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Li Z, Chen L, Wang J, Dong G, Jia G, Jia W, Li D. Cavernous Malformation From Cranial Nerves: A Systematic Review With a Novel Classification and Patient-Level Analysis. Neurosurgery 2024:00006123-990000000-01194. [PMID: 38842326 DOI: 10.1227/neu.0000000000003011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Cavernous malformations (CMs) occurring in the cranial nerve (CN) are extremely rare, and there is currently no comprehensive review on CN CMs, leading to a lack of sufficient understanding of CN CMs. We aimed to systematically review all published CN CM cases; summarize the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, treatment, and prognosis of CN CMs; and identify factors influencing the prognosis of CN CMs. METHODS This systematic review identified all cases potentially diagnosed with CN CM through a systematic search of PubMed, SCOPUS, Web of Science, and Cochrane databases. This represents the most comprehensive systematic review to date. We classified CN CMs based on their anatomic origins. Patient characteristics, disease manifestations, treatment approaches, and prognosis were summarized descriptively. Further analysis was conducted to identify factors influencing the prognosis of CN CMs. RESULTS The final analysis included 108 articles (127 individual patient cases). The optic nerve (49/128, 38.3%) is the most commonly affected nerve. Notably, CN CMs can be categorized into 3 types: Intraneural, Perineural, and Extraneural. Preoperative nerve function status and novel classification were associated with the prognosis of CN CMs (P = .001; P < .001). The postoperative neurological deterioration rate for the Intraneural type was 19/37 (51.4%); for the Extraneural type, it was 13/69 (18.8%); and for the Perineural type, it was 1/22 (4.5%) (P < .001). CONCLUSION We reviewed all the published CN CMs to date, offering a comprehensive description of CN CMs for the first time and identifying prognostic factors. The classification of CN CMs proposed in this study could serve as guidance for the selection of intraoperative treatment regimens. The findings of this systematic review are expected to provide a foundation for clinical decision-making in this crucial rare disease and lay the groundwork for developing relevant clinical guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Liangpeng Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Junmei Wang
- Department of Pathology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Gehong Dong
- Department of Pathology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Guijun Jia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wang Jia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases (NCRC-ND), Beijing, China
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Deling Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases (NCRC-ND), Beijing, China
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing, China
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2
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Ruparelia J, Patidar R, Gosal JS, Garg M, Jha DK, Vishwajeet V, Tiwari S, Kaur M, Singh S, Bhaskar S. Optochiasmatic Cavernomas: Updated systematic review and proposal of a novel classification with surgical approaches. Neurosurg Rev 2024; 47:53. [PMID: 38238497 DOI: 10.1007/s10143-024-02288-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Cavernomas are histologically benign vascular malformations found at different sites in the brain. A rare site for such cavernomas, however, is the anterior optic pathway, comprising the optic nerve, chiasma, and optic tract-called optochiasmatic cavernomas (OCC). These lesions usually present with sudden onset or progressive vision loss, headache, and features mimicking pituitary apoplexy. In this paper, we describe a case of OCC operated at our center. We carry out an updated review of literature depicting cases of OCC, their clinical presentation, management, and postoperative complications. We also propose a novel classification system based on lesion location and further analyze these cavernoma types with respect to the surgical approach used and visual outcome. A 30-year-old lady had presented with a 3-week history of progressive bilateral vision loss and headache. Based on imaging, she was suspected to have a cavernous angioma of the chiasma and left optic tract. Due to progressive vision deterioration, the lesion was surgically excised using pterional craniotomy. Postoperatively, her visual symptoms improved, but she developed diabetes insipidus. Clinical and radiological follow-up has been done for 18 months after surgery. A total of 81 cases have been described in the literature, including the present case. Chiasmal apoplexy is the most common presentation. Surgical excision is the standard of care. Our analysis based on lesion location shows the most appropriate surgical approach to be used for each cavernoma type. Visual outcome correlates with the preoperative visual status. Visual outcome is good in patients presenting with acute chiasmal apoplexy, and when complete surgical excision is performed. The endonasal endoscopic approach was found to provide the best visual outcome. In addition to preoperative visual status, complete surgical excision predicts favorable visual outcomes in OCC. Our proposed classification system guides the appropriate surgical approach required for a particular location of the cavernoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jigish Ruparelia
- Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, 342005, India
| | - Rajnish Patidar
- Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, 342005, India
| | - Jaskaran Singh Gosal
- Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, 342005, India.
