has been linked to increases in both Aβ production and oxidative stress in rat and mice brains. Thus, the purpose of the present work was to identify changes in biomarkers that are related to AD after chronic administration of scopolamine (2 mg/kg i.p., during 6 and 12 weeks) to male Wistar rats. The results showed increased Aβ deposition at rat hippocampus which could be due to an increase of β-site amyloid-β-protein precursor cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) expression and activity. These findings could be related to the increase of glycogen synthase kinase 3 phosphorylated (GSK3βP9) expression. Finally, the establishment of a state of oxidative stress in groups treated with scopolamine was demonstrated by an increase in free radical content and MDA levels. The present study facilitates our understanding of the changes that occur in biomolecules related to AD in Wistar rats after the chronic administration of scopolamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maricarmen Hernández-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Modelado Molecular y Bioinformática, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, 11340, Mexico, Mexico.,Laboratorio de Biofísica y Biocatálisis, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, 11340, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Ivonne Maciel Arciniega-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Inmunidad de Mucosas, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, 11340, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Iohanan Daniel García-Marín
- Laboratorio de Modelado Molecular y Bioinformática, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, 11340, Mexico, Mexico.,Laboratorio de Biofísica y Biocatálisis, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, 11340, Mexico, Mexico
| | - José Correa-Basurto
- Laboratorio de Modelado Molecular y Bioinformática, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, 11340, Mexico, Mexico.
| | - Martha Cecilia Rosales-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Biofísica y Biocatálisis, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, 11340, Mexico, Mexico.
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18
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Majdi A, Sadigh-Eteghad S, Rahigh Aghsan S, Farajdokht F, Vatandoust SM, Namvaran A, Mahmoudi J. Amyloid-β, tau, and the cholinergic system in Alzheimer's disease: seeking direction in a tangle of clues. Rev Neurosci 2020; 31:391-413. [PMID: 32017704 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2019-0089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The link between histopathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD), i.e. amyloid plaques, and neurofibrillary tangles, and AD-associated cognitive impairment, has long been established. However, the introduction of interactions between amyloid-beta (Aβ) as well as hyperphosphorylated tau, and the cholinergic system to the territory of descriptive neuropathology has drastically changed this field by adding the theory of synaptic neurotransmission to the toxic pas de deux in AD. Accumulating data show that a multitarget approach involving all amyloid, tau, and cholinergic hypotheses could better explain the evolution of events happening in AD. Various species of both Aβ and tau could be traced in cholinergic neurons of the basal forebrain system early in the course of the disease. These molecules induce degeneration in the neurons of this system. Reciprocally, aberrant cholinergic system modulation promotes changes in amyloid precursor protein (APP) metabolism and tau phosphorylation, resulting in neurotoxicity, neuroinflammation, and neuronal death. Altogether, these changes may better correlate with the clinical findings and cognitive impairment detected in AD patients. Failure of several of Aβ- and tau-related therapies further highlights the need for special attention to molecules that target all of these mentioned pathologic changes. Another noteworthy fact here is that none of the popular hypotheses of AD such as amyloidopathy or tauopathy seem to be responsible for the changes observed in AD alone. Thus, the main culprit should be sought higher in the stream somewhere in APP metabolism or Wnt signaling in the cholinergic system of the basal forebrain. Future studies should target these pathological events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Majdi
- Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51368, Iran
| | - Saeed Sadigh-Eteghad
- Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51368, Iran
| | - Sepideh Rahigh Aghsan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51368, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Farajdokht
- Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51368, Iran
| | - Seyed Mehdi Vatandoust
- Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51368, Iran
| | - Ali Namvaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51368, Iran
| | - Javad Mahmoudi
- Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51368, Iran
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19
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Bertrand D, Wallace TL. A Review of the Cholinergic System and Therapeutic Approaches to Treat Brain Disorders. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2020; 45:1-28. [PMID: 32451956 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2020_141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Since its identification over a hundred years ago, the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) has proven to play an essential role in supporting many diverse functions. Some well-characterized functions include: chemical transmission at the neuromuscular junction; autonomic function in the peripheral nervous system; and, sustained attention, sleep/wake regulation, and learning and memory within the central nervous system. Within the brain, major cholinergic projection pathways from the basal forebrain and the brainstem support these centrally mediated processes, and dysregulation of the cholinergic system is implicated in cognitive decline associated with aging and dementias including Alzheimer's disease. ACh exerts its effects by binding to two different membrane-bound receptor classes: (1) G‑protein coupled muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs), and (2) ligand-gated nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). These receptor systems are described in detail within this chapter along with discussion on the successes and failures of synthetic ligands designed to selectively target receptor subtypes for treating brain disorders. New molecular approaches and advances in our understanding of the target biology combined with opportunities to re-purpose existing cholinergic drugs for new indications continue to highlight the exciting opportunities for modulating this system for therapeutic purposes.
