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Iacoponi N, Del Duca F, Marcacci I, Occhipinti C, Napoletano G, Spadazzi F, La Russa R, Maiese A. Butane-related deaths in post-mortem investigations: A systematic review. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2024; 69:102442. [PMID: 38579662 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2024.102442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Volatile substance abuse is widespread among adolescents due to its easy availability and methods of consumption. Inhalant abuse represents a current problematic issue, causing significant morbidity and mortality due to direct toxicity on several target organs and displacement of gas which results in a lack of oxygen. This review aims to evaluate post-mortem and toxicological investigations in cases of suspected butane intoxication. We performed comprehensive research using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review (PRISMA) standards. Forty scientific papers fulfilled the inclusion criteria. A total of 58 cases of butane-related deaths were found. Among these, we found 11 cases of suicide (18%), 1 case of homicide (2%), 44 cases of accidental poisoning (76%), and 2 cases of work-related deaths (4%). Autopsy and post-mortem examinations were performed in 54 cases, whereas toxicological analyses were presented in 56 cases. In autopsy, pulmonary edema (51%) and poli-visceral congestion (59%) were the most common findings. When death by butane inhalation is hypothesized, autopsy and histological findings may be nonspecific, therefore toxicological investigations assume a crucial role along with attention to the methods used to collect biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Iacoponi
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Medical, Molecular and Critical Area, Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Fabio Del Duca
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopaedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 336, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Ilaria Marcacci
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Medical, Molecular and Critical Area, Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Carla Occhipinti
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Medical, Molecular and Critical Area, Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Gabriele Napoletano
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopaedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 336, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Federica Spadazzi
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopaedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 336, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Raffaele La Russa
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Public Health, Life Sciences, and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Aniello Maiese
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Medical, Molecular and Critical Area, Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
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Liu W, Akbarpour-Beni M, Movahed S, Gorzi A, Cheraghi E, Amini H. Neutralising the testosterone enanthate-induced oxidative stress in rats uterine tissue by propolis and chicory as natural antioxidants. COMPARATIVE EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.3920/cep220010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of propolis and chicory on oxidative stress of uterine tissue in rats consuming testosterone enanthate. Thirty-five female Wistar rats (8 weeks old and weighing 200±12 g) were randomly divided between five groups (n=8) resistance training+ testosterone enanthate (RT+TE), resistance training+ testosterone enanthate+ chicory (RT+TE+CH), resistance training+ testosterone enanthate+ propolis (RT+TE+PR), control (CO), and sham (RT). The protocols were as follows: exercise protocol including climb on a 1-meter ladder with 26 steps five days a week for eight weeks, received a dose of 20 mg/kg of body weight of testosterone weekly for eight weeks, and received a dose of 400 mg/kg proplis and 6 g/kg chicory of body weight all days a week for eight weeks. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured as oxidative stress markers. Testosterone treatment resulted in a significant decrease in the amount of SOD and GPX only in RT+TE group compared to the RT+TE+CH and RT+TE+PR groups (P=0.001). There was no significant difference in mean SOD and GPX levels between RT+TE+CH and RT+TE+PR with CO and RT groups (P>0.05). MDA level was significantly higher in RT+TE group compared to the other groups (P=0.001). This level was also significantly higher in RT+TE+CH group compared to the CO group (P=0.000) and in RT+TE+PR group compared to CO (P=0.000) and RT (P=0.003) groups. Although testosterone enanthate leads to oxidative stress in uterine tissue, propolis and chicory reduced this oxidative stress. It seems that more research can be done on the potential effects of natural antioxidants to neutralise the harmful effects of steroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. Liu
- Department of Physical Education, Anhui Vocational and Technical College of Sports, Wenzhong Rd, Yaohai District, Hefei, 230013 Anhui, China P.R
- Key Research Base of Humanities and Social Sciences in Colleges and Universities in Anhui Province, Quality Education Research Center for College Students of Anhui, Xinhua University, Wangjiang W Rd, Shushan District, Hefei, 230094 Anhui, China, P.R
| | - M. Akbarpour-Beni
- Department of Sports Science, Faculty of Literature and Human Sciences, University of Qom, Qom, Iran
| | - S. Movahed
- Department of Sports Science, Faculty of Literature and Human Sciences, University of Qom, Qom, Iran
| | - A. Gorzi
- Department of sport sciences, Faculty of Humanities, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran
| | - E. Cheraghi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Qom, Qom, Iran