| | - Mayank Garg
- Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, 342005, India
| | - Deepak Kumar Jha
- Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, 342005, India
| | - Vikarn Vishwajeet
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, 342005, India
| | - Sarbesh Tiwari
- Department of Radiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, 342005, India
| | - Manbir Kaur
- Department of Anesthesiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, 342005, India
| | - Surjit Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, 342005, India
| | - Suryanarayanan Bhaskar
- Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, 342005, India
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3
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Xu S, Yang L. Diagnosis and treatment status of suprasellar optic pathway cavernous malformations. J Int Med Res 2023; 51:3000605231219167. [PMID: 38147640 PMCID: PMC10752090 DOI: 10.1177/03000605231219167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral cavernous malformations constitute a subtype of cerebral vascular malformation typically located in the cerebral cortex. However, their occurrence in the suprasellar optic pathway is relatively rare. There is some uncertainty surrounding the clinical diagnostic methods and optimal treatment strategies specific to suprasellar optic pathway cavernous malformations. In this narrative review, we retrospectively analyzed relevant literature related to suprasellar visual pathway cavernous malformations. We conducted a study involving 90 patients who were postoperatively diagnosed with cavernous malformations, including the 16-year-old male patient mentioned in this article. We have summarized crucial clinical data, including the patient age distribution, sex ratio, lesion locations, primary symptoms, and surgical approaches. The comprehensive analysis of this clinical information underscores the critical importance of timely intervention in relieving symptoms and improving neurological deficits in affected patients. These findings provide valuable guidance and insight for clinical practitioners and researchers dealing with this specific medical condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songbai Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, P.R. China
| | - Liu Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, P.R. China
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4
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Konovalov A, Saripov O, Gadzhiagaev V, Titov O, Lasunin N, Zhumabekov A, Fomichev D, Salvovich ES, Kalinin P, Chaurasia B. Optochiasmatic cavernoma: Surgical treatment and outcomes. J Cerebrovasc Endovasc Neurosurg 2023; 25:411-419. [PMID: 37469030 PMCID: PMC10774677 DOI: 10.7461/jcen.2023.e2023.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Optochiasmatic cavernoma is an extremely rare cerebral lesion. They account for approximately 1% of all cavernomas of the central nervous system. Reports on this pathology are limited. Abrupt visual deterioration is a common symptom of the disease. Treatment strategy and visual outcomes after different treatment approaches remain a subject for discussion. METHODS Patients operated in a period 2005-2021 were analyzed in this study. All patients preoperatively underwent computed tomography (CT) scan, CT-angiography, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Visual function of the patients was assessed pre-op, post-op and at the follow-up. Duration of visual dysfunction was noted as well. Surgical details were also extracted from medical notes. All patients were followed up, and control MRI was performed one month after operation. We assessed surgical series of optochiasmatic cavernomas published for last 10 years. Further comparative analysis with our data was performed. RESULTS Five patients were included into this study. There were four men and one woman. Mean age comprised 33.8 years (range 20-48 years). Most patients were admitted to our hospital due to visual disturbances (80%). Visual function improved in four patients. Visual function was unchanged in one patient, lacking visual disturbancies pre-op. Complication developed in one patient. CONCLUSIONS Optochiasmatic cavernomas are encountered extremely rare. Despite the use of contemporary diagnostic options, differential diagnosis remains challenging. Full diagnostic work-up is mandatory. After the diagnosis is made, surgical treatment should be considered first. Total microsurgical or endoscopic transsphenoidal removal of the optochiasmatic cavernoma is a relatively safe and effective treatment method facilitating improvement of visual function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Konovalov
- Department of Neurosurgery, N.N. Burdenko National Medical Research Center of Neurosurgery of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (BNC), Moscow, Russia
| | - Oleg Saripov
- Department of Neurosurgery, N.N. Burdenko National Medical Research Center of Neurosurgery of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (BNC), Moscow, Russia
| | - Vadim Gadzhiagaev
- Department of Neurosurgery, N.N. Burdenko National Medical Research Center of Neurosurgery of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (BNC), Moscow, Russia
| | - Oleg Titov
- Department of Neurosurgery, N.N. Burdenko National Medical Research Center of Neurosurgery of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (BNC), Moscow, Russia
| | - Nikolay Lasunin
- Department of Neurosurgery, N.N. Burdenko National Medical Research Center of Neurosurgery of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (BNC), Moscow, Russia
| | - Abzal Zhumabekov
- Department of Neurosurgery, N.N. Burdenko National Medical Research Center of Neurosurgery of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (BNC), Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry Fomichev
- Department of Neurosurgery, N.N. Burdenko National Medical Research Center of Neurosurgery of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (BNC), Moscow, Russia
