1
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Liu Q, Guo Z, Li G, Zhang Y, Liu X, Li B, Wang J, Li X. Cancer stem cells and their niche in cancer progression and therapy. Cancer Cell Int 2023; 23:305. [PMID: 38041196 PMCID: PMC10693166 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-023-03130-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023] Open
Abstract
High recurrence and metastasis rates and poor prognoses are the major challenges of current cancer therapy. Mounting evidence suggests that cancer stem cells (CSCs) play an important role in cancer development, chemoradiotherapy resistance, recurrence, and metastasis. Therefore, targeted CSC therapy has become a new strategy for solving the problems of cancer metastasis and recurrence. Since the properties of CSCs are regulated by the specific tumour microenvironment, the so-called CSC niche, which targets crosstalk between CSCs and their niches, is vital in our pursuit of new therapeutic opportunities to prevent cancer from recurring. In this review, we aim to highlight the factors within the CSC niche that have important roles in regulating CSC properties, including the extracellular matrix (ECM), stromal cells (e.g., associated macrophages (TAMs), cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)), and physiological changes (e.g., inflammation, hypoxia, and angiogenesis). We also discuss recent progress regarding therapies targeting CSCs and their niche to elucidate developments of more effective therapeutic strategies to eliminate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuping Liu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, College of Life Science and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, 466001, Henan, China
| | - Zongliang Guo
- Department of General Surgery, Shanxi Province Cancer Hospital, Affiliated of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030013, Shanxi, China
| | - Guoyin Li
- Institute of Translational Medicine, College of Life Science and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, 466001, Henan, China
| | - Yunxia Zhang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, College of Life Science and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, 466001, Henan, China
| | - Xiaomeng Liu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, College of Life Science and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, 466001, Henan, China
| | - Bing Li
- Institute of Translational Medicine, College of Life Science and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, 466001, Henan, China
| | - Jinping Wang
- Department of Ultrasound, Shanxi Province People's Hospital, Taiyuan, 030012, Shanxi, China.
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- Department of blood transfusion, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Taiyuan, 030032, Shanxi, China.
- Department of central laboratory, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Taiyuan, 030032, Shanxi, China.
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2
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Murase S, Sakitani N, Maekawa T, Yoshino D, Takano K, Konno A, Hirai H, Saito T, Tanaka S, Shinohara K, Kishi T, Yoshikawa Y, Sakai T, Ayaori M, Inanami H, Tomiyasu K, Takashima A, Ogata T, Tsuchimochi H, Sato S, Saito S, Yoshino K, Matsuura Y, Funamoto K, Ochi H, Shinohara M, Nagao M, Sawada Y. Interstitial-fluid shear stresses induced by vertically oscillating head motion lower blood pressure in hypertensive rats and humans. Nat Biomed Eng 2023; 7:1350-1373. [PMID: 37414976 PMCID: PMC10651490 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-023-01061-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms by which physical exercise benefits brain functions are not fully understood. Here, we show that vertically oscillating head motions mimicking mechanical accelerations experienced during fast walking, light jogging or treadmill running at a moderate velocity reduce the blood pressure of rats and human adults with hypertension. In hypertensive rats, shear stresses of less than 1 Pa resulting from interstitial-fluid flow induced by such passive head motions reduced the expression of the angiotensin II type-1 receptor in astrocytes in the rostral ventrolateral medulla, and the resulting antihypertensive effects were abrogated by hydrogel introduction that inhibited interstitial-fluid movement in the medulla. Our findings suggest that oscillatory mechanical interventions could be used to elicit antihypertensive effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhei Murase
- Department of Rehabilitation for Motor Functions, National Rehabilitation Center for Persons with Disabilities, Tokorozawa, Japan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoyoshi Sakitani
- Department of Rehabilitation for Motor Functions, National Rehabilitation Center for Persons with Disabilities, Tokorozawa, Japan
- Department of Cell Biology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Takahiro Maekawa
- Department of Rehabilitation for Motor Functions, National Rehabilitation Center for Persons with Disabilities, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Daisuke Yoshino
- Division of Advanced Applied Physics, Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Japan
| | - Kouji Takano
- Department of Rehabilitation for Brain Functions, National Rehabilitation Center for Persons with Disabilities, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Ayumu Konno
- Department of Neurophysiology & Neural Repair, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Hirai
- Department of Neurophysiology & Neural Repair, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Taku Saito
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sakae Tanaka
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keisuke Shinohara
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takuya Kishi
- Department of Cardiology, Graduate School of Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, Okawa, Japan
