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Banerjee R, Cicero KI, Lee SS, Cowan AJ. Definers and drivers of functional high-risk multiple myeloma: insights from genomic, transcriptomic, and immune profiling. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1240966. [PMID: 37849816 PMCID: PMC10577204 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1240966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditional prognostic models for newly diagnosed patients with multiple myeloma (MM), including International Staging System criteria and number of high-risk chromosomal abnormalities, are based on disease characteristics at diagnosis. However, the identification of patients at risk of more rapidly progressive MM is inherently a dynamic assessment. In a subset of patients with MM, adverse disease biology only becomes evident after the failure of first-line therapy. We define this entity as functional high-risk MM (FHRMM), encompassing relapse within 18 months of treatment initiation and/or within 12 months of frontline autologous stem cell transplantation. FHRMM is not adequately captured by traditional prognostic models, and there is a need for better understanding of mechanisms or risk factors for early relapse or progression. In this review, we explore potential definitions of FHRMM before delving into its underlying drivers based on genetic, transcriptomic, and immune cell profiling studies. Emerging data suggest that specific features of both myeloma cells and immune cells can enable the FHRMM phenotype. We conclude our review by discussing ongoing and future studies that seek to identify and intervene upon patients with FHRMM preemptively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Banerjee
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Kara I. Cicero
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Sarah S. Lee
- Division of Myeloma, Department of Hematology & Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope, CA, United States
| | - Andrew J. Cowan
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, United States
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2
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Ivanova T, Mariienko Y, Mehterov N, Kazakova M, Sbirkov Y, Todorova K, Hayrabedyan S, Sarafian V. Autophagy and SARS-CoV-2-Old Players in New Games. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:7734. [PMID: 37175443 PMCID: PMC10178552 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24097734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
At present it is well-defined that autophagy is a fundamental process essential for cell life but its pro-viral and anti-viral role has been stated out with the COVID pandemic. However, viruses in turn have evolved diverse adaptive strategies to cope with autophagy driven host defense, either by blocking or hijacking the autophagy machinery for their own benefit. The mechanisms underlying autophagy modulation are presented in the current review which summarizes the accumulated knowledge on the crosstalk between autophagy and viral infections, with a particular emphasizes on SARS-CoV-2. The different types of autophagy related to infections and their molecular mechanisms are focused in the context of inflammation. In particular, SARS-CoV-2 entry, replication and disease pathogenesis are discussed. Models to study autophagy and to formulate novel treatment approaches and pharmacological modulation to fight COVID-19 are debated. The SARS-CoV-2-autophagy interplay is presented, revealing the complex dynamics and the molecular machinery of autophagy. The new molecular targets and strategies to treat COVID-19 effectively are envisaged. In conclusion, our finding underline the importance of development new treatment strategies and pharmacological modulation of autophagy to fight COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsvetomira Ivanova
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical University-Plovdiv, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
- Research Institute, Medical University-Plovdiv, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Yuliia Mariienko
- Institute of Biology and Immunology of Reproduction, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Nikolay Mehterov
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical University-Plovdiv, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
- Research Institute, Medical University-Plovdiv, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Maria Kazakova
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical University-Plovdiv, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
- Research Institute, Medical University-Plovdiv, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Yordan Sbirkov
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical University-Plovdiv, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
- Research Institute, Medical University-Plovdiv, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Krassimira Todorova
- Institute of Biology and Immunology of Reproduction, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Soren Hayrabedyan
- Institute of Biology and Immunology of Reproduction, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Victoria Sarafian
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical University-Plovdiv, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
- Research Institute, Medical University-Plovdiv, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