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20
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Neuroprotective Effects of Quercetin in Alzheimer's Disease. Biomolecules 2019; 10:biom10010059. [PMID: 31905923 PMCID: PMC7023116 DOI: 10.3390/biom10010059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Quercetin is a flavonoid with notable pharmacological effects and promising therapeutic potential. It is widely distributed among plants and found commonly in daily diets predominantly in fruits and vegetables. Neuroprotection by quercetin has been reported in several in vitro studies. It has been shown to protect neurons from oxidative damage while reducing lipid peroxidation. In addition to its antioxidant properties, it inhibits the fibril formation of amyloid-β proteins, counteracting cell lyses and inflammatory cascade pathways. In this review, we provide a synopsis of the recent literature exploring the relationship between quercetin and cognitive performance in Alzheimer's disease and its potential as a lead compound in clinical applications.
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21
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Kaur S, DasGupta G, Singh S. Altered Neurochemistry in Alzheimer’s Disease: Targeting Neurotransmitter Receptor Mechanisms and Therapeutic Strategy. NEUROPHYSIOLOGY+ 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11062-019-09823-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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22
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Peña-Bautista C, Flor L, López-Nogueroles M, García L, Ferrer I, Baquero M, Vento M, Cháfer-Pericás C. Plasma alterations in cholinergic and serotonergic systems in early Alzheimer Disease: Diagnosis utility. Clin Chim Acta 2019; 500:233-240. [PMID: 31678274 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2019.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer Disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia and it involves a high social and economic cost worldwide, and the health system still does not count with an effective treatment. This may be explained by the lack of a reliable early diagnosis and the complex physiological mechanisms involved in the disease development. In this sense, the cholinergic and serotonergic systems may be altered in the disease course. METHODS In this study, metabolites from these pathways were determined in order to develop a non-invasive and early diagnosis model, as well as to advance in the knowledge of the physiopathological mechanisms of the disease. For this, plasma samples from mild cognitive impairment due to AD patients (MCI-AD, n = 25) and healthy controls (n = 25) were analysed. RESULTS choline and tryptophan pathways were deregulated in MCI-AD. Therefore, a model based on betaine, cytidine, uridine, choline, acetylcholine, serotonin and tryptophan was developed, showing an AUC-ROC of 0.862, and sensitivity and specificity of 96% and 72%, respectively. CONCLUSION Alterations in metabolites from these pathways are related to cognitive impairment and neurodegeneration, and they could be useful in AD diagnosis. Nevertheless, further research is required in order to validate this diagnosis model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lidia Flor
- Health Research Institute La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Lorena García
- Division of Neurology, University and Polytechnic Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Inés Ferrer
- Division of Neurology, University and Polytechnic Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Miguel Baquero
- Division of Neurology, University and Polytechnic Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Máximo Vento
- Health Research Institute La Fe, Valencia, Spain
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23
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Hu Y, Ren R, Zhang Y, Huang Y, Cui H, Ma C, Qiu W, Wang H, Cui P, Chen H, Wang G. Rho-associated coiled-coil kinase 1 activation mediates amyloid precursor protein site-specific Ser655 phosphorylation and triggers amyloid pathology. Aging Cell 2019; 18:e13001. [PMID: 31287605 PMCID: PMC6718535 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Rho‐associated coiled‐coil kinase 1 (ROCK1) is proposed to be implicated in Aβ suppression; however, the role for ROCK1 in amyloidogenic metabolism of amyloid precursor protein (APP) to produce Aβ was unknown. In the present study, we showed that ROCK1 kinase activity and its APP binding were enhanced in AD brain, resulting in increased β‐secretase cleavage of APP. Furthermore, we firstly confirmed that APP served as a substrate for ROCK1 and its major phosphorylation site was located at Ser655. The increased level of APP Ser655 phosphorylation was observed in the brain of APP/PS1 mice and AD patients compared to controls. Moreover, blockade of APP Ser655 phosphorylation, or inhibition of ROCK1 activity with either shRNA knockdown or Y‐27632, ameliorated amyloid pathology and improved learning and memory in APP/PS1 mice. These findings suggest that activated ROCK1 targets APP Ser655 phosphorylation, which promotes amyloid processing and pathology. Inhibition of ROCK1 could be a potential therapeutic approach for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong‐Bo Hu
- Department of Neurology Neuroscience Institute Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai China
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai China
| | - Ru‐Jing Ren
- Department of Neurology Neuroscience Institute Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai China
| | - Yong‐Fang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai China
| | - Yue Huang
- National Clinical Research Centre for Neurological Diseases Beijing Tiantan Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University Beijing China
- Faculty of Medicine, Neuroscience Research Australia UNSW Australia Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Hai‐Lun Cui
- Department of Neurology Neuroscience Institute Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai China
| | - Chao Ma
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College Beijing China
| | - Wen‐Ying Qiu
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College Beijing China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai China
| | - Pei‐Jing Cui