| | - Eliava Shalva Salvovich
- Department of Neurosurgery, N.N. Burdenko National Medical Research Center of Neurosurgery of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (BNC), Moscow, Russia
| | - Pavel Kalinin
- Department of Neurosurgery, N.N. Burdenko National Medical Research Center of Neurosurgery of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (BNC), Moscow, Russia
| | - Bipin Chaurasia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgery Clinic, Birgunj, Nepal
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5
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Perna GD, Cofano F, Altieri R, Baldassarre BM, Bertero L, Zenga F, Garbossa D. III cranial nerve cavernous malformation: A case report and review of the literature. Surg Neurol Int 2020; 11:452. [PMID: 33408937 PMCID: PMC7771477 DOI: 10.25259/sni_650_2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Cavernous malformations generally occur in brain parenchyma but rarely these lesions arise from cranial nerves (CNs). Case Description: This paper described a case of a woman presented with III CN dysfunction due to the presence of a right III CN cavernoma. Surgical treatment with nerve sparing gross total resection was performed. A 3-month follow-up was documented. Conclusion: Only few cases of CNs cavernomas have been described in the literature. These lesions have been described to show a more aggressive behavior compared to intraparenchymal cavernomas, especially in symptomatic patients. Differential diagnosis and surgical treatment could be challenging, especially trying to preserve nerve integrity and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Di Perna
- Department of Neurosurgery, Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Italy
| | - Fabio Cofano
- Department of Neurosurgery, Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Italy
| | - Roberto Altieri
- Department of Neurosurgery, Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Italy
| | | | - Luca Bertero
- Department of Pathology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Francesco Zenga
- Department of Neurosurgery, Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Italy
| | - Diego Garbossa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Italy
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6
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Sbeih I, Darwazeh R, Shehadeh M, Nisah M, Sbeih A, Abu-Farsakh H, Asseidat I. Anterior interhemispheric approach for microsurgical resection of an optic chiasm cavernoma. INTERDISCIPLINARY NEUROSURGERY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inat.2020.100766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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7
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Voznyak O, Lytvynenko A, Maydannyk O, Kalenska O, Hryniv N. Cavernous Hemangioma of the Chiasm and Left Optic Nerve. Cureus 2020; 12:e8068. [PMID: 32420001 PMCID: PMC7224585 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.8068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Cavernous malformations (CMs) of the optic nerves, chiasm, and optic tract are very rare. This report describes a 26-year-old man who presented with recurring headaches, loss of vision in his left eye, and elevated blood pressure. After being diagnosed with glioma of the chiasm, he was referred to our department. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed signs of a mass lesion of the left chiasmal area, a finding confirmed after transcranial biopsy. In February 2015, he underwent gross total resection of the cavernous angioma of the chiasm and the left optic nerve. Three months later, the patient's vision returned to normal. The absence of a typical clinical picture and the lack of radiological visualization can hinder pathologic diagnosis. Total microsurgical resection is the optimal treatment strategy for patients with CMs of the chiasm and optic nerve because it usually results in improved vision and long-term benefits. The results in this patient demonstrate the importance of rapid diagnosis and gross total surgical resection of CMs of the chiasm and left optic nerve.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Oleg Maydannyk
- Centre of Neurosurgery, Clinical Hospital "Feofaniya", Kyiv, UKR
| | - Olga Kalenska
- Department of Pathology, Clinical Hospital "Feofaniya", Kyiv, UKR
| | - Nazarii Hryniv
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shupyk National Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education, Kyiv, UKR.,Centre of Neurosurgery, Clinical Hospital "Feofaniya", Kyiv, UKR
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8
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Dzhindzhikhadze RS, Dreval ON, Lazarev VA, Polyakov AV, Kambiev RL, Salyamova EI. [Cavernous malformation of the optic nerve: clinical case and literature review]. ZHURNAL VOPROSY NEĬROKHIRURGII IMENI N. N. BURDENKO 2020; 84:62-68. [PMID: 32207744 DOI: 10.17116/neiro20208401162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cavernous malformation (cm) of the optic nerve is a rare condition It is clinically presented by the so-called chiasmal apoplexy. Microsurgical removal of cavernous malformation is the method of choice. MATERIAL AND METHODS Authors present a clinical case of the removal of cavernous malformation of the left optic nerve. RESULTS The presented case demonstrates the successful removal of the CM of the left optic nerve from the lateral supraorbital access. In the postoperative period, visual disorders did not worsen. Control MRI of the brain showed total removal of cavernoma. CONCLUSION Presented clinical case demonstrates the radical removal of CM of the optic nerve. Early and correct diagnosis makes it possible to adequately treat the patient and preserve his/her visual functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Dzhindzhikhadze
- Russian Medical Academy of Continuing Professional Education, Moscow, Russia; F.I. Inozemtsev City Clinical Hospital, Moscow, Russia; M.F. Vladimirsky Moscow Regional Clinical Research Institute, Moscow, Russia