| | - Yuki Yoshikawa
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takamasa Sakai
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Hirohiko Inanami
- Inanami Spine & Joint Hospital/Iwai Orthopaedic Medical Hospital, Iwai Medical Foundation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Tomiyasu
- Center of Sports Science and Health Promotion, National Rehabilitation Center for Persons with Disabilities, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Atsushi Takashima
- Department of Assistive Technology, National Rehabilitation Center for Persons with Disabilities, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Toru Ogata
- Department of Rehabilitation for Motor Functions, National Rehabilitation Center for Persons with Disabilities, Tokorozawa, Japan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirotsugu Tsuchimochi
- Department of Cardiac Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Shinya Sato
- Department of Advanced Medical Technologies, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Shigeyoshi Saito
- Department of Medical Physics and Engineering, Division of Health Sciences, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Kohzoh Yoshino
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, Sanda, Japan
| | - Yuiko Matsuura
- Department of Health and Sports, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | | | - Hiroki Ochi
- Department of Rehabilitation for Motor Functions, National Rehabilitation Center for Persons with Disabilities, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Masahiro Shinohara
- Department of Rehabilitation for Motor Functions, National Rehabilitation Center for Persons with Disabilities, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Motoshi Nagao
- Department of Rehabilitation for Motor Functions, National Rehabilitation Center for Persons with Disabilities, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Sawada
- Department of Rehabilitation for Motor Functions, National Rehabilitation Center for Persons with Disabilities, Tokorozawa, Japan.
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
- Department of Cell Biology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan.
- Division of Advanced Applied Physics, Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Japan.
- Department of Clinical Research, National Rehabilitation Center for Persons with Disabilities, Tokorozawa, Japan.
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3
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Li H, Sun Y, Li Q, Luo Q, Song G. Matrix Stiffness Potentiates Stemness of Liver Cancer Stem Cells Possibly via the Yes-Associated Protein Signal. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2022; 8:598-609. [PMID: 35084830 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c00558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A hepatocellular carcinoma tissue has mechanical heterogeneity, where the stiffness gradually increases from the core to the invasion front. Furthermore, there is evidence that stem cells from liver cancer (LCSCs) preferentially enrich the invasion front, exhibiting the stiffest modulus in the tumor. LCSCs have the features of stem/progenitor cells and play a vital part in liver cancer development. However, whether matrix stiffness affects LCSC stemness remains unclear. Here, we established a three-dimensional hydrogel for culturing LCSCs to simulate the stiffness of the core and the invasion front of a liver cancer tissue. The results showed that a stiffer matrix (72.2 ± 0.90 kPa) significantly potentiated LCSC stemness as compared with a soft matrix (7.7 ± 0.41 kPa). Moreover, Yes-associated protein signaling might mediate this promotion. Together, our findings illustrate the relationship between matrix stiffness and LCSC stemness, which may aid the production of novel treatment approaches against liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Li
- College of Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, P.R. China
| | - Yuchuan Sun
- College of Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, P.R. China
| | - Qing Li
- College of Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, P.R. China
| | - Qing Luo
- College of Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, P.R. China
| | - Guanbin Song
- College of Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, P.R. China
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4
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Jiang X, Liu F, Liu P, Yan Y, Lan S, Zhuang K, Liu Y, Jiang K, Huang Y, Nie K, Zheng Z, Pan J, Zheng J, Liu F, Xu S, Li P, Wen Y. Ferroptosis Patterns Correlate with Immune Microenvironment Characterization in Gastric Cancer. Int J Gen Med 2021; 14:6573-6586. [PMID: 34675624 PMCID: PMC8520437 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s331291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective We aimed to build a ferroptosis-based classifier to characterize the molecular features of gastric cancers (GC) and investigate the relationship between different ferroptosis patterns and GC tumor microenvironment (TME). Methods Based on the genomic and clinical information from TCGA portal and GEO database, non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) was used to identify ferroptosis subtypes in GC patients. In order to estimate the ferroptosis levels, we established ferroptosis subtype score (FSS) to quantify ferroptosis patterns and ferroptosis potential index (FPI) by principal component analysis (PCA). The correlations of different ferroptosis patterns with TME cell-infiltrating characteristics (including immune cell infiltration, immune checkpoints expression levels, tumor mutational burden (TMB) and immunotherapy response) were systematically analyzed. Results Two ferroptosis subtypes, C1 (with lower FSS) and C2 (with higher FSS), were determined. C2 displayed a significantly lower FPI than C1. Besides, C2 was associated with diffuse subtype while C1 with intestinal subtype. As for TME characteristics, C2 was in accordance with the immune-excluded phenotype as it showed more active immune and stromal activities but lower TMB, less probability of immunotherapy response and poorer prognosis. C1 was linked to immune-inflamed phenotype as it had lower stromal activities but increased neoantigen load, enhanced response to immunotherapy and relatively better prognosis. Conclusion The systematic assessment of ferroptosis patterns and ferroptosis levels presented in our study implied that ferroptosis serves as an important factor in the formation of TME, which may expand the understanding of TME and provide a novel perspective for the development of targeted immunotherapeutic strategies for GC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotao Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,First Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Liu
