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The Role of Zinc and Copper in Platelet Activation and Pathophysiological Thrombus Formation in Patients with Pulmonary Embolism in the Course of SARS-CoV-2 Infection. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11050752. [PMID: 35625480 PMCID: PMC9138256 DOI: 10.3390/biology11050752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
To date, many studies have proved that COVID-19 increases the incidence of thrombus formation and coagulopathies but the exact mechanism behind such a disease outcome is not well known. In this review we collect the information and discuss the pathophysiology of thrombus formation in patients with pulmonary embolism in the course of COVID-19 disease and the role of zinc and copper in the process. Supplementation of zinc and copper may be beneficial for COVID-19 patients due to its anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties. On the other hand, excess of those microelements in the organism may be harmful, that is why marking the level of those micronutrients should be done at first. We also propose further investigation of diagnostic and therapeutic options of zinc and copper in course of COVID-19 thrombus formation to their potential in patient care, with particular emphasis on the dosage and the duration of their misbalance.
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Badimon L, Peña E, Arderiu G, Padró T, Slevin M, Vilahur G, Chiva-Blanch G. C-Reactive Protein in Atherothrombosis and Angiogenesis. Front Immunol 2018; 9:430. [PMID: 29552019 PMCID: PMC5840191 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
C-reactive protein (CRP) is a short pentraxin mainly found as a pentamer in the circulation, or as non-soluble monomers CRP (mCRP) in tissues, exerting different functions. This review is focused on discussing the role of CRP in cardiovascular disease, including recent advances on the implication of CRP and its forms specifically on the pathogenesis of atherothrombosis and angiogenesis. Besides its role in the humoral innate immune response, CRP contributes to cardiovascular disease progression by recognizing and binding multiple intrinsic ligands. mCRP is not present in the healthy vessel wall but it becomes detectable in the early stages of atherogenesis and accumulates during the progression of atherosclerosis. CRP inhibits endothelial nitric oxide production and contributes to plaque instability by increasing endothelial cell adhesion molecules expression, by promoting monocyte recruitment into the atheromatous plaque and by enzymatically binding to modified low-density lipoprotein. CRP also contributes to thrombosis, but depending on its form it elicits different actions. Pentameric CRP has no involvement in thrombogenesis, whereas mCRP induces platelet activation and thrombus growth. In addition, mCRP has apparently contradictory pro-angiogenic and anti-angiogenic effects determining tissue remodeling in the atherosclerotic plaque and in infarcted tissues. Overall, CRP contributes to cardiovascular disease by several mechanisms that deserve an in-depth analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Badimon
- Cardiovascular Science Institute - ICCC, IIB-Sant Pau, Hospital de Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.,CiberCV, Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Esther Peña
- Cardiovascular Science Institute - ICCC, IIB-Sant Pau, Hospital de Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.,CiberCV, Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gemma Arderiu
- Cardiovascular Science Institute - ICCC, IIB-Sant Pau, Hospital de Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Teresa Padró
- Cardiovascular Science Institute - ICCC, IIB-Sant Pau, Hospital de Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.,CiberCV, Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mark Slevin
- School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Gemma Vilahur
- Cardiovascular Science Institute - ICCC, IIB-Sant Pau, Hospital de Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.,CiberCV, Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gemma Chiva-Blanch
- Cardiovascular Science Institute - ICCC, IIB-Sant Pau, Hospital de Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
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Boras E, Slevin M, Alexander MY, Aljohi A, Gilmore W, Ashworth J, Krupinski J, Potempa LA, Al Abdulkareem I, Elobeid A, Matou-Nasri S. Monomeric C-reactive protein and Notch-3 co-operatively increase angiogenesis through PI3K signalling pathway. Cytokine 2014; 69:165-79. [PMID: 24972386 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2014.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
C-reactive protein (CRP) is the most acute-phase reactant serum protein of inflammation and a strong predictor of cardiovascular disease. Its expression is associated with atherosclerotic plaque instability and the formation of immature micro-vessels. We have previously shown that CRP upregulates endothelial-derived Notch-3, a key receptor involved in vascular development, remodelling and maturation. In this study, we investigated the links between the bioactive monomeric CRP (mCRP) and Notch-3 signalling in angiogenesis. We used in vitro (cell counting, wound-healing and tubulogenesis assays) and in vivo (chorioallantoic membrane) angiogenic assays and Western blotting to study the angiogenic signalling pathways induced by mCRP and Notch-3 activator chimera protein (Notch-3/Fc). Our results showed an additive effect on angiogenesis of mCRP stimulatory effect combined with Notch-3/Fc promoting bovine aortic endothelial cell (BAEC) proliferation, migration, tube formation in Matrigel(TM) with up-regulation of phospho-Akt expression. The pharmacological blockade of PI3K/Akt survival pathway by LY294002 fully inhibited in vitro and in vivo angiogenesis induced by mCRP/Notch-3/Fc combination while blocking Notch signalling by gamma-secretase inhibitor (DAPT) partially inhibited mCRP/Notch-3/Fc-induced angiogenesis. Using a BAEC vascular smooth muscle cell co-culture sprouting angiogenesis assay and transmission electron microscopy, we showed that activation of both mCRP and Notch-3 signalling induced the formation of thicker sprouts which were shown later by Western blotting to be associated with an up-regulation of N-cadherin expression and a down-regulation of VE-cadherin expression. Thus, mCRP combined with Notch-3 activator promote angiogenesis through the PI3K/Akt pathway and their therapeutic combination has potential to promote and stabilize vessel formation whilst reducing the risk of haemorrhage from unstable plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emhamed Boras
- Healthcare Science Research Institute, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 5GD, UK
| | - Mark Slevin
- Healthcare Science Research Institute, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 5GD, UK
| | - M Yvonne Alexander
- Healthcare Science Research Institute, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 5GD, UK; Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9NT, UK
| | - Ali Aljohi
- Healthcare Science Research Institute, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 5GD, UK
| | - William Gilmore
- Healthcare Science Research Institute, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 5GD, UK
| | - Jason Ashworth
- Healthcare Science Research Institute, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 5GD, UK
| | - Jerzy Krupinski
- Healthcare Science Research Institute, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 5GD, UK; Hospital Universitari Mútua de Terrassa, Department of Neurology, Cerebrovascular Diseases Unit, Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Ibrahim Al Abdulkareem
- Medical Genomics Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adila Elobeid
- Medical Genomics Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sabine Matou-Nasri
- Healthcare Science Research Institute, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 5GD, UK.
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