- Department of Geriatrics Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai China
| | - Hong‐Zhuan Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai China
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Science, Shuguang Hospital Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai China
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Neurology Neuroscience Institute Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai China
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Zhang TT, Xu J, Wang YM, Xue CH. Health benefits of dietary marine DHA/EPA-enriched glycerophospholipids. Prog Lipid Res 2019; 75:100997. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2019.100997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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25
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Mahdavi M, Hariri R, Mirfazli SS, Lotfian H, Rastergari A, Firuzi O, Edraki N, Larijani B, Akbarzadeh T, Saeedi M. Synthesis and Biological Activity of Some Benzochromenoquinolinones: Tacrine Analogs as Potent Anti-Alzheimer's Agents. Chem Biodivers 2019; 16:e1800488. [PMID: 30720917 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201800488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a well-known neurodegenerative disorder affecting millions of old people worldwide and the corresponding epidemiological data emphasize the importance of the disease. As AD is a multifactorial illness, various single target directed drugs that have reached clinical trials have failed. Therefore, various factors associated with outset of AD have been considered in targeted drug discovery. In this work, various benzochromenoquinolinones were synthesized and evaluated for their cholinesterase and BACE1 inhibitory activities as well as neuroprotective and metal-chelating properties. Among the synthesized compounds, 14-amino-13-(3-nitrophenyl)-2,3,4,13-tetrahydro-1H-benzo[6,7]chromeno[2,3-b]quinoline-7,12-dione (6m) depicted the best inhibitory activity toward acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) with IC50 s of 0.86 and 6.03 μm, respectively. Also, the compound could inhibit β-secretase 1 (BACE1) with IC50 =19.60 μm and showed metal chelating ability toward Cu2+ , Fe2+ , and Zn2+ . In addition, docking study demonstrated desirable interactions of compound 6m with amino acid residues characterizing AChE, BChE, and BACE1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mahdavi
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1416753955, Iran
| | - Roshanak Hariri
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran, University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1416753955, Iran
| | - Seyedeh Sara Mirfazli
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy-International Campus, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1449614535, Iran
| | - Hania Lotfian
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran, University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1416753955, Iran
| | - Arezoo Rastergari
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran, University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1416753955, Iran
| | - Omidreza Firuzi
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, 71345-1978, Iran
| | - Najmeh Edraki
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, 71345-1978, Iran
| | - Bagher Larijani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1416753955, Iran
| | - Tahmineh Akbarzadeh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran, University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1416753955, Iran.,Persian Medicine and Pharmacy Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1416753955, Iran
| | - Mina Saeedi
- Persian Medicine and Pharmacy Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1416753955, Iran.,Medicinal Plants Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1416753955, Iran
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26
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Besagar S, Radabaugh HL, Bleimeister IH, Meyer EA, Niesman PJ, Cheng JP, Bondi CO, Kline AE. Aripiprazole and environmental enrichment independently improve functional outcome after cortical impact injury in adult male rats, but their combination does not yield additional benefits. Exp Neurol 2019; 314:67-73. [PMID: 30659800 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2019.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Typical antipsychotic drugs (APDs) with D2antagonistic properties impede functional outcome after experimental traumatic brain injury (TBI) and reduce the effectiveness of environmental enrichment (EE). Here we test the hypothesis that aripiprazole (ARIP), an atypical APD with partial D2and 5-HT1Areceptor agonist activities will improve recovery after TBI and when combined with EE will further enhance the benefits. Anesthetized adult male rats received either a controlled cortical impact of moderate severity or sham injury and then were randomly assigned to EE or standard (STD) housing and once daily intraperitoneal injections of ARIP (0.1 mg/kg) or vehicle (VEH; 1.0 mL/kg) beginning 24 h after injury for 19 days. Motor (beam-walking time and beam-walk score) and cognitive (acquisition of spatial learning and memory) outcomes were assessed on post-operative days 1-5 and 14-19, respectively. Cortical lesion volume was quantified on day 21. There were no statistical differences among the sham groups, regardless of housing or treatment, so the data were pooled. The SHAM group performed better than all TBI groups on motor and spatial learning (p < 0.05) but did not differ from either EE group on memory retention. Regarding TBI, both EE groups improved motor and cognitive outcomes vs. the VEH-treated STD group (p < 0.05) but did not differ from one another (p > 0.05). The ARIP-treated STD group performed better than the VEH-treated STD group on beam-walk score and spatial learning (p < 0.05), but not beam-walking time or memory retention (p > 0.05). Cortical lesion volume was smaller in all treated groups compared to the TBI + STD + VEH group (p < 0.05). The data replicate previous work and extend the findings by demonstrating that 1) ARIP promotes recovery after TBI, but combining treatments does not yield additional benefits, which is contrary to the hypothesis, and 2) unlike APDs that exhibit D2 receptor antagonism, ARIP does not impede rehabilitation (i.e., EE).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonya Besagar
- Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States; Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States
| | - Hannah L Radabaugh
- Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States; Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States
| | - Isabel H Bleimeister
- Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States; Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States
| | - Elizabeth A Meyer
- Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States; Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States
| | - Peter J Niesman
- Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States; Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States
| | - Jeffrey P Cheng
- Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States; Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States
| | - Corina O Bondi
- Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States; Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States; Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States; Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States
| | - Anthony E Kline
- Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States; Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States; Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States; Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States; Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States; Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States.
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27
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Goschorska M, Baranowska-Bosiacka I, Gutowska I, Metryka E, Skórka-Majewicz M, Chlubek D. Potential Role of Fluoride in the Etiopathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19123965. [PMID: 30544885 PMCID: PMC6320968 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The etiopathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease has not been fully explained. Now, the disease is widely attributed both to genetic and environmental factors. It is believed that only a small percentage of new AD cases result solely from genetic mutations, with most cases attributed to environmental factors or to the interaction of environmental factors with preexistent genetic determinants. Fluoride is widespread in the environment and it easily crosses the blood⁻brain barrier. In the brain fluoride affects cellular energy metabolism, synthesis of inflammatory factors, neurotransmitter metabolism, microglial activation, and the expression of proteins involved in neuronal maturation. Finally, and of specific importance to its role in Alzheimer's disease, studies report fluoride-induced apoptosis and inflammation within the central nervous system. This review attempts to elucidate the potential relationship between the effects of fluoride exposure and the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. We describe the impact of fluoride-induced oxidative stress and inflammation in the pathogenesis of AD and demonstrate a role for apoptosis in disease progression, as well as a mechanism for its initiation by fluoride. The influence of fluoride on processes of AD initiation and progression is complex and warrants further investigation, especially considering growing environmental fluoride pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Goschorska
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powst. Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Irena Baranowska-Bosiacka
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powst. Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Izabela Gutowska
- Department of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Broniewskiego 24, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Emilia Metryka
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powst. Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Marta Skórka-Majewicz
- Department of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Broniewskiego 24, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Dariusz Chlubek
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powst. Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland.
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Karthick C, Nithiyanandan S, Essa MM, Guillemin GJ, Jayachandran SK, Anusuyadevi M. Time-dependent effect of oligomeric amyloid-β (1-42)-induced hippocampal neurodegeneration in rat model of Alzheimer's disease. Neurol Res 2018; 41:139-150. [PMID: 30453864 DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2018.1544745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized with an abnormal deposition of insoluble amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptide plaques, tangles formation and synaptic dysfunction. These result in impaired functioning of neuronal circuits and alter the behavioral response owing to activation of neurotransmitter receptors. Recently, it has been implicated that Aβ influences N-methyl d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor activation in AD; however, the molecular mechanism underlying remains unclear. Thus, emerged specific aim to study the time-course effect of oligomeric Aβ(1-42) (oAβ1-42) on the mRNA expression of genes encoding NMDA and acetylcholine receptors in the rat model of AD. METHODS Aggregated forms of synthetic Aβ peptides were injected bilaterally into the intrahippocampal region of rat brain using stereotaxic surgery. Behavioral analysis was performed using eight-arm Radial Arm Maze task at the end of experimental period. Euthanized rat brain hippocampal tissue was used to study the mRNA expression of glutamatergic and cholinergic receptor using semiquantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS oAβ1-42 decreased the gene expression level of α7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and increased the mRNA expression of NMDA receptor 2A, and -2B subunits. In particular, oAβ1-42 aggregates increased the retention time and altered the behavioral response in rats after 15 days of injection. Further, amyloid-β1-42 are highly expressed in 15 days after postinjection in hippocampus of adult rats. CONCLUSION Acute exposure of oAβ1-42 modulated differential gene expression of glutamatergic and cholinergic receptors in hippocampus of adult rats and is duration dependent reflecting changes in hippocampal circuitry system underlying learning and memory impairments. ABBREVIATIONS AD: Alzheimer's disease, Aβ: amyloid-β; oAβ1-42: oligomeric amyloid-β 1-42 full length peptide; CAM: calmodulin; CNS: central nervous system; CR: Congo red; DG: dentate gyrus; EC: entorhinal cortex; HFIP: 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol; IBO: ibotenic acid; NMDA: N-methyl d-aspartate; NMDAR: N-methyl d-aspartate receptor; NR2A: N-methyl d-aspartate receptor 2A; NR2B: N-methyl d-aspartate receptor 2B; ACh: acetylcholine; α7-nAChR: α7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor; PBS: phosphate buffered saline; RAM: Radial Arm Maze; ThT: thioflavin T.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chennakesavan Karthick