- First Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,Zhaoqing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Southern Medical University, Zhaoqing, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,First Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanhua Yan
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,First Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaoyang Lan
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Kunhai Zhuang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,Baiyun Hospital of the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yufeng Liu
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Kailin Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,First Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuancheng Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,First Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Kechao Nie
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,First Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihua Zheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,First Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinglin Pan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hainan Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Haikou, Hainan, People's Republic of China
| | - Junhui Zheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,First Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengbin Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,Baiyun Hospital of the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Shijie Xu
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Peiwu Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Wen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
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5
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Zhang R, Li P, Lv H, Li N, Ren S, Xu W. Exosomal SNHG16 secreted by CSCs promotes glioma development via TLR7. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:349. [PMID: 34134771 PMCID: PMC8207674 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02393-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glioma is one of the most common central nervous system malignant tumors, accounting for 45~60% of adult intracranial tumors. However, the clinical treatment of glioma is limited. It is of great significance to seek new therapeutic methods for glioma via gene therapy. Methods Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) SNHG16 expression level was measured by microarray and qRT-PCR assay; ISH was used to identify the location of SNHG16. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) were separated from glioma tissues and identified using immunofluorescence. Exosomes were isolated from CSCs and cancer cells and identified by TEM and western blot. MTT, wound healing, transwell, and colony formation assay were performed to explore the role of SNHG16 or si-SNHG16 from CSCs on progression of glioma cells. RIP was used to verify the interaction between SNHG16 and TLR7. The experiment of Xenograft used for exploring the function of SNHG16/ TLR7/MyD88/NFκB/c-Myc on growth on glioma in vivo. Results Microarray assay showed long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) SNHG16 was upregulated in glioma. Followed qRT-PCR also showed an increase of SNHG16 in glioma tissues; high expression of SNHG16 indicated a poor prognosis in glioma patients. Interestingly, SNHG16 was packaged into exosomes and derived from CSCs. Functional analysis showed exo-SNHG16 secreted by CSCs promoted the progression of glioma cell lines SHG44 and U251. Furthermore, SNHG16 interacted with TLR7 and activated NFκB/c-Myc signaling in glioma cells. And the silencing of TLR7 inhibited the progression of SHG44 and U251 cells by exo-SNHG16 from CSCs. In vivo tumorigenesis experiments showed that exo-SNHG16 induced glioma progression by activating TLR7/MyD88/NFκB/c-Myc signaling. Conclusion Our study suggested CSC-derived exo-SNHG16 promoted cancer progression by activating TLR7/MyD88/NFκB/c-Myc signaling pathway. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13287-021-02393-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijie Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Heze Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Heze, 274000, Shandong, China
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Heze Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1036, Danyang Road, Heze, 274000, Shandong, China
| | - Heli Lv
- Department of Neurosurgery, Heze Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1036, Danyang Road, Heze, 274000, Shandong, China
| | - Nana Li
- Department of Non-treatment, Wenshang County Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jining, 272501, Shandong, China
| | - Suliang Ren
- Department of Neurosurgery, Heze Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1036, Danyang Road, Heze, 274000, Shandong, China
| | - Wentao Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Heze Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1036, Danyang Road, Heze, 274000, Shandong, China.
