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Li Y, Zhang C, Hu Z. Hydraulic retention time governed the micro/nanostructures of titanium-incorporated diatoms and their photocatalytic activity. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 345:123398. [PMID: 38272163 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Titanium-incorporated diatoms are promising biomaterials to photodegrade micropollutants such as pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs). Hydraulic retention time (HRT) is a key parameter for diatom cultivation and the incorporation of titanium into diatom frustules. This study assessed how HRT governs the micro/nanostructures, titania (TiO2) content and distribution, and the photocatalytic activity of titanium-incorporated diatom frustules. We cultivated a diatom strain Stephanodiscus hantzschii using a feed solution containing titanium(IV) in membrane bioreactors (MBRs) at a solids retention time (SRT) of 10 d and staged HRTs from 24 to 12 and to 6 h. The decrease in HRT reduced the porosity of diatom frustules but increased their silicon and titania contents. When the HRT decreased from 24 to 12 and to 6 h, the specific surface areas of the diatom decreased from 37.65 ± 3.19 to 31.53 ± 3.71 and to 18.43 ± 2.69 m2·g-1 frustules, while the titanium (Ti) contents increased from 53 ± 14 to 71 ± 9 and to 85 ± 13 mg Ti·g-1 frustules. The increase in the influent flow rates of the MBRs with decreasing HRTs likely enhanced nutrient diffusion inside the diatom valve pores, facilitating the uptake and incorporation of silicon and titanium. The titanium-incorporated frustules were effective in removing two representative PPCPs, bisphenol A (BPA) and N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET), from water. As photocatalytic activity depends on the amount of titanium, decreasing the HRT substantially increased the photocatalytic activity of the titanium-incorporated frustules. In batch tests under ultraviolet light, frustules from the diatom cultivated at HRTs of 24, 12, and 6 h had the pseudo-first-order removal (mainly through photodegradation) rate constants of BPA of 0.376, 0.456, and 0.683 h-1, respectively. Under the same experimental condition, the pseudo-first-order removal rate constants of DEET by the frustules cultivated at HRTs of 24, 12, and 6 h increased from 0.270 to 0.330 and to 0.480 h-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- NingboTech University, Ningbo, 315000, China; Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, United States
| | - Chiqian Zhang
- Civil Engineering Program, College of Engineering & Computer Science, Arkansas State University, Arkansas, 72467, United States.
| | - Zhiqiang Hu
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, United States
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Hua H, Zahmatkesh S, Osman H, Tariq A, Zhou JL. WITHDRAWN: Effects of hydraulic retention time and cultivation on nutrients removal and biomass production in wastewater by membrane photobioreactor: Modeling and optimization by machine learning and response surface methodology. CHEMOSPHERE 2024:141394. [PMID: 38325614 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
This article has been withdrawn at the request of the Editor-in-Chief.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huang Hua
- Information Construction and Management Center, Chongqing Vocational Institute of Engineering, Chongqing, China
| | - Sasan Zahmatkesh
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingenieríay Ciencias, Puebla, Mexico; Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, INTI International University, 71800, Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
| | - Haitham Osman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha, 61411, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aqil Tariq
- Department of Wildlife, Fisheries and Aquaculture, College of Forest Resources, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, 39762-9690, USA
| | - John L Zhou
- Centre for Green Technology, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia.