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3
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Ruxolitinib enhances cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of temozolomide on glioblastoma cells by regulating WNT signaling pathway-related genes. MEDICAL ONCOLOGY (NORTHWOOD, LONDON, ENGLAND) 2022; 40:37. [PMID: 36460932 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-022-01897-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Although temozolomide is the primary chemotherapeutic agent in glioblastoma, current studies have focused on its combinational applications to overcome resistance by targeting multiple pathways. JAK/STAT and WNT are among the essential cancer-related signaling pathways. Ruxolitinib, the first approved JAK1/2 inhibitor, has promise in glioblastoma with its blood-brain barrier (BBB) crossing ability. The mentioned study aims to evaluate the anti-cancer potential of ruxolitinib individually and in combination with temozolomide on glioblastoma cells, brain cancer stem cells (BCSCs), and BBB-forming healthy cells. It also intends to determine the effects of JAK inhibitor treatment in combination with temozolomide on WNT signaling, which is known to cross-talk with the JAK/STAT pathway. The U87MG, BCSC, and HBMEC cell lines were the in vitro models. The cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of ruxolitinib and the combination were determined by the WST-1 test and Annexin V assay, respectively. The expression level changes of WNT signaling pathway genes caused by ruxolitinib and the combination treatments were defined by the qRT-PCR method. Network analysis of significantly upregulated and downregulated genes was performed via the GO KEGG pathway enrichment module of the String V11.5 database. The IC50 value of the ruxolitinib on U87MG glioblastoma cells was determined as 94.07 µM at 24th h. The combination of temozolomide and ruxolitinib had a synergistic effect on U87MG cells at 24th h. The combination index (CI) was determined as 0.796, and ED60 values of ruxolitinib and temozolomide were determined as 89.75 and 391.48 µM, respectively. Ruxolitinib improves the apoptotic effect of temozolomide on glioblastoma cells and brain cancer stem cells. Ruxolitinib regulates the WNT signaling pathway both individually and in combination with temozolomide. Our study indicates the potential of ruxolitinib to increase the cytotoxic and apoptotic activity of temozolomide in glioblastoma cells, also considering CSCs and healthy BBB-forming cells. As supported by gene expression and network analyses, the BBB-crossing agent ruxolitinib promises the potential to increase the efficacy of temozolomide in glioblastoma by affecting multiple signaling pathways in both cancer cells and CSCs.
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Cytochrome B5 type A alleviates HCC metastasis via regulating STOML2 related autophagy and promoting sensitivity to ruxolitinib. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:623. [PMID: 35851063 PMCID: PMC9293983 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05053-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is increasing in the world. However, its role and underlying molecular mechanism in HCC progression remain unclear. We found that CYB5A plays a key role in HCC metastasis by inhibiting the JAK1/STAT3 pathway through binding to STOML2. CYB5A combined with STOML2 can predict the outcome of patients. To demonstrate the effect of CYB5A on JAK1 inhibitor function, we applied Ruxolitinib in metastatic tumors with high CYB5A expression and found that it slowed disease progression and prolonged survival in mice. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to report the Ruxolitinib effect on the metastatic ability of HCC cells in vivo and in vitro.
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Siriwaseree J, Sanachai K, Aiebchun T, Tabtimmai L, Kuaprasert B, Choowongkomon K. Synchrotron Fourier Transform Infrared Microscopy Spectra in Cellular Effects of Janus Kinase Inhibitors on Myelofibrosis Cancer Cells. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:22797-22803. [PMID: 35811912 PMCID: PMC9260937 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c02404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Janus kinase (JAK) deregulation of the JAK/signal transducers and activators of transcription pathway leads to myelofibrosis that can be treated by JAK inhibitors including Ruxolitinib and Tofacitinib. Even though both inhibitors are effective against myelofibrosis, each of them has a different mode of action in the cells. Ruxolitinib is an inhibitor for selective JAK1/2, and Tofacitinib is an inhibitor for JAK3. This study evaluated the chemical fingerprints of TF-1 cells after JAK inhibitor treatments by the synchrotron Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy (S-FTIR) spectrum. Tofacitinib and Ruxolitinib treatments in TF-1 cells were applied with a chemical fingerprint approach in S-FTIR spectroscopy and in vitro cytotoxicity in a cell-based assay. Principal component analysis or PCA was utilized to classify three cell treatments with three biochemical alteration absorbances of lipid vibration by the C-H stretching, protein amide I that appeared from the C=O stretching, and a P=O phosphodiester bond from nucleic acids. The results showed that the inhibition effect of Ruxolitinib on the TF-1 cell lines was two-fold higher than Tofacitinib. PCA distinguishes untreated and drug-treated cells by detecting cellular biochemical alteration. The loading plots identify that proteins and nucleic acids were the different main components in disparate cell treatments. Tofacitinib was distinct from the others in lipid and nucleic acid. The second derivative spectra of the three molecular components had decreased lipid production and accumulation, changes in secondary structures in proteins, and a high level of RNA overexpression in cell treatment. The JAK inhibitors caused different spectroscopic biomarkers of the modifications of secondary protein conformation, stimulated cell lipid accumulation, and phosphorylation from untreated cells. The alteration of cellular biochemical components suggests that FTIR is a potential tool to analyze specific patterns of drug cellular responses at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeeraprapa Siriwaseree