| | - H. Amini
- Department of Physical Education & Sport Sciences, Tolou-e-Mehr Non-profit Institute of Higher Education, Qom, Iran
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Adverse Effects of Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids: A Literature Review. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:healthcare9010097. [PMID: 33477800 PMCID: PMC7832337 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9010097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AASs) are a large group of molecules including endogenously produced androgens, such as testosterone, as well as synthetically manufactured derivatives. AAS use is widespread due to their ability to improve muscle growth for aesthetic purposes and athletes’ performance, minimizing androgenic effects. AAS use is very popular and 1–3% of US inhabitants have been estimated to be AAS users. However, AASs have side effects, involving all organs, tissues and body functions, especially long-term toxicity involving the cardiovascular system and the reproductive system, thereby, their abuse is considered a public health issue. The aim of the proposed review is to highlight the most recent evidence regarding the mechanisms of action of AASs and their unwanted effects on organs and lifestyle, as well as suggesting that AAS misuse and abuse lead to adverse effects in all body tissues and organs. Oxidative stress, apoptosis, and protein synthesis alteration are common mechanisms involved in AAS-related damage in the whole body. The cardiovascular system and the reproductive system are the most frequently involved apparatuses. Epidemiology as well as the molecular and pathological mechanisms involved in the neuropsychiatric side-effects of AAS abuse are still unclear, further research is needed in this field. In addition, diagnostically reliable tests for AAS abuse should be standardized. In this regard, to prevent the use of AASs, public health measures in all settings are crucial. These measures consist of improved knowledge among healthcare workers, proper doping screening tests, educational interventions, and updated legislation.
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Sadowska-Krępa E, Kłapcińska B, Nowara A, Jagsz S, Szołtysek-Bołdys I, Chalimoniuk M, Langfort J, Chrapusta SJ. High-dose testosterone supplementation disturbs liver pro-oxidant/antioxidant balance and function in adolescent male Wistar rats undergoing moderate-intensity endurance training. PeerJ 2020; 8:e10228. [PMID: 33240609 PMCID: PMC7680624 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In some countries, anabolic-androgenic steroid abuse is rampant among adolescent boys and young men, including some of those seeking physical fitness and/or pleasing appearance through various exercise types. This tactic carries the risk of severe harmful health effects, including liver injury. Most anabolic-androgenic steroid stacking protocols employed are based on the use of the ‘prototypic’ anabolic-androgenic steroid testosterone and/or its esters. There is a vast body of data on the effects of anabolic-androgenic steroids’ abuse combined with physical exercise training on the liver antioxidant barrier in adult subjects, whereas those concerning adolescents are scant. This study aimed to assess, in adolescent male Wistar rats undergoing a 6-week moderate-intensity endurance training (treadmill running), the influence of concurrent weekly supplementation with intramuscular testosterone enanthate (TE, 8 or 80 mg/kg body weight/week) on selected indices of liver status and oxidative stress. The rats were sacrificed, and their livers and blood samples were harvested two days after the last training session. High-dose TE treatment significantly reduced body and liver weight gains. Neither low-dose nor high-dose TE treatment affected liver α-tocopherol or γ-tocopherol content, whereas low-dose TE treatment significantly lowered hepatic reduced glutathione content. TE treatment significantly elevated liver thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances content and blood activities of alkaline phosphatase and γ-glutamyltransferase, but not of aspartate aminotransferase or alanine aminotransferase. Liver catalase activity was lowered by >50% in both TE-treated groups, while superoxide dismutase activity was significantly but slightly affected (−15%) only by the high-dose TE treatment. Glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase activities were not significantly altered. TE treatment significantly increased liver thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances content and lowered blood HDL-cholesterol, but did not significantly affect LDL-cholesterol or triglycerides level. In conclusion, high-dose TE treatment significantly disturbed liver antioxidant barrier and prooxidative-antioxidative balance and hence counteracted favorable effects of concurrent moderate-intensity endurance training in adolescent male rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Sadowska-Krępa
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Silesian Voivodeship, Poland
| | - Barbara Kłapcińska
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Silesian Voivodeship, Poland
| | - Anna Nowara
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Silesian Voivodeship, Poland
| | - Sławomir Jagsz
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Silesian Voivodeship, Poland
| | - Izabela Szołtysek-Bołdys
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Sosnowiec, Silesian Voivodeship, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Chalimoniuk
- Department of Physical Education and Health in Biała Podlaska, Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Biała Podlaska, Lublin Voivodeship, Poland
| | - Józef Langfort
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Silesian Voivodeship, Poland
| | - Stanisław J Chrapusta
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Mazowieckie Voivodeship, Poland