| | - O N Dreval
- Russian Medical Academy of Continuing Professional Education, Moscow, Russia
| | - V A Lazarev
- Russian Medical Academy of Continuing Professional Education, Moscow, Russia
| | - A V Polyakov
- Russian Medical Academy of Continuing Professional Education, Moscow, Russia; F.I. Inozemtsev City Clinical Hospital, Moscow, Russia
| | - R L Kambiev
- F.I. Inozemtsev City Clinical Hospital, Moscow, Russia
| | - E I Salyamova
- Russian Medical Academy of Continuing Professional Education, Moscow, Russia; F.I. Inozemtsev City Clinical Hospital, Moscow, Russia
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9
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Zoia C, Bongetta D, Dorelli G, Luzzi S, Maestro MD, Galzio RJ. Transnasal endoscopic removal of a retrochiasmatic cavernoma: A case report and review of literature. Surg Neurol Int 2019; 10:76. [PMID: 31528414 PMCID: PMC6744740 DOI: 10.25259/sni-132-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Cavernomas arising in the region of the optic apparatus are extremely rare, accounting for <1% of all the central nervous system cavernomas. Most patients are affected by acute visual disturbances related to hemorrhagic events. A prompt resection of the lesion together with a decompression of the optic apparatus may lead to a functional improvement. Almost all patients reported in literature were treated by means of a craniotomy, whereas only few papers described the use of a transnasal approach. Case Description: We report the case of a 53-year-old woman with a hemorrhagic, cavernous malformation of the optic chiasm region and we discuss the technical nuances of the endoscopic transnasal approach we employed. We also review literature for patients with cavernomas treated with a transsphenoidal approach. In our case, the patient underwent the gross-total resection of the lesion through a fully endoscopic transnasal route and the visual disturbances improved immediately after the operation. The ventral access allowed an adequate exposure of the chiasm/anterior circulation complex, thus avoiding an excessive dissection and retraction of neurovascular structures. Moreover, with the aid of angled scopes, we were able to identify the frail vascular supply of the chiasm by employing the suprachiasmatic corridor as well as the infrachiasmatic one. We stress the need for a careful reconstruction of the skull base to avoid a postoperative cerebrospinal fluid leak. Conclusions: With the evolution and spreading of the neuroendoscopic techniques, in selected cases, we advocate the use of the transnasal route for the removal of cavernomas arising in the region of the anterior optic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesare Zoia
- Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Daniele Bongetta
- Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy.,Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Clinical-Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, viale Golgi 19, Pavia, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Dorelli
- Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Clinical-Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, viale Golgi 19, Pavia, Italy
| | - Sabino Luzzi
- Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy.,Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Clinical-Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, viale Golgi 19, Pavia, Italy
| | - Mattia Del Maestro
- Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Renato J Galzio
- Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy.,Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Clinical-Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, viale Golgi 19, Pavia, Italy
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10
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DelPino B, Durden J, Deshaies EM. Postoperative Management of Anterior Visual Pathway Cavernoma, a Unique Perspective: Case Report. Cureus 2019; 11:e3819. [PMID: 30868033 PMCID: PMC6402868 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.3819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cavernous malformations (CMs) are low-flow vascular lesions with an incidence of 0.1% to 0.7% in the general population. Less than 1% are found in the anterior visual pathway. The most common presenting symptoms are visual disturbances due to hemorrhage and the current standard of treatment is gross total resection. The authors report a case of a 42-year-old male with visual disturbance and findings on T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) suggesting CM of the right optic nerve and right optic chiasm. The patient underwent right pterional craniotomy for gross total resection of the lesion. One year postoperatively, the patient demonstrated improvement in visual deficits with no signs of recurrence on MRI. Thirty-two months postresection, MRI showed a small slightly lobulated area of T1 hyperintense material within the postoperative cavity along the right aspect of the optic chiasm. MRI at 39 months postresection showed previously seen small amounts of T1 hyperintensity in the central and right aspect of the optic chiasm, with significantly decreased conspicuity. These findings suggest a trace amount of recurrence in the 32-month postoperative imaging despite overall stable visual field testing. There is a paucity of literature concerning the retreatment of resected CM in the anterior visual pathway. The authors suggest serial imaging as an integral component of CM management. Although repeated visual field testing and clinical follow-up are important aspects of CM management, they are no substitute for the gold standard of MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian DelPino
- Neurological Surgery, Touro College of Osteopathic Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Jake Durden
- Neurological Surgery, Crouse Hospital, Syracuse, USA
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11