- Faculty
of Science, Department of Biochemistry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Kamonpan Sanachai
- Faculty
of Science, Department of Biochemistry, Structural and Computational
Biology Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Thitinan Aiebchun
- Faculty
of Science, Department of Biochemistry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Lueacha Tabtimmai
- Faculty
of Applied Science, Department of Biotechnology, King Mongkut’s University of Technology of North Bangkok, Bangkok 10800, Thailand
| | - Buabarn Kuaprasert
- Synchrotron
Light Research Institute (Public Organization), Nakhon Ratchasrima 30000, Thailand
| | - Kiattawee Choowongkomon
- Faculty
of Science, Department of Biochemistry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
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6
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Eshraghi M, Ahmadi M, Afshar S, Lorzadeh S, Adlimoghaddam A, Rezvani Jalal N, West R, Dastghaib S, Igder S, Torshizi SRN, Mahmoodzadeh A, Mokarram P, Madrakian T, Albensi BC, Łos MJ, Ghavami S, Pecic S. Enhancing autophagy in Alzheimer's disease through drug repositioning. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 237:108171. [PMID: 35304223 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the biggest human health threats due to increases in aging of the global population. Unfortunately, drugs for treating AD have been largely ineffective. Interestingly, downregulation of macroautophagy (autophagy) plays an essential role in AD pathogenesis. Therefore, targeting autophagy has drawn considerable attention as a therapeutic approach for the treatment of AD. However, developing new therapeutics is time-consuming and requires huge investments. One of the strategies currently under consideration for many diseases is "drug repositioning" or "drug repurposing". In this comprehensive review, we have provided an overview of the impact of autophagy on AD pathophysiology, reviewed the therapeutics that upregulate autophagy and are currently used in the treatment of other diseases, including cancers, and evaluated their repurposing as a possible treatment option for AD. In addition, we discussed the potential of applying nano-drug delivery to neurodegenerative diseases, such as AD, to overcome the challenge of crossing the blood brain barrier and specifically target molecules/pathways of interest with minimal side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Eshraghi
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba College of Medicine, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
| | - Mazaher Ahmadi
- Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran; Autophagy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Saeid Afshar
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Shahrokh Lorzadeh
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba College of Medicine, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
| | - Aida Adlimoghaddam
- Autophagy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Winnipeg, MB R2H2A6, Canada
| | | | - Ryan West
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Fullerton, United States of America
| | - Sanaz Dastghaib
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz Iran
| | - Somayeh Igder
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | | | - Amir Mahmoodzadeh
- Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6734667149, Iran
| | - Pooneh Mokarram
- Autophagy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Tayyebeh Madrakian
- Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran; Autophagy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Benedict C Albensi
- St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Winnipeg, MB R2H2A6, Canada; Nova Southeastern Univ. College of Pharmacy, Davie, FL, United States of America; University of Manitoba, College of Medicine, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
| | - Marek J Łos
- Biotechnology Center, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Saeid Ghavami
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba College of Medicine, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada; Autophagy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Research Institutes of Oncology and Hematology, Cancer Care Manitoba-University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada; Biology of Breathing Theme, Children Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada; Faculty of Medicine in Zabrze, University of Technology in Katowice, Academia of Silesia, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Stevan Pecic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Fullerton, United States of America.
