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Singh A, Singh K, Sharma A, Kaur U, Kaur K, Mohinder Singh Bedi P. Recent Developments in 1,2,3-Triazole Based α-Glucosidase Inhibitors: Design Strategies, Structure-Activity Relationship and Mechanistic Insights. Chem Biodivers 2024:e202401109. [PMID: 38951966 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202401109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2024] [Revised: 06/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic and most prevalent metabolic disorder affecting 422 million the people worldwide and causing life-threatening associated conditions including disorders of kidney, heart, and nervous system as well as leg amputation and retinopathy. Steadily rising cases from the last few decades suggest the failure of currently available drugs in containment of this disease. α-Glucosidase is a potential target for effectively tackling this disease and attracting significant interest from medicinal chemists around the globe. Besides having a set of side effects, currently available α-glucosidase inhibitors (carbohydrate mimics) offer better tolerability, safety, and synergistic pharmacological outcomes with other antidiabetic drugs therefore medicinal chemists have working extensively over last three decades for developing alternative α-glucosidase inhibitors. The 1,2,3-Triazole nucleus is energetically used by various research groups around the globe for the development of α-glucosidase inhibitors posing it as an optimum scaffold in the field of antidiabetic drug development. This review is a systematic analysis of α-glucosidase inhibitors developed by employing 1,2,3-triazole scaffold with special focus on design strategies, structure-activity relationships, and mechanism of inhibitory effect. This article will act as lantern for medicinal chemists in developing of potent, safer, and effective α-glucosidase inhibitors with desired properties and improved therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atamjit Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, 143005, India
| | - Karanvir Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, 143005, India
| | - Aman Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, 143005, India
| | - Uttam Kaur
- University School of Business Management, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, 140413, India
| | - Kamaljit Kaur
- Hershey Dental Group, Hershey, Pennsylvania, 17033, USA
| | - Preet Mohinder Singh Bedi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, 143005, India
- Drug and Pollution testing Laboratory, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, 143005, India
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Choudhary D, Kaur R, Singh TG, Kumar B. Pyrazoline Derivatives as Promising MAO-A Targeting Antidepressants: An Update. Curr Top Med Chem 2024; 24:401-415. [PMID: 38318823 DOI: 10.2174/0115680266280249240126052505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Depression is one of the key conditions addressed by the Mental Health Gap Action Programme (mhGAP) of WHO that can lead to self-harm and suicide. Depression is associated with low levels of neurotransmitters, which eventually play a key role in the progression and development of mental illness. The nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds exhibit the most prominent pharmacological profile as antidepressants. Pyrazoline, a dihydro derivative of pyrazole, is a well-known five-membered heterocyclic moiety that exhibits a broad spectrum of biological activities. Many researchers have reported pyrazoline scaffold-containing molecules as potential antidepressant agents with selectivity for monoamine oxidase enzyme (MAO) isoforms. Several studies indicated a better affinity of pyrazoline-based moiety as (monoamine oxidase inhibitors) MAOIs. In this review, we have focused on the recent advancements (2019-2023) in the development of pyrazoline-containing derivatives exhibiting promising inhibition of MAO-A enzyme to treat depression. This review provides structural insights on pyrazoline-based molecules along with their SAR analysis, in silico exploration of binding interactions between pyrazoline derivatives and MAO-A enzyme, and clinical trial status of various drug molecules against depression. The in-silico exploration of potent pyrazoline derivatives at the active site of the MAOA enzyme will provide further insights into the development of new potential MAO-A inhibitors for the treatment of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diksha Choudhary
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, 140401, India
| | - Rajwinder Kaur
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, 140401, India