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Meng X, Feng X, Wan J. Endoscopic Endonasal Transsphenoidal Approach for the Removal of Optochiasmatic Cavernoma: Case Report and Literature Review. World Neurosurg 2017; 106:1053.e11-1053.e14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2017.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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12
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Abou-Al-Shaar H, Bahatheq A, Takroni R, Al-Thubaiti I. Optic chiasmal cavernous angioma: A rare suprasellar vascular malformation. Surg Neurol Int 2016; 7:S523-6. [PMID: 27583178 PMCID: PMC4982351 DOI: 10.4103/2152-7806.187495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Suprasellar cavernous malformation in the optic pathway is not commonly encountered. To date, there are only few reports present in the literature. Case Description: The authors report a rare case of suprasellar optic pathway cavernous malformation in a 33-year-old female who presented with progressive visual loss. Her imaging revealed a large heterogeneous, hyperintense, hemorrhagic right suprasellar extra-axial complex cystic structure, causing mass effect on the adjacent hypothalamus and third ventricle displacing these structures. Gross total resection of the lesion was achieved utilizing a right frontal craniotomy approach. Histopathological examination confirmed the diagnosis of suprasellar chiasmal cavernous malformation. Conclusion: Although visual pathway cavernous malformation is a rare event, it should be included in the differential diagnosis of lesions occurring suprasellarly in the visual pathway and hypothalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussam Abou-Al-Shaar
- Department of Neurosciences, Division of Neurological Surgery, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayman Bahatheq
- Department of Neurosciences, Division of Neurological Surgery, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Radwan Takroni
- Department of Neurosciences, Division of Neurological Surgery, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim Al-Thubaiti
- Department of Neurosciences, Division of Neurological Surgery, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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13
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Trentadue M, Pozzi Mucelli R, Piovan E, Pizzini FB. Incidental optochiasmatic cavernoma: Case report of an unusual finding on 3 Tesla MRI. Neuroradiol J 2016; 29:289-94. [PMID: 27145992 DOI: 10.1177/1971400916648335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cavernoma is a vascular hamartoma, which represents 10-20% of all central nervous system vascular malformations. The majority (80%) of them are supratentorial, while involvement of the cranial nerves and the optic pathways is extremely rare. The main clinical presentation of optochiasmatic cavernomas consists of chiasmatic apoplexy, which is a neurosurgical emergency. Here, we report a case in which the finding was incidentally detected in a 49-year-old man. We describe the imaging characteristics of the lesion in such a rare location, highlighting the role of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (specifically 3 Tesla) in the management of asymptomatic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Trentadue
- Department of Radiology, G.B. Rossi Hospital, University of Verona, Italy
| | | | - Enrico Piovan
- Department of Neuroradiology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata di Verona, Verona University Hospital, Italy
| | - Francesca Benedetta Pizzini
- Department of Neuroradiology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata di Verona, Verona University Hospital, Italy
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14
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Alafaci C, Grasso G, Granata F, Cutugno M, Marino D, Salpietro FM, Tomasello F. Cavernous malformation of the optic chiasm: An uncommon location. Surg Neurol Int 2015; 6:60. [PMID: 25949848 PMCID: PMC4405893 DOI: 10.4103/2152-7806.155256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cavernous malformations (CMs) of the optic chiasm are rare lesions often presenting with acute chiasmal syndrome or a progressive visual loss. The case of a 48-year-old female with an intrachiasmatic CM is presented. CASE DESCRIPTION The patient presented with an insidious history of progressive visual loss. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed a CM in the suprasellar region. The patient was operated via a right pterional approach with a complete lesion removal. The postoperative course was uneventful. Early postoperative ophthalmological examination revealed minimal improvement of the vision in the left eye. CONCLUSION The clinical, neuroradiological, and intraoperative findings are presented, along with a review of the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giovanni Grasso
- Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences (BIONEC), Section of Neurosurgery, University of Palermo, Italy
| | | | | | - Daniele Marino
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Messina, Italy
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15