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7
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Li B, Wan Q, Li Z, Chng WJ. Janus Kinase Signaling: Oncogenic Criminal of Lymphoid Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13205147. [PMID: 34680295 PMCID: PMC8533975 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13205147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Janus kinases (JAKs) are transmembrane receptors that pass signals from extracellular ligands to downstream. Increasing evidence has suggested that JAK family aberrations promote lymphoid cancer pathogenesis and progression through mediating gene expression via the JAK/STAT pathway or noncanonical JAK signaling. We are here to review how canonical JAK/STAT and noncanonical JAK signalings are represented and deregulated in lymphoid malignancies and how to target JAK for therapeutic purposes. Abstract The Janus kinase (JAK) family are known to respond to extracellular cytokine stimuli and to phosphorylate and activate signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT), thereby modulating gene expression profiles. Recent studies have highlighted JAK abnormality in inducing over-activation of the JAK/STAT pathway, and that the cytoplasmic JAK tyrosine kinases may also have a nuclear role. A couple of anti-JAK therapeutics have been developed, which effectively harness lymphoid cancer cells. Here we discuss mutations and fusions leading to JAK deregulations, how upstream nodes drive JAK expression, how classical JAK/STAT pathways are represented in lymphoid malignancies and the noncanonical and nuclear role of JAKs. We also summarize JAK inhibition therapeutics applied alone or synergized with other drugs in treating lymphoid malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boheng Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; or (Q.W.)
| | - Qin Wan
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; or (Q.W.)
| | - Zhubo Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; or (Q.W.)
- Correspondence: or (Z.L.); (W.-J.C.)
| | - Wee-Joo Chng
- Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute of Singapore, Singapore 119074, Singapore
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore
- Correspondence: or (Z.L.); (W.-J.C.)
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8
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Claudiani S, Mason CC, Milojkovic D, Bianchi A, Pellegrini C, Di Marco A, Fiol CR, Robinson M, Ponnusamy K, Mokretar K, Chowdhury A, Albert M, Reid AG, Deininger MW, Naresh K, Apperley JF, Khorashad JS. Carfilzomib Enhances the Suppressive Effect of Ruxolitinib in Myelofibrosis. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13194863. [PMID: 34638347 PMCID: PMC8507927 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13194863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
As the first FDA-approved tyrosine kinase inhibitor for treatment of patients with myelofibrosis (MF), ruxolitinib improves clinical symptoms but does not lead to eradication of the disease or significant reduction of the mutated allele burden. The resistance of MF clones against the suppressive action of ruxolitinib may be due to intrinsic or extrinsic mechanisms leading to activity of additional pro-survival genes or signalling pathways that function independently of JAK2/STAT5. To identify alternative therapeutic targets, we applied a pooled-shRNA library targeting ~5000 genes to a JAK2V617F-positive cell line under a variety of conditions, including absence or presence of ruxolitinib and in the presence of a bone marrow microenvironment-like culture medium. We identified several proteasomal gene family members as essential to HEL cell survival. The importance of these genes was validated in MF cells using the proteasomal inhibitor carfilzomib, which also enhanced lethality in combination with ruxolitinib. We also showed that proteasome gene expression is reduced by ruxolitinib in MF CD34+ cells and that additional targeting of proteasomal activity by carfilzomib enhances the inhibitory action of ruxolitinib in vitro. Hence, this study suggests a potential role for proteasome inhibitors in combination with ruxolitinib for management of MF patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Claudiani
- Centre for Haematology, Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College, London W12 0NN, UK; (S.C.); (D.M.); (C.R.F.); (M.R.); (K.P.); (K.M.); (A.C.); (M.A.); (K.N.); (J.F.A.)
| | - Clinton C. Mason
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA;
| | - Dragana Milojkovic
- Centre for Haematology, Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College, London W12 0NN, UK; (S.C.); (D.M.); (C.R.F.); (M.R.); (K.P.); (K.M.); (A.C.); (M.A.); (K.N.); (J.F.A.)
| | - Andrea Bianchi
- Department of Information Engineering, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (A.B.); (A.D.M.)
| | - Cristina Pellegrini
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Science, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy;
| | - Antinisca Di Marco
- Department of Information Engineering, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (A.B.); (A.D.M.)
| | - Carme R. Fiol
- Centre for Haematology, Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College, London W12 0NN, UK; (S.C.); (D.M.); (C.R.F.); (M.R.); (K.P.); (K.M.); (A.C.); (M.A.); (K.N.); (J.F.A.)