| | | | - Bhupinder Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, HNB Garhwal University, Chauras Campus, Srinagar, Garhwal, Uttarakhand, 246174, India
- Department of Chemistry, Graphic Era (Deemed to be University), Dehradun, 248002, Uttrakhand, India
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Singh S, Chib S, Akhtar MJ, Kumar B, Chawla PA, Bhatia R. Paradigms and Success Stories of Natural Products in Drug Discovery Against Neurodegenerative Disorders (NDDs). Curr Neuropharmacol 2024; 22:992-1015. [PMID: 36606589 PMCID: PMC10964107 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x21666230105110834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders (NDDs) are multifaceted complex disorders that have put a great health and economic burden around the globe nowadays. The multi-factorial nature of NDDs has presented a great challenge in drug discovery and continuous efforts are in progress in search of suitable therapeutic candidates. Nature has a great wealth of active principles in its lap that has cured the human population since ancient times. Natural products have revealed several benefits over conventional synthetic medications and scientists have shifted their vision towards exploring the therapeutic potentials of natural products in the past few years. The structural mimicking of natural compounds to endogenous ligands has presented them as a potential therapeutic candidate to prevent the development of NDDs. In the presented review, authors have summarized demographical facts about various NDDs including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD) and various types of sclerosis in the brain. The significant findings of new active principles of natural origin along with their therapeutic potentials on NDDs have been included. Also, a description of clinical trials and patents on natural products has been enlisted in this compilation. Although natural products have shown promising success in drug discovery against NDDs, still their use is associated with several ethical issues which need to be solved in the upcoming time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukhwinder Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Analysis, ISF College of Pharmacy Moga, Punjab, 142001, India
| | - Shivani Chib
- Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy Moga, Punjab, 142001, India
| | - Md. Jawaid Akhtar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, National University of Science and Technology, PO620, PC 130 Azaiba, Bousher, Muscat, Oman
| | - Bhupinder Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Analysis, ISF College of Pharmacy Moga, Punjab, 142001, India
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, HNB Garhwal University, Chauras Campus, Srinagar, Garhwal, Uttarakhand, 246174, India
| | - Pooja A. Chawla
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Analysis, ISF College of Pharmacy Moga, Punjab, 142001, India
| | - Rohit Bhatia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Analysis, ISF College of Pharmacy Moga, Punjab, 142001, India
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Wróbel MZ, Chodkowski A, Dawidowski M, Siwek A, Stachowicz K, Szewczyk B, Nowak G, Satała G, Bojarski AJ, Turło J. Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel 3-(5-substituted-1H-indol-3-yl)pyrrolidine-2,5-dione derivatives with a dual affinity for serotonin 5-HT 1A receptor and SERT. Bioorg Chem 2023; 141:106903. [PMID: 37827015 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
The serotonin 1A (5-HT1A) receptors and serotonin transporter (SERT) are important biological targets in the treatment of diseases of the central nervous system, especially for depression. In this study, new 3-(1H-indol-3-yl)pyrrolidine-2,5-dione derivatives linked with the 3-(1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridin-4-yl)-1H-indole moiety were synthesised and evaluated for their affinity for 5-HT1A receptor and serotonin reuptake inhibition. Selected compounds were then tested for their affinity for D2, 5-HT2A, 5-HT6 and 5-HT7 receptors, and also in in vitro metabolic stability assays in human microsomes. Finally, in vivo assays allowed us to evaluate the agonist-antagonist properties of pre- and postsynaptic 5-HT1A receptors. 3-(1-(4-(3-(5-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl)butyl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridin-4-yl)-1H-indole-5-carbonitrile (4f) emerged as the most promising compound from the series, due to its favourable receptor binding profile (Ki(5-HT1A) = 10.0 nM; Ki(SERT) = 2.8 nM), good microsomal stability and 5-HT1A receptor agonistic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyna Z Wróbel
- Department of Drug Technology and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha Street, 02-097 Warszawa, Poland.