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Pal P, Anantharaman H. CO2 nanobubbles utility for enhanced plant growth and productivity: Recent advances in agriculture. J CO2 UTIL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2022.102008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Li Y, Zhang C, He X, Hu Z. Solids retention time dependent, tunable diatom hierarchical micro/nanostructures and their effect on nutrient removal. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 216:118346. [PMID: 35358880 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The hierarchical three-dimensional (3D) micro/nanostructures of diatoms make them a promising biomaterial for fabricating nanomaterials, producing bioactive pharmaceuticals or nutraceuticals, and removing micropollutants. For diatom production in a continuous flow system, little is known how bioreactor operating parameters, especially solids retention time (SRT), affect the 3D structures of diatoms. This study demonstrated that tunable diatom micro/nanostructures could be produced by varying the SRT of membrane bioreactors (MBRs). A diatom strain (Stephanodiscus hantzschii) was cultivated in two identical MBRs with a fixed hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 24 h and staged SRTs from 5, to 10, and to 20 d. As SRTs increased from 5 to 20 d, important characteristics of diatom micro/nanostructures showed linear decreases: the diameters of foramina on the areola layer decreased from 170 ± 10 to 130 ± 12 nm, the numbers of nanopores per cribrum layer decreased from 20 ± 3 to 12 ± 2, and the specific surface areas of the diatoms decreased from 36.01 ± 1.27 to 12.67 ± 2.45 m2·g-1. However, the average diatom heights increased from 2.9 ± 0.3 to 3.9 ± 0.4 µm, while diatom cell diameter (5 µm) and nanopore size (20 nm) remained unchanged. The silicon content of diatoms also linearly increased with SRT. The decrease in diatom porosity and increase in silicon content were probably due to the reduced diatom growth rates (likely resulting in less pores) at increasing SRTs, which also facilitated silica deposition as the overall diatom population stayed longer in the MBRs. As the SRTs increased from 5 to 10, and to 20 d, the nitrate (NO3-) removal efficiency decreased from 75% to 70%, and to 60%, respectively, whereas phosphorus (P) removal efficiency increased from 74% to 80%, and to 90%, respectively. The opposite trends in efficiencies were because NO3--N was removed by cellular uptake and biomass waste whereas P was mainly removed through diatom-assisted chemical precipitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- NingboTech University, Ningbo 315000, China; Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65211, USA
| | - Chiqian Zhang
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65211, USA
| | - Xiaoqing He
- Electron Microscopy Core Facility, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65211, USA; Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65211, USA
| | - Zhiqiang Hu
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65211, USA.
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Antonio Cerrón-Calle G, Luna Magdaleno A, Graf JC, Apul OG, Garcia-Segura S. Elucidating CO 2 nanobubble interfacial reactivity and impacts on water chemistry. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 607:720-728. [PMID: 34536932 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Carbon dioxide nanobubbles can increase effective gas-transfer to solution and enhance buffering capacity given the stable suspension in water of CO2 gas within nanobubbles and the existence of larger gas/water interface. EXPERIMENTS The physico-chemical properties and responses of CO2 nanobubbles were recorded at different generation times (10, 30, 50, and 70 min) and benchmarked against traditional macrobubbles of CO2 for the same amount of delivered gas. Effective concentration of CO2 was evaluated by measuring the buffer capacity (β). The size distribution of nanobubbles during the experiments was measured by Nanoparticle Track Analysis. FINDINGS The mass transfer coefficient (KLa) showed a dramatically increase by 11-fold for the same volume of gas delivered when using nanobubbles. The β values obtained for nanobubbles were 7 times higher than that of traditional bubbles which can lead to significant source of CO2 availability by using the nanobubble method. Nanobubbles, consequently, undergo mass loss at higher pH corresponding to mass transfer process due to concentration gradient at the surrounding nanobubbles. This is the first report of CO2 nanobubbles buffer capacity evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Antonio Cerrón-Calle
- Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment, School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-3005, USA
| | - Andre Luna Magdaleno
- Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment, School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-3005, USA
| | - John C Graf
- NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston 77058, TX, United States
| | - Onur G Apul
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maine, Orono 04469, ME, United States
| | - Sergi Garcia-Segura
- Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment, School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-3005, USA.