- a Molecular Gerontology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry , School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University , Tiruchirappalli , India
| | - Saravanan Nithiyanandan
- a Molecular Gerontology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry , School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University , Tiruchirappalli , India
| | - Musthafa Mohamed Essa
- b Department of Food Science and Nutrition , College of Agriculture and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University , Muscat , Oman
| | - Gilles J Guillemin
- c Neuroinflammation group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Deb Bailey MND Research Laboratory , Macquaire University , Sydney , Australia
| | - Swaminathan K Jayachandran
- d Molecular Cardiology and Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Bioinformatics , School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University , Tiruchirappalli , India
| | - Muthuswamy Anusuyadevi
- a Molecular Gerontology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry , School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University , Tiruchirappalli , India
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Jabir NR, Khan FR, Tabrez S. Cholinesterase targeting by polyphenols: A therapeutic approach for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. CNS Neurosci Ther 2018; 24:753-762. [PMID: 29770579 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive irreversible neurodegenerative disorder characterized by excessive deposition of β-amyloid (Aβ) oligomers, and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), comprising of hyperphosphorylated tau proteins. The cholinergic system has been suggested as the earliest and most affected molecular mechanism that describes AD pathophysiology. Moreover, cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEIs) are the potential class of drugs that can amplify cholinergic activity to improve cognition and global performance and reduce psychiatric and behavioral disturbances. Approximately, 60%-80% of all cases of dementia in the world are patients with AD. In view of the continuous rise of this disease especially in the aged population, there is a dire need to come up with a novel compound and/or mixture that could work against this devastating disease. In this regard, the best is to rely on natural compounds rather than synthetic ones, because natural compounds are easily available, cost-effective, and comparatively less toxic. To serve this purpose, lately, scientific community has started exploring the possibility of using different polyphenols either solitary or in combination that can serve as therapeutics against AD. In the current article, we have summarized the role of various polyphenols, namely quercetin, resveratrol, curcumin, gallocatechins, cinnamic acid, caffeine, and caffeic acid as an inhibitor of cholinesterase for the treatment of AD. We have also tried to uncover the mechanistic insight on the action of these polyphenols against AD pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasimudeen R Jabir
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fayaz Rahman Khan
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shams Tabrez
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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30
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Cutuli D. EDITORIAL: Neuroprotection Mechanisms and their Potential Applications. Curr Neuropharmacol 2017; 15:458. [PMID: 28497726 PMCID: PMC5543668 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x15999170208155946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Debora Cutuli
- Santa Lucia Foundation Research Institute Experimental and Behavioral Neurophysiology Laboratory Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64 00143 Rome. Italy
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31
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McClure ML, Barnes S, Brodsky JL, Sorscher EJ. Trafficking and function of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator: a complex network of posttranslational modifications. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2016; 311:L719-L733. [PMID: 27474090 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00431.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Posttranslational modifications add diversity to protein function. Throughout its life cycle, the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) undergoes numerous covalent posttranslational modifications (PTMs), including glycosylation, ubiquitination, sumoylation, phosphorylation, and palmitoylation. These modifications regulate key steps during protein biogenesis, such as protein folding, trafficking, stability, function, and association with protein partners and therefore may serve as targets for therapeutic manipulation. More generally, an improved understanding of molecular mechanisms that underlie CFTR PTMs may suggest novel treatment strategies for CF and perhaps other protein conformational diseases. This review provides a comprehensive summary of co- and posttranslational CFTR modifications and their significance with regard to protein biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L McClure
- Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Stephen Barnes
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Jeffrey L Brodsky
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and
| | - Eric J Sorscher
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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