| | - Mark Robinson
- Centre for Haematology, Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College, London W12 0NN, UK; (S.C.); (D.M.); (C.R.F.); (M.R.); (K.P.); (K.M.); (A.C.); (M.A.); (K.N.); (J.F.A.)
| | - Kanagaraju Ponnusamy
- Centre for Haematology, Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College, London W12 0NN, UK; (S.C.); (D.M.); (C.R.F.); (M.R.); (K.P.); (K.M.); (A.C.); (M.A.); (K.N.); (J.F.A.)
| | - Katya Mokretar
- Centre for Haematology, Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College, London W12 0NN, UK; (S.C.); (D.M.); (C.R.F.); (M.R.); (K.P.); (K.M.); (A.C.); (M.A.); (K.N.); (J.F.A.)
| | - Avirup Chowdhury
- Centre for Haematology, Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College, London W12 0NN, UK; (S.C.); (D.M.); (C.R.F.); (M.R.); (K.P.); (K.M.); (A.C.); (M.A.); (K.N.); (J.F.A.)
| | - Michael Albert
- Centre for Haematology, Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College, London W12 0NN, UK; (S.C.); (D.M.); (C.R.F.); (M.R.); (K.P.); (K.M.); (A.C.); (M.A.); (K.N.); (J.F.A.)
| | - Alistair G. Reid
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Liverpool University, Liverpool L7 8XP, UK;
| | - Michael W. Deininger
- Versiti Blood Research Institute, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA;
| | - Kikkeri Naresh
- Centre for Haematology, Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College, London W12 0NN, UK; (S.C.); (D.M.); (C.R.F.); (M.R.); (K.P.); (K.M.); (A.C.); (M.A.); (K.N.); (J.F.A.)
| | - Jane F. Apperley
- Centre for Haematology, Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College, London W12 0NN, UK; (S.C.); (D.M.); (C.R.F.); (M.R.); (K.P.); (K.M.); (A.C.); (M.A.); (K.N.); (J.F.A.)
| | - Jamshid S. Khorashad
- Centre for Haematology, Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College, London W12 0NN, UK; (S.C.); (D.M.); (C.R.F.); (M.R.); (K.P.); (K.M.); (A.C.); (M.A.); (K.N.); (J.F.A.)
- Correspondence:
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9
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Sargazi S, Sheervalilou R, Rokni M, Shirvaliloo M, Shahraki O, Rezaei N. The role of autophagy in controlling SARS-CoV-2 infection: An overview on virophagy-mediated molecular drug targets. Cell Biol Int 2021; 45:1599-1612. [PMID: 33818861 PMCID: PMC8251464 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy-dependent cell death is a prominent mechanism that majorly contributes to homeostasis by maintaining the turnover of organelles under stressful conditions. Several viruses, including coronaviruses (CoVs), take advantage of cellular autophagy to facilitate their own replication. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a beta-coronavirus (β-CoVs) that mediates its replication through a dependent or independent ATG5 pathway using specific double-membrane vesicles that can be considered as similar to autophagosomes. With due attention to several mutations in NSP6, a nonstructural protein with a positive regulatory effect on autophagosome formation, a potential correlation between SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis mechanisms and autophagy can be expected. Certain medications, albeit limited in number, have been indicated to negatively regulate autophagy flux, potentially in a way similar to the inhibitory effect of β-CoVs on the process of autophagy. However, there is no conclusive evidence to support their direct antagonizing effect on CoVs. Off-target accumulation of a major fraction of FDA-approved autophagy modulating drugs may result in adverse effects. Therefore, medications that have modulatory effects on autophagy could be considered as potential lead compounds for the development of new treatments against this virus. This review discusses the role of autophagy/virophagy in controlling SARS-CoV-2, focusing on the potential therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saman Sargazi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Resistant Tuberculosis InstituteZahedan University of Medical SciencesZahedanIran
| | | | - Mohsen Rokni
- Department of Immunology, School of MedicineTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA)Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN)TehranIran
| | - Milad Shirvaliloo
- Student Research CommitteeTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
- Faculty of MedicineTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
| | - Omolbanin Shahraki
- Pharmacology Research CenterZahedan University of Medical SciencesZahedanIran
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Department of Immunology, School of MedicineTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA)Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN)TehranIran
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical CenterTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