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Tan T, Tee JW, Trost N, McKelvie P, Wang YY. Anterior visual pathway cavernous malformations. J Clin Neurosci 2015; 22:258-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2014.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Rotondo M, Natale M, D'Avanzo R, Pascale M, Scuotto A. Cavernous malformations isolated from cranial nerves: Unexpected diagnosis? Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2014; 126:162-8. [PMID: 25255160 DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2014.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cranial nerves (CN) cavernous malformations (CMs) are lesions that are isolated from the CNs. The authors present three cases of CN CMs, for which MR was demonstrated to be critical for management, and surgical resection produced good outcomes for the patients. Surgical removal is the recommended course of action to restore or preserve neurological function and to eliminate the risk of future haemorrhage. However, the anatomical location and the complexity of nearby neural structures can make these lesions difficult to access and remove. In this study, the authors review the literature of reported cases of CN CMs to analyse the clinical and radiographic presentations, surgical approaches and neurological outcomes. PATIENTS AND METHODS A MEDLINE/Pub Med search was performed and revealed 86 cases of CN CMs. The authors report three additional cases in this study for a total of 89 cases. CMs affecting the optic nerve (CN II), oculomotor nerve (CN III), facial/vestibule-cochlear nerves (CN VII, CN VIII) have been described. The records of three patients were reviewed with respect to the lesion locations, symptoms, surgical approaches and therapeutic considerations. Clinical and radiological follow-up results are reported. Three patients (2 females, 1 male; age range 21-37 year) presented with three CN lesions. One lesion involved CN III, one lesion involved CN VII-CN VIII, and one involved CN II. The patient with the CN III lesion had a one-month history of mild right ptosis and diplopia. The patient with the CN VII-CN VIII lesion exhibited acute hearing loss and on the left and left facial paresis. The patient with the opticchiasmatic lesion presented with acute visual deterioration on the right and a left temporal field deficit in the left eye. Pterional and orbitozygomatic craniotomies were performed for the CN III lesion and the CN II lesion, and retrosigmoid craniotomy was performed for the cerebello-pontine angle lesion. RESULTS All patients experienced symptom improvement after surgery. On MR follow-up, recurrence was excluded in all patients. CONCLUSIONS CN CMs present with specific symptoms and require complex surgical techniques for resection. These lesions are frequently symptomatic, because of the complexity of the origin tissue. Symptomatic CN CMs should be resected microsurgically and completely when possible to prevent further losses of nerve function, improve function, avoid recurrence, and to eliminate the risk of future haemorrhages. The authors discuss the therapeutic options and the radiological features of these infrequent localisation of CMs. Specifically, the authors focus on the role of magnetic resonance imaging in the identification of these rare lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Rotondo
- Department of Neuroscience, Second University of Naples, CTO Hospital Viale Colli Aminei 21, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Massimo Natale
- Department of Neuroscience, Second University of Naples, CTO Hospital Viale Colli Aminei 21, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Raffaele D'Avanzo
- Department of Neuroscience, Second University of Naples, CTO Hospital Viale Colli Aminei 21, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Michela Pascale
- Department of Neuroscience, Second University of Naples, CTO Hospital Viale Colli Aminei 21, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Assunta Scuotto
- Department of Neuroscience, Second University of Naples, CTO Hospital Viale Colli Aminei 21, 80131 Naples, Italy
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Pereira de Morais NM, Mascarenhas ALR, Soares-Fernandes JP, Moreira da Costa JA. Cranial nerve cavernous malformations causing trigeminal neuralgia and chiasmal apoplexy: Report of 2 cases and review of the literature. Surg Neurol Int 2012; 3:105. [PMID: 23087821 PMCID: PMC3475881 DOI: 10.4103/2152-7806.100864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cavernous malformations (CMs) confined to the cranial nerves (CN) are extremely rare lesions. CASE DESCRIPTION The authors report 2 cases of CMs, one involving the trigeminal nerve presenting with a 3 years history of a refractory right trigeminal neuralgia that was microsurgically resected by a retromastoid approach with resolution of the neuralgia; and another CM involving the chiasma with an abrupt onset of vision loss with acute intralesional bleeding that was removed through a right pterional approach with vision improvement. CONCLUSION Surgical resection is recommended in the context of progressive significant neurological deficit, emergency decompression as a result of recent hemorrhage for symptomatic relief or increase in size on serial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
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18
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Cavernous malformation of the optic chiasm - a diagnostic and treatment dilemma. Can J Neurol Sci 2012; 39:533-5. [PMID: 22728866 DOI: 10.1017/s0317167100014104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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19
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Crocker M, Desouza R, King A, Connor S, Thomas N. Cavernous hemangioma of the optic chiasm: a surgical review. Skull Base 2011; 18:201-12. [PMID: 18978967 DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-1023231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To report a new case of cavernous hemangioma of the optic chiasm and to review all previously published cases with regard to presentation, surgical treatment, and outcomes. DESIGN Case report and literature review. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Cases identified though PubMed and published literature. Presentation states of patients in terms of visual loss and pituitary function. Surgical approaches, operations performed, and outcomes of the surgery. RESULTS thirty-nine previously reported cases were studied with the present case. All 40 patients presented with visual failure. Where documented, there was an 20% pituitary dysfunction rate. A total of 32 craniotomies were reported. Seventy-eight percent of patients underwent decompression including hematoma evacuation and partial or complete removal of the cavernoma, with improvement in visual function in 87% of these patients. The patients undergoing only biopsy showed stable visual function in 50% with further deterioration in 50%. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that this rare condition can be managed with good outcomes in terms of visual improvement, provided a high index of suspicion is maintained and the goals of surgery for emergency patients are maintained to include chiasmal decompression. Although complete resection of the lesion is frequently possible, it should not be the primary aim of surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Crocker