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Tanvir RU, Zhang J, Canter T, Chen D, Lu J, Hu Z. Harnessing Solar Energy using Phototrophic Microorganisms: A Sustainable Pathway to Bioenergy, Biomaterials, and Environmental Solutions. RENEWABLE & SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REVIEWS 2021; 146:1-111181. [PMID: 34526853 PMCID: PMC8437043 DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2021.111181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Phototrophic microorganisms (microbial phototrophs) use light as an energy source to carry out various metabolic processes producing biomaterials and bioenergy and supporting their own growth. Among them, microalgae and cyanobacteria have been utilized extensively for bioenergy, biomaterials, and environmental applications. Their superior photosynthetic efficiency, lipid content, and shorter cultivation time compared to terrestrial biomass make them more suitable for efficient production of bioenergy and biomaterials. Other phototrophic microorganisms, especially anoxygenic phototrophs, demonstrated the ability to survive and flourish while producing renewable energy and high-value products under harsh environmental conditions. This review presents a comprehensive overview of microbial phototrophs on their (i) production of bioenergy and biomaterials, (ii) emerging and innovative applications for environmental conservation, mitigation, and remediation, and (iii) physical, genetic, and metabolic pathways to improve light harvesting and biomass/biofuel/biomaterial production. Both physical (e.g., incremental irradiation) and genetic approaches (e.g., truncated antenna) are implemented to increase the light-harvesting efficiency. Increases in biomass yield and metabolic products are possible through the manipulation of metabolic pathways and selection of a proper strain under optimal cultivation conditions and downstream processing, including harvesting, extraction, and purification. Finally, the current barriers in harnessing solar energy using phototrophic microorganisms are presented, and future research perspectives are discussed, such as integrating phototrophic microorganisms with emerging technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahamat Ullah Tanvir
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65211, USA
| | - Jianying Zhang
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Timothy Canter
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65211, USA
| | - Dick Chen
- Dual Enrollment Program, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65211, USA
| | - Jingrang Lu
- Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Cincinnati, Ohio, 45268, USA
| | - Zhiqiang Hu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65211, USA
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Feng F, Li Y, Latimer B, Zhang C, Nair SS, Hu Z. Prediction of maximum algal productivity in membrane bioreactors with a light-dependent growth model. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 753:141922. [PMID: 32896732 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Algal productivity in steady-state cultivation systems depends on important factors such as biomass concentration, solids retention time (SRT), and light intensity. Current modeling of algal growth often ignores light distribution in algal cultivation systems and does not consider all these factors simultaneously. We developed a new algal growth model using a first principles approach to incorporate the effect of light intensity on algal growth while simultaneously considering biomass concentration and SRT. We first measured light attenuation (decay) with depth in an indoor algal membrane bioreactor (A-MBR) cultivating Chlorella sp. We then simulated the light decay using a multi-layer approach and correlated the decay with biomass concentration and SRT in model development. The model was calibrated by delineating specific light absorptivity and half-saturation constant to match the algal biomass concentration in the A-MBR operated at a target SRT. We finally applied the model to predict the maximum algal productivity in both indoor and outdoor A-MBRs. The predicted maximum algal productivities in indoor and outdoor A-MBRs were 6.7 g·m-2·d-1 (incident light intensity 5732 lx, SRT approximately 8 d) and 28 g·m-2·d-1 (sunlight intensity 28,660 lx, SRT approximately 4 d), respectively. The model can be extended to include other factors (e.g., water temperature and carbon dioxide bubbling) and such a modeling framework can be applied to full-scale, continuous flow outdoor systems to improve algal productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Feng
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States
| | - Benjamin Latimer
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States
| | - Chiqian Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States
| | - Satish S Nair
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States
| | - Zhiqiang Hu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States.