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Magalhães SC, de Oliveira KA, Freiras PA, Moreira Gomes MD, Pereira LM, Boa LF, de Carvalho DP, Fortunato RS, Carneiro Loureiro AC, Brito LC, de Oliveira AC. High-dose Nandrolone Decanoate induces oxidative stress and inflammation in retroperitoneal adipose tissue of male rats. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 203:105728. [PMID: 32712213 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2020.105728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The non-therapeutic use of the androgenic anabolic steroid Nandrolone Decanoate is popular due to its effects on physical performance and body composition, especially for its lipolytic and anabolic effects associated. However, high doses of such drugs are often associated with a series of pathologies related to unbalanced redox homeostasis, which, in turn, can be linked to inflammation. The oxidative stress onset could deregulate the secretion of cytokines, evidencing a dysfunctional adipocyte. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of supraphysiological doses of Nandrolone Decanoate on redox homeostasis of retroperitoneal fatpad of male rats and its relationship with cytokines-based inflammatory signaling. Hydrogen peroxide production was assessed in the retroperitoneal fat pad of adult male rats which received either 10 mg kg of Nandrolone Decanoate or only a vehicle. Also, catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities were measured, together with total reduced thiols and protein carbonylation, as well as IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 local levels. High doses of Nandrolone Decanoate caused an increase in the hydrogen peroxide production, together with lower activities of the antioxidant enzymes and lower levels of total reduced thiol. There were also higher protein carbonylation and greater levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 in the treated group compared to control group. Therefore, it was possible to verify that high doses of Nandrolone Decanoate cause oxidative stress and induce higher inflammatory signaling in retroperitoneal fat pad of male rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saulo Chaves Magalhães
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina e Metabolismo, Instituto Superior de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Keciany Alves de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina e Metabolismo, Instituto Superior de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Paula Alexandre Freiras
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina e Metabolismo, Instituto Superior de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Maria Diana Moreira Gomes
- Laboratório de Eletrofisiologia, Instituto Superior de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Matta Pereira
- Laboratório de Eletrofisiologia, Instituto Superior de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Luiz Fonte Boa
- Laboratório de Eletrofisiologia, Instituto Superior de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Denise Pires de Carvalho
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina Dóris Rosenthal, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Soares Fortunato
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Sinalização Redox, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Adriano Cesar Carneiro Loureiro
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Expressão Gênica, Instituto Superior de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Luciana Catunda Brito
- Instututo de Educação Física e Esportes, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Ariclécio Cunha de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina e Metabolismo, Instituto Superior de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Ceará, Brazil.
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6
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Kahal A, Allem R, Zahzeh T, Oulmane S, Tafroukhte Z. Abuse of androgenic anabolic drugs with "Cycling" induces hepatic steatosis in adult male mice. Steroids 2020; 155:108574. [PMID: 31901422 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2019.108574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The importance of the present study comes from the lack of sufficient information about the reversibility of the potential hepatic histopathological alterations which may result from anabolic androgenic drugs abuse by "Cycling" protocol. So, the aim of this study is to explore the negative effects of Deca-Durabolin abuse in hepatic function and structure during an administration cycle. METHODS For our purpose, study was performed on 40 male adult mices. Animals were divided into five groups of 8 animals each treated weekly by Deca-Durabolin (nandrolone decanoate) at 30 g/kg of BW during one month (GI); during two months (GII); during three months (GIII); during three months followed by six weeks of treatment discontinuation (GIV) and Control (C). Plasma assay of liver enzymes (ALT and AST) and cytohistological examination to determine the histopathological damage properties of the liver were performed. RESULTS Our results showed that the animals supported very well the administrated substance. Our study showed an increase in plasma levels of liver enzymes (ALT and AST) with the duration of treatment accompanied by important degenerative changes in hepatic tissue with peliosis evolution after two months of treatment. These damages worsen again 6 weeks after stopping treatment and ended by the development of hepatic steatosis with increases hepatic distress. CONCLUSION These results ported that the use of AAS with "Cycling" may lead to the development of hepatic steatosis before progressing to more serious pathological liver situations in AAS abusers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Kahal
- Laboratory of Natural Bioresources, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, University of Hassiba Ben Bouali, BP 151, 02000 Chlef, Algeria.