| | - Andrzej Chodkowski
- Department of Drug Technology and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha Street, 02-097 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Maciej Dawidowski
- Department of Drug Technology and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha Street, 02-097 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Agata Siwek
- Department of Pharmacobiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Stachowicz
- Department of Neurobiology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna Street, 31-343 Kraków, Poland
| | - Bernadeta Szewczyk
- Department of Neurobiology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna Street, 31-343 Kraków, Poland
| | - Gabriel Nowak
- Department of Pharmacobiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688 Kraków, Poland; Department of Neurobiology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna Street, 31-343 Kraków, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Satała
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna Street, 31-343 Kraków, Poland
| | - Andrzej J Bojarski
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna Street, 31-343 Kraków, Poland
| | - Jadwiga Turło
- Department of Drug Technology and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha Street, 02-097 Warszawa, Poland
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Singh A, Singh K, Kaur J, Kaur R, Sharma A, Kaur J, Kaur U, Chadha R, Bedi PMS. Pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease and Diversity of 1,2,3-Triazole Scaffold in Drug Development: Design Strategies, Structural Insights, and Therapeutic Potential. ACS Chem Neurosci 2023; 14:3291-3317. [PMID: 37683129 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a most prevalent form of dementia all around the globe and currently poses a significant challenge to the healthcare system. Currently available drugs only slow the progression of this disease rather than provide proper containment. Identification of multiple targets responsible for this disease in the last three decades established it as a multifactorial neurodegenerative disorder that needs novel multifunctional agents for its management and the possible reason for the failure of currently available single target clinical drugs. 1,2,3-Triazole is a miraculous nucleus in medicinal chemistry and the first choice for development of multifunctional hybrid molecules. Apart from that, it is an integral component of various drugs in clinical trials as well as in clinical practice. This review is focused on the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease and 1,2,3-triazole containing derivatives developed in recent decades as potential anti-Alzheimer's agents. The review will provide (A) precise insight of various established targets of Alzheimer's disease including cholinergic, amyloid, tau, monoamine oxidases, glutamate, calcium, and reactive oxygen species hypothesis and (B) design hypothesis, structure-activity relationships, and pharmacological outcomes of 1,2,3-triazole containing multifunctional anti-Alzheimer's agents. This review will provide a baseline for various research groups working on Alzheimer's drug development in designing potent, safer, and effective multifunctional anti-Alzheimer's candidates of the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atamjit Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India
| | - Karanvir Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India
| | - Jashandeep Kaur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India
| | - Ramanpreet Kaur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India
| | - Aman Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India
| | - Jasleen Kaur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India
| | - Uttam Kaur
- University School of Business, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab 140413, India
| | - Renu Chadha
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Preet Mohinder Singh Bedi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India
- Drug and Pollution Testing Laboratory, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India
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Goel KK, Thapliyal S, Kharb R, Joshi G, Negi A, Kumar B. Imidazoles as Serotonin Receptor Modulators for Treatment of Depression: Structural Insights and Structure-Activity Relationship Studies. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2208. [PMID: 37765177 PMCID: PMC10535231 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15092208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Serotoninergic signaling is identified as a crucial player in psychiatric disorders (notably depression), presenting it as a significant therapeutic target for treating such conditions. Inhibitors of serotoninergic signaling (especially selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) or serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRI)) are prominently selected as first-line therapy for the treatment of depression, which benefits via increasing low serotonin levels and norepinephrine by blocking serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake and thereby increasing activity. While developing newer heterocyclic scaffolds to target/modulate the serotonergic systems, imidazole-bearing pharmacophores have emerged. The imidazole-derived pharmacophore already demonstrated unique structural characteristics and an electron-rich environment, ultimately resulting in a diverse range of bioactivities. Therefore, the current manuscript discloses such a specific modification and structural activity relationship (SAR) of attempted derivatization in terms of the serotonergic efficacy of the resultant inhibitor. We also featured a landscape of imidazole-based development, focusing on SAR studies against the serotoninergic system to target depression. This study covers the recent advancements in synthetic methodologies for imidazole derivatives and the development of new molecules having antidepressant activity via modulating serotonergic systems, along with their SAR studies. The focus of the study is to provide structural insights into imidazole-based derivatives as serotonergic system modulators for the treatment of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kapil Kumar Goel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gurukul Kangri (Deemed to Be University), Haridwar 249404, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Somesh Thapliyal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, HNB Garhwal University, Chauras Campus, Srinagar Garhwal 246174, Uttarakhand, India (G.J.)
| | - Rajeev Kharb
- Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Noida 201313, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Gaurav Joshi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, HNB Garhwal University, Chauras Campus, Srinagar Garhwal 246174, Uttarakhand, India (G.J.)
| | - Arvind Negi
- Department of Bioproduct and Biosystems, Aalto University, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Bhupinder Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, HNB Garhwal University, Chauras Campus, Srinagar Garhwal 246174, Uttarakhand, India (G.J.)