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Furnish BJ, Keller TA. Carbon limitation in hypereutrophic, periphytic algal wastewater treatment systems. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0240525. [PMID: 33045032 PMCID: PMC7549797 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Global eutrophication degrades water quality in freshwater ecosystems and limits the availability of freshwater for human consumption. While current wastewater treatment facilities (WWTF) remove pathogens and pollutants, many US WWTF continue to discharge nutrients that contribute to eutrophication. Traditional nutrient removal technologies can effectively reduce eutrophication risk, but can have unintended negative consequences on human and environmental health. Alternatives, such as algae-based treatment systems, improve the sustainability of the nutrient recovery process by producing biomass that can be converted to biofuel. However, research is needed to increase the productivity of algal treatment systems to improve their economic viability. Because algae in wastewater treatment systems are grown in wastewater rich in nutrients, the algae could become limited by dissolved inorganic carbon. This hypothesis was tested in 1.2 m long recirculating floways (n = 8 for each treatment/control) by quantifying algal dry mass and wastewater nutrient concentrations in 3 independent experiments: (1) carbon dioxide gas infused vs air infused control; (2) hydrochloric acid acidified vs neutralized solution control vs no chemical addition control; and (3) sodium bicarbonate addition vs no chemical control. Results showed increases in algal biomass after 18 days in wastewater augmented with dissolved inorganic carbon (carbon dioxide or sodium bicarbonate). In contrast, maintaining wastewater at near neutral pH with hydrochloric acid reduced algal productivity relative to controls. Nutrient reductions generally paralleled algal biomass increases except in the bicarbonate addition experiment. These findings provide evidence for the importance of carbon limitation in algal wastewater treatment floways. These results could help explain why carbon dioxide infusions stimulate algae in treatment systems. Furthermore, these results suggest that algae in nutrient enriched, sun-exposed streams (e.g., agricultural ditches or urbanized streams) may become carbon limited during peak periods of productivity. These findings could have important implications for ecosystems undergoing eutrophication as atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations continue to rise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon J. Furnish
- Department of Earth and Space Sciences, Columbus State University, Columbus, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Troy A. Keller
- Department of Earth and Space Sciences, Columbus State University, Columbus, Georgia, United States of America
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Arabi S, Pellegrin ML, Aguinaldo J, Sadler ME, McCandless R, Sadreddini S, Wong J, Burbano MS, Koduri S, Abella K, Moskal J, Alimoradi S, Azimi Y, Dow A, Tootchi L, Kinser K, Kaushik V, Saldanha V. Membrane processes. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2020; 92:1447-1498. [PMID: 32602987 DOI: 10.1002/wer.1385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This literature review provides a review for publications in 2018 and 2019 and includes information membrane processes findings for municipal and industrial applications. This review is a subsection of the annual Water Environment Federation literature review for Treatment Systems section. The following topics are covered in this literature review: industrial wastewater and membrane. Bioreactor (MBR) configuration, membrane fouling, design, reuse, nutrient removal, operation, anaerobic membrane systems, microconstituents removal, membrane technology advances, and modeling. Other sub-sections of the Treatment Systems section that might relate to this literature review include the following: Biological Fixed-Film Systems, Activated Sludge, and Other Aerobic Suspended Culture Processes, Anaerobic Processes, and Water Reclamation and Reuse. This publication might also have related information on membrane processes: Industrial Wastes, Hazardous Wastes, and Fate and Effects of Pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Joseph Wong
- Brown and Caldwell, Walnut Creek, California, USA
| | | | | | | | - Jeff Moskal
- Suez Water Technologies & Solutions, Oakville, ON, Canada
| | | | | | - Andrew Dow
- Donohue and Associates, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Rood B, Zhang C, Inniss E, Hu Z. Forward osmosis with an algal draw solution to concentrate municipal wastewater and recover resources. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2020; 92:689-697. [PMID: 31642156 DOI: 10.1002/wer.1262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to concentrate and recover resources from municipal wastewater with a novel forward osmosis (FO) system. The FO system used synthetic seawater as the draw solution (DS) to extract water from the feed solution (FS) (synthetic raw municipal wastewater). Because ammonium passed through the FO membrane from the FS to the DS, we cultivated an algal strain (Chlorella vulgaris) in the DS to remove and recover ammonium. For three consecutive FO cycles, the algal FO system removed 35.4% of the ammonium from the DS, increased the concentrations of COD and PO 4 3 - - P in the FS by 43.0%, and achieved a water flux of 11.59 ± 0.49 L m-2 hr-1 . Throughout the FO cycles, the algal biomass concentration of the DS stayed at 606 ± 29 mg COD/L due to simultaneous algal growth and DS dilution. This FO process may be feasible to implement for full-scale applications to concentrate wastewater and recover resources. PRACTITIONER POINTS: A novel forward osmosis (FO) system with an algal draw solution (DS) concentrated municipal wastewater and recovered resources (ammonium). Ammonium but not organic matter or phosphate diffused across the FO membrane from the feed solution (FS) to the DS. The algal FO system increased COD/phosphate concentration in the FS by 43.0% and removed 35.4% of ammonium from the DS. The water fluxes in the algal FO system and the control were 11.59 and 12.02 L m-2 hr-1 , respectively. The novel algal FO process has the potential to improve full-scale efficiency by concentrating municipal wastewater and recovering nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent Rood
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Chiqian Zhang
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Enos Inniss
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Zhiqiang Hu
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
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