- Department of Neurosurgery, St George's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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20
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Scholz M, Harders A, Lücke S, Pechlivanis I, Engelhardt M, Schmieder K. Successful resection of the recurrence of a cavernous malformation of the optic chiasm. Clin Ophthalmol 2011; 2:945-9. [PMID: 19668450 PMCID: PMC2699781 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s2758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The case of a 33-year-old female who suffered from a recurrence of an intrachiasmatic cavernous malformation is presented. She had already undergone surgery in 1991 and 2001 and was admitted to our hospital with reduced vision in the right eye. After MRI, and diagnosis of recurrence of the cavernoma, a neurosurgical operation was performed using the pterional approach. The intraoperative situation was documented with micro photographs. The postoperative course was uneventful. The female described a minimal improvement of her vision. No postoperative complications were observed. To our knowledge, microsurgically complete extirpation of a recurrence of an intrachiasmatic cavernoma has not yet been reported in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Scholz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ruhr-University Bochum, Knappschaftskrankenhaus, Germany
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21
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Jo KW, Kim SD, Chung EY, Park IS. Optochiasmatic cavernous angioma with rapid progression after biopsy despite radiation therapy. J Korean Neurosurg Soc 2011; 49:120-3. [PMID: 21519502 DOI: 10.3340/jkns.2011.49.2.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2008] [Revised: 06/24/2010] [Accepted: 01/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a rare case of optochiasmatic cavernous angioma (CA) that progressed despite radiation therapy. A 31-year-old female patient presented with sudden loss of left visual acuity and right homonymous hemianopsia. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a suprasellar mass and findings compatible with a craniopharyngioma or an optic glioma with bleeding. An open biopsy was conducted using the transcranial approach, and histological examination revealed gliosis. During the one-year follow-up period, imaging suggested intratumoral bleeding and the mass continued to grow. We recommended re-operation, but the patient refused due to fear of surgery. Consequently, the patient received fractionated radiation therapy (3,000 cGy) to the parasellar area. Despite the radiotherapy, the mass continued to grow for the following 6 years. The final MRI before definitive treatment revealed a multilobulated, multistage hematoma with calcification in the parasellar area, extending into the third ventricle and midbrain. The patient ultimately underwent reoperation due to the growth of the tumor. The mass was completely removed with transcranial surgery, and the pathologic findings indicated a cavernous angioma (CA) without evidence of glioma. As shown in our case, patients may suffer intratumoral hemorrhage after biopsy and radiotherapy. This case places the value of biopsy and radiotherapy for a remnant lesion into question. It also shows that reaching the correct diagnosis is critical, and complete surgical removal is the treatment of choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwanag Wook Jo
- Department of Neurosurgery, St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Korea
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22
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Cho WS, Kang HS, Kim JW, Kee Park C, Kim JE. Cavernous malformation of the cisternal trigeminal nerve. Br J Neurosurg 2011; 25:339-40. [PMID: 21355767 DOI: 10.3109/02688697.2010.551674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Intradural extraaxial cavernous malformations (CM) are very rare. We report a case of CM originating from the cisternal portion of trigeminal nerve in a 20-year old male. Surgery produced favourable outcome in this case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Sang Cho
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kangwon National University Hospital, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, Korea
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Liu JK, Lu Y, Raslan AM, Gultekin SH, Delashaw JB. Cavernous malformations of the optic pathway and hypothalamus: analysis of 65 cases in the literature. Neurosurg Focus 2010; 29:E17. [DOI: 10.3171/2010.5.focus10129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Object
Cavernous malformations (CMs) of the optic pathway and hypothalamus (OPH) are extremely rare. Patients with these lesions typically present with chiasmal apoplexy, characterized by sudden visual loss, acute headaches, retroorbital pain, and nausea. Surgical removal is the recommended treatment to restore or preserve vision and to eliminate the risk of future hemorrhage. However, the anatomical location and eloquence of nearby neural structures can make these lesions difficult to access and remove. In this study, the authors review the literature for reported cases of OPH CMs to analyze clinical and radiographic presentations as well as surgical approaches and neurological outcomes.