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The distribution of liver cancer stem cells correlates with the mechanical heterogeneity of liver cancer tissue. Histochem Cell Biol 2021; 156:47-58. [PMID: 33710418 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-021-01979-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The survival of cancer stem cells is usually limited to a specific tumor microenvironment, and this microenvironment plays a vital role in the development of tumors. The mechanical properties of the microenvironment differ in different regions of solid tumors. However, in solid tumors, whether the distribution of cancer stem cells relates to the mechanical microenvironment of different regions is still unclear. In this study, we undertook a biophysical and biochemical assessment of the changes in the mechanical properties of liver tissue during the progression of liver cancer and explored the distribution of liver cancer stem cells in liver cancer tissues. Our analysis confirmed previous observations that the stiffness of liver tissue gradually increased with the progress of fibrosis. In liver cancer tissues, we found obvious mechanical heterogeneity: the core of the tumor was soft, the invasive front tissue was the hardest, and the para-cancer tissue was in an intermediate state. Interestingly, the greatest number of liver cancer stem cells was found in the invasive front part of the tumor. We finally established that stroma stiffness correlated with the number of liver cancer stem cells. These findings indicate that the distribution of liver cancer stem cells correlates with the mechanical heterogeneity of liver cancer tissue. This result provides a theoretical basis for the development of targeted therapies against the mechanical microenvironment of liver cancer stem cells.
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Aramini B, Masciale V, Haider KH. Defining lung cancer stem cells exosomal payload of miRNAs in clinical perspective. World J Stem Cells 2020; 12:406-421. [PMID: 32742559 PMCID: PMC7360993 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v12.i6.406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the first publication regarding the existence of stem cells in cancer [cancer stem cells (CSCs)] in 1994, many studies have been published providing in-depth information about their biology and function. This research has paved the way in terms of appreciating the role of CSCs in tumour aggressiveness, progression, recurrence and resistance to cancer therapy. Targeting CSCs for cancer therapy has still not progressed to a sufficient degree, particularly in terms of exploring the mechanism of dynamic interconversion between CSCs and non-CSCs. Besides the CSC scenario, the problem of cancer dissemination has been analyzed in-depth with the identification and isolation of microRNAs (miRs), which are now considered to be compelling molecular markers in the diagnosis and prognosis of tumours in general and specifically in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Paracrine release of miRs via “exosomes” (small membrane vesicles (30-100 nm), the derivation of which lies in the luminal membranes of multi-vesicular bodies) released by fusion with the cell membrane is gaining popularity. Whether exosomes play a significant role in maintaining a dynamic equilibrium state between CSCs and non-CSCs and their mechanism of activity is as yet unknown. Future studies on CSC-related exosomes will provide new perspectives for precision-targeted treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Aramini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena 41124, Italy
| | - Valentina Masciale
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena 41124, Italy
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8
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Ryu Y, Maekawa T, Yoshino D, Sakitani N, Takashima A, Inoue T, Suzurikawa J, Toyohara J, Tago T, Makuuchi M, Fujita N, Sawada K, Murase S, Watanave M, Hirai H, Sakai T, Yoshikawa Y, Ogata T, Shinohara M, Nagao M, Sawada Y. Mechanical Regulation Underlies Effects of Exercise on Serotonin-Induced Signaling in the Prefrontal Cortex Neurons. iScience 2020; 23:100874. [PMID: 32062453 PMCID: PMC7016263 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.100874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical forces are known to be involved in various biological processes. However, it remains unclear whether brain functions are mechanically regulated under physiological conditions. Here, we demonstrate that treadmill running and passive head motion (PHM), both of which produce mechanical impact on the head, have similar effects on the hallucinogenic 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) receptor subtype 2A (5-HT2A) signaling in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of rodents. PHM generates interstitial fluid movement that is estimated to exert shear stress of a few pascals on cells in the PFC. Fluid shear stress of a relevant magnitude on cultured neuronal cells induces ligand-independent internalization of 5-HT2A receptor, which is observed in mouse PFC neurons after treadmill running or PHM. Furthermore, inhibition of interstitial fluid movement by introducing polyethylene glycol hydrogel eliminates the effect of PHM on 5-HT2A receptor signaling in the PFC. Our findings indicate that neuronal cell function can be physiologically regulated by mechanical forces in the brain. Mechanical forces regulate brain functions under physiological conditions Intracerebral interstitial fluid has mechanical roles in regulating brain functions Mechanical impact on the head mediates effects of exercise on the brain Fluid shear stress physiologically modulates signaling in nervous cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngjae Ryu