- Department of Chemistry, Graphic Era (Deemed to Be University), Dehradun 248002, Uttarakhand, India
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Halder AK, Mitra S, Cordeiro MNDS. Designing multi-target drugs for the treatment of major depressive disorder. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2023; 18:643-658. [PMID: 37183604 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2023.2214361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Major depressive disorders (MDD) pose major health burdens globally. Currently available medications have their limitations due to serious adverse effects, long latency periods as well as resistance. Considering the highly complicated pathological nature of this disorder, it has been suggested that multitarget drugs or multi-target-directed ligands (MTDLs) may provide long-term therapeutic solutions for the treatment of MDD. AREAS COVERED In the current review, recent lead design and lead modification strategies have been covered. Important investigations reported in the last ten years (2013-2022) for the pre-clinical development of MTDLs (through synthetic medicinal chemistry and biological evaluation) for the treatment of MDD were discussed as case studies to focus on the recent design strategies. The discussions are categorized based on the pharmacological targets. On the basis of these important case studies, the challenges involved in different design strategies were discussed in detail. EXPERT OPINION Even though large variations were observed in the selection of pharmacological targets, some potential biological targets (NMDA, melatonin receptors) are required to be explored extensively for the design of MTDLs. Similarly, apart from structure activity relationship (SAR), in silico techniques such as multitasking cheminformatic modelling, molecular dynamics simulation and virtual screening should be exploited to a greater extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar Halder
- LAQV@REQUIMTE/Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
- Dr. B.C. Roy College of Pharmacy & Allied Health Sciences, Durgapur 713206, India
| | - Soumya Mitra
- Dr. B.C. Roy College of Pharmacy & Allied Health Sciences, Durgapur 713206, India
| | - Maria Natalia D S Cordeiro
- LAQV@REQUIMTE/Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
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Monoamine Neurotransmitters Control Basic Emotions and Affect Major Depressive Disorders. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15101203. [PMID: 36297314 PMCID: PMC9611768 DOI: 10.3390/ph15101203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a common and complex mental disorder, that adversely impacts an individual’s quality of life, but its diagnosis and treatment are not accurately executed and a symptom-based approach is utilized in most cases, due to the lack of precise knowledge regarding the pathophysiology. So far, the first-line treatments are still based on monoamine neurotransmitters. Even though there is a lot of progress in this field, the mechanisms seem to get more and more confusing, and the treatment is also getting more and more controversial. In this study, we try to review the broad advances of monoamine neurotransmitters in the field of MDD, and update its effects in many advanced neuroscience studies. We still propose the monoamine hypothesis but paid special attention to their effects on the new pathways for MDD, such as inflammation, oxidative stress, neurotrophins, and neurogenesis, especially in the glial cells, which have recently been found to play an important role in many neurodegenerative disorders, including MDD. In addition, we will extend the monoamine hypothesis to basic emotions; as suggested in our previous reports, the three monoamine neurotransmitters play different roles in emotions: dopamine—joy, norepinephrine—fear (anger), serotonins—disgust (sadness). Above all, this paper tries to give a full picture of the relationship between the MDD and the monoamine neurotransmitters such as DA, NE, and 5-HT, as well as their contributions to the Three Primary Color Model of Basic Emotions (joy, fear, and disgust). This is done by explaining the contribution of the monoamine from many sides for MDD, such the digestive tract, astrocytes, microglial, and others, and very briefly addressing the potential of monoamine neurotransmitters as a therapeutic approach for MDD patients and also the reasons for its limited clinical efficacy, side effects, and delayed onset of action. We hope this review might offer new pharmacological management of MDD.
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