Methods
A MEDLINE/PubMed search was performed, revealing 64 cases of OPH CMs. The authors report an additional case in the study, making a total of 65 cases. Each case was analyzed for clinical presentation, lesion location, radiographic features, treatment method, and visual outcome.
Results
In 65 patients with OPH CMs, the optic chiasm was affected in 54 cases, the optic nerve(s) in 35, the optic tract in 13, and the hypothalamus in 5. Loss of visual field and acuity was the most common presenting symptom (98%), followed by headache (60%). The onset of symptoms was acute in 58% of patients, subacute in 15%, and chronic progressive in 26%. Computed tomography scans revealed hyperdense suprasellar lesions, with calcification visible in 56% of cases. Magnetic resonance imaging typically demonstrated a heterogeneous lesion with mixed signal intensities suggestive of blood of different ages. The lesion was often surrounded by a peripheral rim of hypointensity on T2-weighted images in 60% of cases. Minimal or no enhancement occurred after the administration of gadolinium. Hemorrhage was reported in 82% of cases. Most patients were surgically treated (97%) using gross-total resection (60%), subtotal resection (6%), biopsy procedure alone (6%), biopsy procedure with decompression (23%), and biopsy procedure followed by radiation (2%). Those patients who underwent gross-total resection had the highest rate of visual improvement (85%). Two patients were treated conservatively, resulting in complete blindness in 1 patient and spontaneous recovery of vision in the other patient.
Conclusions
Cavernous malformations of the OPH are rare and challenging lesions. Gross-total resection of these lesions is associated with favorable visual outcomes. Emergent surgery is warranted in patients presenting with chiasmal apoplexy to prevent permanent damage to the visual pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- James K. Liu
- 1Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Neurological Institute of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey; and Departments of
| | - Yuan Lu
- 1Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Neurological Institute of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey; and Departments of
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Panczykowski D, Piedra MP, Cetas JS, Delashaw JB. Optochiasmatic cavernous hemangioma. Br J Neurosurg 2010; 24:301-2. [DOI: 10.3109/02688691003780026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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25
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Hazzard MA, Patel NB, Hattab EM, Horn EM. Spinal accessory nerve cavernous malformation. J Clin Neurosci 2009; 17:248-50. [PMID: 19836245 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2009.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2009] [Accepted: 04/15/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
We present the first reported case of a spinal accessory nerve cavernous malformation. A 54-year-old Caucasian male presented with a several-year history of progressive, vague bilateral upper and lower extremity paresthesias and pain. MRI of the spine revealed a heterogenously enhancing mass in the dorsal aspect of the spinal canal at the level of the atlas with mild spinal cord compression. The lesion was resected and upon gross and histologic examination it was a cavernous malformation embedded within a branch of the spinal accessory nerve. Post-operatively, the patient had no complications and some improvement in his symptoms. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a patient with a spinal accessory nerve cavernous malformation, and this should be considered in the differential of lesions in the craniocervical region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Hazzard
- Department of Neurological Surgery, College of Medicine, Indiana University, Indiana 46202-5124, USA
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Oku H, Matsuo J, Etomi T, Okuno T, Fukuhara M, Sugasawa J, Ikeda T. Acute Infarction at the Opto-Chiasmal Junction Detected by Diffusion Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Neuroophthalmology 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/01658100903225929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Patro S, Kesavadas C, Kapilamoorthy T. Right Third Nerve Palsy Caused by Extra-Axial Cavernoma in a Patient with Multiple Intracranial Cavernomas. Neuroradiol J 2008; 21:192-5. [DOI: 10.1177/197140090802100206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2007] [Accepted: 11/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We report an unusual case of a 54-year-old man with third nerve palsy caused by an extra-axial cavernoma in relation to the cisternal portion of the oculomotor nerve. In addition to this lesion, the patient had multiple intracranial cavernomas. Interestingly, an initial MRI without T2* gradient sequence missed the multiple cavernomas. A subsequent MRI done after one month showed an increase in size with fluid level within the extra-axial cavernoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Patro
- Department of Imaging Sciences and Interventional Radiology, SCTIMST; Trivandrum, India
| | - C. Kesavadas
- Department of Imaging Sciences and Interventional Radiology, SCTIMST; Trivandrum, India
| | - T.R. Kapilamoorthy
- Department of Imaging Sciences and Interventional Radiology, SCTIMST; Trivandrum, India
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