- Department of Rehabilitation for Motor Functions, National Rehabilitation Center for Persons with Disabilities, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8555, Japan; Department of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Takahiro Maekawa
- Department of Rehabilitation for Motor Functions, National Rehabilitation Center for Persons with Disabilities, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8555, Japan
| | - Daisuke Yoshino
- Division of Advanced Applied Physics, Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Naoyoshi Sakitani
- Department of Rehabilitation for Motor Functions, National Rehabilitation Center for Persons with Disabilities, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8555, Japan
| | - Atsushi Takashima
- Department of Assistive Technology, National Rehabilitation Center for Persons with Disabilities, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8555, Japan
| | - Takenobu Inoue
- Department of Assistive Technology, National Rehabilitation Center for Persons with Disabilities, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8555, Japan
| | - Jun Suzurikawa
- Department of Assistive Technology, National Rehabilitation Center for Persons with Disabilities, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8555, Japan
| | - Jun Toyohara
- Research Team for Neuroimaging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Itabashi, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Tago
- Research Team for Neuroimaging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Itabashi, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
| | - Michiru Makuuchi
- Section of Neuropsychology, National Rehabilitation Center for Persons with Disabilities, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8555, Japan
| | - Naoki Fujita
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Keisuke Sawada
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Shuhei Murase
- Department of Rehabilitation for Motor Functions, National Rehabilitation Center for Persons with Disabilities, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8555, Japan
| | - Masashi Watanave
- Department of Neurophysiology & Neural Repair, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Hirai
- Department of Neurophysiology & Neural Repair, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Takamasa Sakai
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Yuki Yoshikawa
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Toru Ogata
- Department of Rehabilitation for Motor Functions, National Rehabilitation Center for Persons with Disabilities, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8555, Japan
| | - Masahiro Shinohara
- Department of Rehabilitation for Motor Functions, National Rehabilitation Center for Persons with Disabilities, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8555, Japan
| | - Motoshi Nagao
- Department of Rehabilitation for Motor Functions, National Rehabilitation Center for Persons with Disabilities, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8555, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Sawada
- Department of Rehabilitation for Motor Functions, National Rehabilitation Center for Persons with Disabilities, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8555, Japan; Department of Clinical Research, National Rehabilitation Center for Persons with Disabilities, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8555, Japan.
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9
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Voinova V, Bonartseva G, Bonartsev A. Effect of poly(3-hydroxyalkanoates) as natural polymers on mesenchymal stem cells. World J Stem Cells 2019; 11:764-786. [PMID: 31692924 PMCID: PMC6828591 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v11.i10.764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are stromal multipotent stem cells that can differentiate into multiple cell types, including fibroblasts, osteoblasts, chondrocytes, adipocytes, and myoblasts, thus allowing them to contribute to the regeneration of various tissues, especially bone tissue. MSCs are now considered one of the most promising cell types in the field of tissue engineering. Traditional petri dish-based culture of MSCs generate heterogeneity, which leads to inconsistent efficacy of MSC applications. Biodegradable and biocompatible polymers, poly(3-hydroxyalkanoates) (PHAs), are actively used for the manufacture of scaffolds that serve as carriers for MSC growth. The growth and differentiation of MSCs grown on PHA scaffolds depend on the physicochemical properties of the polymers, the 3D and surface microstructure of the scaffolds, and the biological activity of PHAs, which was discovered in a series of investigations. The mechanisms of the biological activity of PHAs in relation to MSCs remain insufficiently studied. We suggest that this effect on MSCs could be associated with the natural properties of bacteria-derived PHAs, especially the most widespread representative poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB). This biopolymer is present in the bacteria of mammalian microbiota, whereas endogenous poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) is found in mammalian tissues. The possible association of PHA effects on MSCs with various biological functions of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) in bacteria and eukaryotes, including in humans, is discussed in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Voinova