| | - Rachida Allem
- Laboratory of Natural Bioresources, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, University of Hassiba Ben Bouali, BP 151, 02000 Chlef, Algeria
| | - Touria Zahzeh
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Proteomics and Health, Department of Biology, University of Djillali Liabes Sidi Bel Abbès, Algeria
| | - Saida Oulmane
- Sadat Laboratory of Pathological Anatomy and Cytology, Chlef, Algeria
| | - Zahra Tafroukhte
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, University of Hassiba Ben Bouali, Chlef, Algeria
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Kahal A, Allem R, Zahzeh T, Koriche S, Kouri A, Douani A, Kassoul H, Ababou A. Evolutions in cardiac and gonadal ultra-structure during a "cycle" of androgenic anabolic abuse in adult male mice. Steroids 2020; 155:108571. [PMID: 31901424 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2019.108571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The importance of the present study comes from the lack of sufficient information about the reversibility of the potential histopathological alterations which may result from anabolic androgenic drugs abuse by "Cycling" protocol. So, the aim of this study is to explore the negative effects of Deca-Durabolin abuse in cardiac and gonadal ultra-structures during an administration cycle. METHODS For our purpose, study was performed on 40 male adult mices. Animals were divided into five groups of 8 animals each treated weekly by Deca-Durabolin (nandrolone decanoate) at 30 g/kg of BW during one month (GI); during two months (GII); during three months (GIII); during three months followed by six weeks of treatment discontinuation (GIV) and Control (C). Cytohistological examinations to determine the histopathological damage properties of the heart and tests were performed. RESULTS Our results showed that the animals supported very well the administrated substance. Our study showed important degenerative changes in cardiac and gonadal tissues after one months of androgen abuse. These damages increases with the duration of treatment with well marked cell lesions, and worsen again 6 weeks after stopping treatment in cardiac tissue, whereas the gonadal tissue does not recover completely during this period. CONCLUSION These results ported that the use of AAS with "Cycling" may lead to irreversibly destroy the heart tissue. Either, "Cycling" does not ensure the complete recovery of fertility in AAS abusers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Kahal
- Laboratory of Natural Bioresources, Faculty of Science of Nature and Life, Department of Biology, University of Hassiba Ben Bouali, BP 151, 02000 Chlef, Algeria.
| | - Rachida Allem
- Laboratory of Natural Bioresources, Faculty of Science of Nature and Life, Department of Biology, University of Hassiba Ben Bouali, BP 151, 02000 Chlef, Algeria
| | - Touria Zahzeh
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Proteomics and Health, Department of Biology, University of Djillali Liabes Sidi Bel Abbès, Algeria
| | - Sana Koriche
- Faculty of Science of Nature and Life, Department of Biology, University of Hassiba Ben Bouali, Chlef, Algeria
| | - Amina Kouri
- Faculty of Science of Nature and Life, Department of Biology, University of Hassiba Ben Bouali, Chlef, Algeria
| | - Asma Douani
- Faculty of Science of Nature and Life, Department of Biology, University of Hassiba Ben Bouali, Chlef, Algeria
| | - Hadjira Kassoul
- Faculty of Science of Nature and Life, Department of Biology, University of Hassiba Ben Bouali, Chlef, Algeria
| | - Adda Ababou
- Faculty of Science of Nature and Life, Department of Biology, University of Hassiba Ben Bouali, Chlef, Algeria
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8
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Kahal A, Allem R. Reversible effects of anabolic steroid abuse on cyto-architectures of the heart, kidneys and testis in adult male mice. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 106:917-922. [PMID: 30119263 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2018] [Revised: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/07/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of the present study comes from the lack of sufficient information about the reversibility of the histopathological alterations which may result from anabolic androgenic drugs abuse after some times of stop treatment, as it is one of the prior studies which explored the negative effects of Deca-Durabolin abuse in particular on the hearts, kidneys and testis structures. For this aim, study was performed on 40 male adult mices. Animals were divided into five groups of 8 animals each as follows: treated by Deca-Durabolin (nandrolone decanoate) at 30 g/kg of BW, weekly during one month (GI); two months (GII); three months (GIII); three months followed by six weeks of treatment discontinuation (GIV) and Control (C). Cytohistological exam was performed to determine histopathological damage in heart, kidney and testis tissues. Results showed that the treated animals supported very well the administrated substance. The increase in muscle strength and the absence of aggression were the most noticeable traits in longer-term treated groups. In addition, the gains in body and heart weights increase with duration of treatment and even more after stopping treatment. Our study showed important degenerative changes and disorganization of the histological structure of heart, kidney and testis in the animals of GIII. These damages worsen again 6 weeks after stopping treatment in heart and kidney, and repairs incompletely in the testis. In conclusion, these results confirmed that the use of AAS is associated with a lot of deleterious effects on the cardiac, nephritic and gonadic tissues which cannot be reversible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Kahal
- Laboratory of Natural Bioresources, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, University of Hassiba Ben Bouali, BP 151, 02000, Chlef, Algeria.