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Chen H, Li M, Ng N, Yu E, Bujarski S, Yin Z, Wen M, Hekmati T, Field D, Wang J, Nassir I, Yu J, Huang J, Daniely D, Wang CS, Xu N, Spektor TM, Berenson JR. Ruxolitinib reverses checkpoint inhibition by reducing programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1) expression and increases anti-tumour effects of T cells in multiple myeloma. Br J Haematol 2021; 192:568-576. [PMID: 33341940 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.17282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) tumour cells evade host immunity through a variety of mechanisms, which may potentially include the programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1):programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) axis. This interaction contributes to the immunosuppressive bone marrow (BM) microenvironment, ultimately leading to reduced effector cell function. PD-L1 is overexpressed in MMBM and is associated with the resistance to immune-based approaches for treating MM. Ruxolitinib (RUX), an inhibitor of the Janus kinase (JAK) family of protein tyrosine kinases, is approved for myeloproliferative diseases. We investigated the effects of RUX alone or in combination with anti-MM agents on the expression of PD-L1 and T-cell cytotoxicity in MM. We showed that the expression of the PD-L1 gene was markedly increased in BM mononuclear cells from patients with MM with progressive disease versus those in complete remission. Furthermore, RUX treatment resulted in a concentration-dependent reduction of PD-L1 gene expression in the MM tumour cells cultured alone or co-cultured with stromal cells compared with untreated cells. The results also demonstrated that RUX increased MM cell apoptosis in the presence of interleukin-2-stimulated T cells to a similar degree as the treatment with anti-PD-1 or anti-PD-L1 antibodies. In summary, these results indicate that RUX can block PD-L1 expression resulting in augmentation of anti-MM effects of T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiming Chen
- Institute for Myeloma and Bone Cancer Research, West Hollywood, CA, USA
| | - Mingjie Li
- Institute for Myeloma and Bone Cancer Research, West Hollywood, CA, USA
| | - Nicole Ng
- Institute for Myeloma and Bone Cancer Research, West Hollywood, CA, USA
| | - Erin Yu
- Institute for Myeloma and Bone Cancer Research, West Hollywood, CA, USA
| | - Sean Bujarski
- Institute for Myeloma and Bone Cancer Research, West Hollywood, CA, USA
| | - Zhengyi Yin
- Institute for Myeloma and Bone Cancer Research, West Hollywood, CA, USA
| | - Mingxiang Wen
- Institute for Myeloma and Bone Cancer Research, West Hollywood, CA, USA
| | - Tara Hekmati
- Institute for Myeloma and Bone Cancer Research, West Hollywood, CA, USA
| | - Dylan Field
- Institute for Myeloma and Bone Cancer Research, West Hollywood, CA, USA
| | - Jasper Wang
- Institute for Myeloma and Bone Cancer Research, West Hollywood, CA, USA
| | - Isabella Nassir
- Institute for Myeloma and Bone Cancer Research, West Hollywood, CA, USA
| | - Janna Yu
- Institute for Myeloma and Bone Cancer Research, West Hollywood, CA, USA
| | - Justin Huang
- Institute for Myeloma and Bone Cancer Research, West Hollywood, CA, USA
| | - David Daniely
- Institute for Myeloma and Bone Cancer Research, West Hollywood, CA, USA
| | - Cathy S Wang
- Institute for Myeloma and Bone Cancer Research, West Hollywood, CA, USA
| | - Ning Xu
- Institute for Myeloma and Bone Cancer Research, West Hollywood, CA, USA
| | | | - James R Berenson
- Institute for Myeloma and Bone Cancer Research, West Hollywood, CA, USA
- Oncotherapeutics, West Hollywood, CA, USA
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11
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Shojaei S, Suresh M, Klionsky DJ, Labouta HI, Ghavami S. Autophagy and SARS-CoV-2 infection: Apossible smart targeting of the autophagy pathway. Virulence 2020; 11:805-810. [PMID: 32567972 PMCID: PMC7549903 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2020.1780088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) outbreak resulted in 5,993,317 confirmed cases worldwide with 365,394 confirmed deaths (as of May 29th, 2020, WHO). The molecular mechanism of virus infection and spread in the body is not yet disclosed, but studies on other betacoronaviruses show that, upon cell infection, these viruses inhibit macroautophagy/autophagy flux and cause the accumulation of autophagosomes. No drug has yet been approved for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection; however, preclinical investigations suggested repurposing of several FDA-approved drugs for clinical trials. Half of these drugs are modulators of the autophagy pathway. Unexpectedly, instead of acting by directly antagonizing the effects of viruses, these drugs appear to function by suppressing autophagy flux. Based on the established cross-talk between autophagy and apoptosis, we speculate that over-accumulation of autophagosomes activates an apoptotic pathway that results in apoptotic death of the infected cells and disrupts the virus replication cycle. However, administration of the suggested drugs are associated with severe adverse effects due to their off-target accumulation. Nanoparticle targeting of autophagy at the sites of interest could be a powerful tool to efficiently overcome SARS-CoV-2 infection while avoiding the common adverse effects of these drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahla Shojaei