- Faculty of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119234, Russia
| | - Garina Bonartseva
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - Anton Bonartsev
- Faculty of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119234, Russia
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119071, Russia
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10
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Li SC, Luo J, Lee KL. Cancer Niche as a Garbage Disposal Machine: Implications of TCM-Mediated Balance of Body-Disease for Treatment of Cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 1. [PMID: 31453571 PMCID: PMC6709992 DOI: 10.33552/ojcam.2019.01.000514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Cancer epidemic led to worldwide to search for a new “game changer” concept to govern cancer research and cancer treatment. Western medicine-based cancer research has been extending the impasse without resolution in sigh for improving survival of patients with solid malignant tumors in the last four decades due to heterogeneity in cancer tissues. Such a deadlock charts a course to learn lessons from the developing countries, directly or indirectly to complement the exhausted Western medicine. We propose a new concept of “Cancer niche as a garbage disposal machine” with implications of traditional Chinese medicine-mediated restoration of normal balance between body and disease to bring the fight against cancer under control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengwen Calvin Li
- Department of Neurology, University of California-Irvine (UCI) School of Medicine; Children's Hospital of Orange County (CHOC), CHOC Children's Research Institute, Neuro-Oncology and Stem Cell Research Laboratory (NSCL), USA
| | - Jane Luo
- AB Sciex, Inc., Danaher Corporation, USA
| | - Katherine L Lee
- University of California-Irvine School of Social Ecology, Social and Behavioral Sciences Gateway, USA
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11
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Li SC, Ge NN. Cancer Subclones Derived from the Patient's Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Tumor Stem Cells for the Screening of Personalized Antitumor Immunotherapy and Chemotherapy. STEM CELL RESEARCH & THERAPEUTICS 2018; 3:116-121. [PMID: 30972376 PMCID: PMC6453126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Studying on subclonal evolution of cancer stem cells can help illustrate how the immune system recognizes tumor cells, leading to subclonal treatment by immune-based therapies. Here, we discuss that cancer subclones derived from the patient's head and neck squamous cell carcinoma tumor stem cells can be used for the screening of personalized antitumor immunotherapy and chemotherapy, to maximize benefits and to minimize the adversary effects, toward personalized or precision medicine. We propose a "wait-and-watch" scheme for monitoring a lifetime cancer stem cell subclonal development evolved with local environments to cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengwen Calvin Li
- Neuro-oncology and Stem Cell Research Laboratory, CHOC Children’s Research Institute, Children’s Hospital of Orange County (CHOC), USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California-Irvine School of Medicine, Orange, CA, USA
| | - Norman N Ge
- VA Long Beach Healthcare System, Long Beach, CA, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of California-Irvine School of Medicine, Orange, CA, USA
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12
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Li SC, Stucky A, Chen X, Kabeer MH, Loudon WG, Plant AS, Torno L, Nangia CS, Cai J, Zhang G, Zhong JF. Single-cell transcriptomes reveal the mechanism for a breast cancer prognostic gene panel. Oncotarget 2018; 9:33290-33301. [PMID: 30279960 PMCID: PMC6161791 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical benefits of the MammaPrint® signature for breast cancer is well documented; however, how these genes are related to cell cycle perturbation have not been well determined. Our single-cell transcriptome mapping (algorithm) provides details into the fine perturbation of all individual genes during a cell cycle, providing a view of the cell-cycle-phase specific landscape of any given human genes. Specifically, we identified that 38 out of the 70 (54%) MammaPrint® signature genes are perturbated to a specific phase of the cell cycle. The MammaPrint® signature panel derived its clinical prognosis power from measuring the cell cycle activity of specific breast cancer samples. Such cell cycle phase index of the MammaPrint® signature suggested that measurement of the cell cycle index from tumors could be developed into a prognosis tool for various types of cancer beyond breast cancer, potentially improving therapy through targeting a specific phase of the cell cycle of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengwen Calvin Li
- Neuro-oncology and Stem Cell Research Laboratory, CHOC Children's Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Orange County; Department of Neurology, University of California-Irvine School of Medicine, Orange, CA, USA
| | - Andres Stucky
- Division of Periodontology, Diagnostic Sciences and Dental Hygiene, and Division of Biomedical Sciences, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Xuelian Chen
