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Gao P, Zhou L, Wu J, Weng W, Wang H, Ye M, Qu Y, Hao Y, Zhang Y, Ge X, Guo X, Han J, Yang H. Riding apoptotic bodies for cell-cell transmission by African swine fever virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2309506120. [PMID: 37983498 PMCID: PMC10691326 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2309506120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV), a devastating pathogen to the worldwide swine industry, mainly targets macrophage/monocyte lineage, but how the virus enters host cells has remained unclear. Here, we report that ASFV utilizes apoptotic bodies (ApoBDs) for infection and cell-cell transmission. We show that ASFV induces cell apoptosis of primary porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) at the late stage of infection to productively shed ApoBDs that are subsequently swallowed by neighboring PAMs to initiate a secondary infection as evidenced by electron microscopy and live-cell imaging. Interestingly, the virions loaded within ApoBDs are exclusively single-enveloped particles that are devoid of the outer layer of membrane and represent a predominant form produced during late infection. The in vitro purified ApoBD vesicles are capable of mediating virus infection of naive PAMs, but the transmission can be significantly inhibited by blocking the "eat-me" signal phosphatidyserine on the surface of ApoBDs via Annexin V or the efferocytosis receptor TIM4 on the recipient PAMs via anti-TIM4 antibody, whereas overexpression of TIM4 enhances virus infection. The same treatment however did not affect the infection by intracellular viruses. Importantly, the swine sera to ASFV exert no effect on the ApoBD-mediated transmission but can partially act on the virions lacking the outer layer of membrane. Thus, ASFV has evolved to hijack a normal cellular pathway for cell-cell spread to evade host responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Gao
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing100193, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing100193, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiajun Wu
- China Animal Disease Control Center, Beijing100125, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenlian Weng
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing100193, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hua Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing100193, People’s Republic of China
| | - Miaomiao Ye
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing100193, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yajin Qu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing100193, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuxin Hao
- China Animal Disease Control Center, Beijing100125, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yongning Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing100193, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinna Ge
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing100193, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing100193, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Han
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing100193, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hanchun Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing100193, People’s Republic of China
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Acciani MD, Brindley MA. Scrambled or flipped: 5 facts about how cellular phosphatidylserine localization can mediate viral replication. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010352. [PMID: 35245334 PMCID: PMC8896693 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marissa Danielle Acciani
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Melinda Ann Brindley
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Erol A. Importance of Efferocytosis in COVID-19 Mortality. Infect Drug Resist 2022; 15:995-1007. [PMID: 35299855 PMCID: PMC8922362 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s348639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is a generally benign coronavirus disease that can spread rapidly, except for those with a group of risk factors. Since the pathogenesis responsible for the severity of the disease has not been clearly revealed, effective treatment alternatives has not been developed. The hallmark of the SARS-CoV-2-infected cells is apoptosis. Apoptotic cells are cleared through a sterile process defined as efferocytosis by professional and nonprofessional phagocytic cells. The disease would be rapidly brought under control in the organism that can achieve effective efferocytosis, which is also a kind of innate immune response. In the risk group, the efferocytic process is defective. With the addition of the apoptotic cell load associated with SARS-COV-2 infection, failure to achieve efferocytosis of dying cells can initiate secondary necrosis, which is a highly destructive process. Uncontrolled inflammation and coagulation abnormalities caused by secondary necrosis reason in various organ failures, lung in particular, which are responsible for the poor prognosis. Following the short and simplified information, this opinion paper aims to present possible treatment options that can control the severity of COVID-19 by detailing the mechanisms that can cause defective efferocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnan Erol
- Independent Researcher, Not Affiliated to Any Institution, Silivri-Istanbul, Turkey
- Correspondence: Adnan Erol, Independent Researcher, Not Affiliated to Any Institution, Silivri-Istanbul, Turkey, Email
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Bohan D, Maury W. Enveloped RNA virus utilization of phosphatidylserine receptors: Advantages of exploiting a conserved, widely available mechanism of entry. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009899. [PMID: 34555126 PMCID: PMC8459961 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dana Bohan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Interdisciplinary Immunology Graduate Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Wendy Maury
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Interdisciplinary Immunology Graduate Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
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Morla S, Deguchi H, Fernández JA, Ruf W, Brekken RA, Griffin JH. Procoagulant activities of skeletal muscle and cardiac myosins require both myosin protein and myosin-associated anionic phospholipids. Blood 2021; 137:1839-1842. [PMID: 33232975 PMCID: PMC8020266 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020008580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Wolfram Ruf
- Department of Immunology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Rolf A Brekken
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX; and
| | - John H Griffin
- Department of Molecular Medicine and
- Department of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, San Diego, CA
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