- College of Pharmacy, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Madhumita Suresh
- College of Pharmacy, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Daniel J. Klionsky
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Hagar Ibrahim Labouta
- College of Pharmacy, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Children’s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Saeid Ghavami
- Children’s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
- Research Institute in Oncology and Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Autophagy Research Centre, Health Policy Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Faculty of Medicine, Katowice School of Technology, Katowice, Poland
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12
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Pillat MM, Krüger A, Guimarães LMF, Lameu C, de Souza EE, Wrenger C, Ulrich H. Insights in Chloroquine Action: Perspectives and Implications in Malaria and COVID-19. Cytometry A 2020; 97:872-881. [PMID: 32686260 PMCID: PMC7404934 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is a threat to human mankind and kills about half a million people every year. On the other hand, COVID-19 resulted in several hundred thousand deaths since December 2019 and remains without an efficient and safe treatment. The antimalarials chloroquine (CQ) and its analog, hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), have been tested for COVID-19 treatment, and several conflicting evidence has been obtained. Therefore, the aim of this review was to summarize the evidence regarding action mechanisms of these compounds against Plasmodium and SARS-CoV-2 infection, together with cytometry applications. CQ and HCQ act on the renin angiotensin system, with possible implications on the cardiorespiratory system. In this context, flow and image cytometry emerge as powerful technologies to investigate the mechanism of therapeutic candidates, as well as for the identification of the immune response and prognostics of disease severity. Data from the large randomized trials support the conclusion that CQ and HCQ do not provide any clinical improvements in disease severity and progression of SARS-CoV-2 patients, as well as they do not present any solid evidence of increased serious side effects. These drugs are safe and effective antimalarials agents, but in SARS-CoV-2 patients, they need further studies in the context of clinical trials. © 2020 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micheli Mainardi Pillat
- Department of Microbiology and ParasitologyHealth Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa MariaSanta MariaRio Grande do SulBrazil
| | - Arne Krüger
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | | | - Claudiana Lameu
- Department of BiochemistryInstitute of Chemistry, University of São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - Edmarcia Elisa de Souza
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - Carsten Wrenger
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - Henning Ulrich
- Department of BiochemistryInstitute of Chemistry, University of São PauloSão PauloBrazil
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13
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Goker Bagca B, Biray Avci C. The potential of JAK/STAT pathway inhibition by ruxolitinib in the treatment of COVID-19. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2020; 54:51-62. [PMID: 32636055 PMCID: PMC7305753 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2020.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Ruxolitinib is the first approved JAK1 and JAK2 inhibitor, and is known to interfere with the JAK / STAT signaling pathway, one of the critical cellular signaling pathways involved in the inflammatory response. This review presents an overview of SARS-CoV-2 and the COVID-19 pandemic, and then focuses on the potential efficacy of ruxolitinib in this infection. The potential targets of ruxolitinib were determined by using genetic alterations that have been reported in COVID-19 patients. The potential effectiveness of ruxolitinib is suggested by evaluating the interactions of these potential targets with ruxolitinib or JAK/STAT pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bakiye Goker Bagca
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical Faculty, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Cigir Biray Avci
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical Faculty, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
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