- Division of Periodontology, Diagnostic Sciences and Dental Hygiene, and Division of Biomedical Sciences, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mustafa H. Kabeer
- Pediatric Surgery, CHOC Children's Hospital, Department of Surgery, University of California-Irvine School of Medicine, Orange, CA, USA
| | - William G. Loudon
- Neuroscience Institute, Children's Hospital of Orange County (CHOC), Gamma Knife Center of Southern California, Department of Neurosurgery, University of California-Irvine School of Medicine, Orange, CA, USA
| | - Ashley S. Plant
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange, CA, USA
| | - Lilibeth Torno
- Hyundai Cancer Institute at CHOC Children's Hospital, Oncology, Bone and Soft Tissue Tumor Program, After Cancer Treatment Survivorship Program, CHOC Children's Hospital, Orange, CA, USA
| | - Chaitali S. Nangia
- Chan Soon-Shiong Institute for Medicine, Verity Medical Foundation, Laguna Hills, CA, USA
| | - Jin Cai
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Zhuhai People's Hospital, Zhuhai, China
| | - Gang Zhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiang F. Zhong
- Division of Periodontology, Diagnostic Sciences and Dental Hygiene, and Division of Biomedical Sciences, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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13
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Fadaka AO, Ojo BA, Adewale OB, Esho T, Pretorius A. Effect of dietary components on miRNA and colorectal carcinogenesis. Cancer Cell Int 2018; 18:130. [PMID: 30202241 PMCID: PMC6127951 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-018-0631-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common cancers diagnosed and among the commonest causes of cancer-related mortality globally. Despite the various available treatment options, millions of people still suffer from this illness and most of these treatment options have several limitations. Therefore, a less expensive, non-invasive or a treatment that requires the use of dietary products remains a focal point in this review. Main body Aberrant microRNA expression has been revealed to have a functional role in the initiation and progression of CRC. These has shown significant promise in the diagnosis and prognosis of CRC, owing to their unique expression profile associated with cancer types and malignancies. Moreover, microRNA therapeutics show a great promise in preclinical studies, and these encourage further development of their clinical use in CRC patients. Additionally, emerging studies show the chemo-preventive potential of dietary components in microRNA modulation using several CRC models. This review examines the dietary interplay between microRNAs and CRC incidence. Improving the understanding of the interactions between microRNAs and dietary components in the carcinogenesis of CRC will assist the study of CRC progression and finally, in developing personalized approaches for cancer prevention and therapy. Conclusion Although miRNA research is still at its infancy, it could serve as a promising predictive biomarkers and therapeutic targets for CRC. Given the ever-expanding number of miRNAs, understanding their functional aspects represents a promising option for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adewale Oluwaseun Fadaka
- 1Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa.,3Department of Biochemistry, Afe Babalola University, P.M.B. 5454, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State Nigeria
| | - Babajide A Ojo
- 2Department of Nutritional Science, Oklahoma State University, 301, Human Sciences, Stillwater, OK 74075 USA
| | - Olusola Bolaji Adewale
- 3Department of Biochemistry, Afe Babalola University, P.M.B. 5454, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State Nigeria
| | - Temitope Esho
- 4Institute of Biochemistry II, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann Str. 52, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Ashley Pretorius
- Biotechnology Innovation Division, Aminotek PTY LTD, Suite 2C, Oude Westhof Village Square Bellville, 7530 South Africa
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14
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Li SC, Kabeer MH. Spatiotemporal switching signals for cancer stem cell activation in pediatric origins of adulthood cancer: Towards a watch-and-wait lifetime strategy for cancer treatment. World J Stem Cells 2018; 10:15-22. [PMID: 29531638 PMCID: PMC5840533 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v10.i2.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pediatric origin of cancer stem cell hypothesis holds great promise and potential in adult cancer treatment, however; the road to innovation is full of obstacles as there are plenty of questions left unanswered. First, the key question is to characterize the nature of such stem cells (concept). Second, the quantitative imaging of pediatric stem cells should be implemented (technology). Conceptually, pediatric stem cell origins of adult cancer are based on the notion that plasticity in early life developmental programming evolves local environments to cancer. Technologically, such imaging in children is lacking as all imaging is designed for adult patients. We postulate that the need for quantitative imaging to measure space-time changes of plasticity in early life developmental programming in children may trigger research and development of the imaging technology. Such quantitative imaging of pediatric origin of adulthood cancer will help develop a spatiotemporal monitoring system to determine cancer initiation and progression. Clinical validation of such speculative hypothesis-that cancer originates in a pediatric environment-will help implement a wait-and-watch strategy for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengwen Calvin Li