| | - Rachida Allem
- Laboratory of Natural Bioresources, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, University of Hassiba Ben Bouali, BP 151, 02000, Chlef, Algeria
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9
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Sadowska-Krępa E, Kłapcińska B, Jagsz S, Nowara A, Szołtysek-Bołdys I, Chalimoniuk M, Langfort J, Chrapusta SJ. High-dose testosterone enanthate supplementation boosts oxidative stress, but exerts little effect on the antioxidant barrier in sedentary adolescent male rat liver. Pharmacol Rep 2017; 69:673-678. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2017.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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10
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Biochemical and oxidative stress markers in the liver and kidneys of rats submitted to different protocols of anabolic steroids. Mol Cell Biochem 2016; 425:181-189. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-016-2872-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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11
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Bond P, Llewellyn W, Van Mol P. Anabolic androgenic steroid-induced hepatotoxicity. Med Hypotheses 2016; 93:150-3. [PMID: 27372877 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) have been abused for decades by both professional and amateur athletes in order to improve physical performance or muscle mass. AAS abuse can cause adverse effects, among which are hepatotoxic effects. These effects include cholestatic icterus and possibly peliosis hepatis and hepatocellular carcinoma or adenoma. In particular, 17α-alkylated AAS appear to be hepatotoxic, whereas nonalkylated AAS appear not to be. The 17α-alkyl substitution retards hepatic metabolism of the AAS rendering it orally bioavailable. The mechanism responsible for the hepatotoxicity induced by 17α-alkylated AAS remains poorly understood. However, oxidative stress has been repeatedly shown to be associated with it. In this manuscript we present a hypothesis which describes a potential mechanism responsible for AAS-induced hepatotoxicity, based on several observations from the literature which suggest oxidative stress being a causal factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Bond
- PeterBond.nl, Waterhoenlaan 25, 3704 GV Zeist, The Netherlands.
| | - William Llewellyn
- Molecular Nutrition, 5500 Military Trail, #22-308, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.
| | - Peter Van Mol
- Muscle and Sports Science, Kairostraat 22, 8400 Oostende, Belgium.
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Chronic nandrolone administration promotes oxidative stress, induction of pro-inflammatory cytokine and TNF-α mediated apoptosis in the kidneys of CD1 treated mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2014; 280:97-106. [PMID: 25065671 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2014.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2014] [Revised: 06/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Nandrolone decanoate administration and strenuous exercise increase the extent of renal damage in response to renal toxic injury. We studied the role played by oxidative stress in the apoptotic response caused by nandrolone decanoate in the kidneys of strength-trained male CD1 mice. To measure cytosolic enzyme activity, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were determined after nandrolone treatment. An immunohistochemical study and Western blot analysis were performed to evaluate cell apoptosis and to measure the effects of renal expression of inflammatory mediators (IL-1β, TNF-α) on the induction of apoptosis (HSP90, TUNEL). Dose-related oxidative damage in the kidneys of treated mice is shown by an increase in MDA levels and by a reduction of antioxidant enzyme GR and GPx activities, resulting in the kidney's reduced radical scavenging ability. Renal specimens of the treated group showed relevant glomeruli alterations and increased immunostaining and protein expressions, which manifested significant focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. The induction of proinflammatory cytokine expression levels was confirmed by Western blot analysis. Long-term administration of nandrolone promotes oxidative injury in the mouse kidneys. TNF-α mediated injury due to nandrolone in renal cells appears to play a role in the activation of both the intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis pathways.
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