- Neuro-oncology and Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Children’s Hospital of Orange County, Department of Neurology, University of California-Irvine School of Medicine, Orange, CA 92868-3874, United States
| | - Mustafa H Kabeer
- Children's Hospital of Orange County, Department of Surgery, University of California-Irvine School of Medicine, Orange, CA 92868-3874, United States
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15
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Patel H, Nilendu P, Jahagirdar D, Pal JK, Sharma NK. Modulating secreted components of tumor microenvironment: A masterstroke in tumor therapeutics. Cancer Biol Ther 2018; 19:3-12. [PMID: 29219656 PMCID: PMC5790373 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2017.1394538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The microenvironment in which cancer resides plays an important role in regulating cancer survival, progression, malignancy and drug resistance. Tumor microenvironment (TME) consists of heterogeneous number and types of cellular and non-cellular components that vary in relation to tumor phenotype and genotype. In recent, non-cellular secreted components of microenvironmental heterogeneity have been suggested to contain various growth factors, cytokines, RNA, DNA, metabolites, structural matrix and matricellular proteins. These non-cellular components have been indicated to orchestrate numerous ways to support cancer survival and progression by providing metabolites, energy, growth signals, evading immune surveillance, drug resistance environment, metastatic and angiogenesis cues. Thus, switching action from pro-cancer to anti-cancer activities of these secreted components of TME has been considered as a new avenue in cancer therapeutics and drug resistance. In this report, we summarize the recent pre-clinical and clinical evidences to emphasize the importance of non-cellular components of TME in achieving precision therapeutics and biomarker study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himadri Patel
- Cancer and Translational Research Lab, Dr. D.Y. Patil Biotechnology & Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Pritish Nilendu
- Cancer and Translational Research Lab, Dr. D.Y. Patil Biotechnology & Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Devashree Jahagirdar
- Cancer and Translational Research Lab, Dr. D.Y. Patil Biotechnology & Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Jayanta K. Pal
- Cancer and Translational Research Lab, Dr. D.Y. Patil Biotechnology & Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Nilesh Kumar Sharma
- Cancer and Translational Research Lab, Dr. D.Y. Patil Biotechnology & Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India
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16
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The Role of Tumor Microenvironment in Chemoresistance: To Survive, Keep Your Enemies Closer. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18071586. [PMID: 28754000 PMCID: PMC5536073 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 07/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemoresistance is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in cancer and it continues to be a challenge in cancer treatment. Chemoresistance is influenced by genetic and epigenetic alterations which affect drug uptake, metabolism and export of drugs at the cellular levels. While most research has focused on tumor cell autonomous mechanisms of chemoresistance, the tumor microenvironment has emerged as a key player in the development of chemoresistance and in malignant progression, thereby influencing the development of novel therapies in clinical oncology. It is not surprising that the study of the tumor microenvironment is now considered to be as important as the study of tumor cells. Recent advances in technological and analytical methods, especially ‘omics’ technologies, has made it possible to identify specific targets in tumor cells and within the tumor microenvironment to eradicate cancer. Tumors need constant support from previously ‘unsupportive’ microenvironments. Novel therapeutic strategies that inhibit such microenvironmental support to tumor cells would reduce chemoresistance and tumor relapse. Such strategies can target stromal cells, proteins released by stromal cells and non-cellular components such as the extracellular matrix (ECM) within the tumor microenvironment. Novel in vitro tumor biology models that recapitulate the in vivo tumor microenvironment such as multicellular tumor spheroids, biomimetic scaffolds and tumor organoids are being developed and are increasing our understanding of cancer cell-microenvironment interactions. This review offers an analysis of recent developments on the role of the tumor microenvironment in the development of chemoresistance and the strategies to overcome microenvironment-mediated chemoresistance. We propose a systematic analysis of the relationship between tumor cells and their respective tumor microenvironments and our data show that, to survive, cancer cells interact closely with tumor microenvironment components such as mesenchymal stem cells and the extracellular matrix.
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