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Hagel C, Schüller U, Flitsch J, Knappe UJ, Kellner U, Bergmann M, Buslei R, Buchfelder M, Rüdiger T, Herms J, Saeger W. Double adenomas of the pituitary reveal distinct lineage markers, copy number alterations, and epigenetic profiles. Pituitary 2021; 24:904-913. [PMID: 34478014 PMCID: PMC8550269 DOI: 10.1007/s11102-021-01164-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Pituitary adenoma (PA) constitutes the third most common intracranial neoplasm. The mostly benign endocrine lesions express no hormone (null cell PA) or the pituitary hormone(s) of the cell lineage of origin. In 0.5-1.5% of surgical specimens and in up to 10% of autopsy cases, two or three seemingly separate PA may coincide. These multiple adenomas may express different hormones, but whether or not expression of lineage-restricted transcription factors and molecular features are distinct within multiple lesions remains unknown. METHODS Searching the data bank of the German Pituitary Tumor Registry 12 double pituitary adenomas with diverse lineage were identified among 3654 adenomas and 6 hypophyseal carcinomas diagnosed between 2012 and 2020. The double adenomas were investigated immunohistochemically for expression of hormones and lineage markers. In addition, chromosomal gains and losses as well as global DNA methylation profiles were assessed, whenever sufficient material was available (n = 8 PA). RESULTS In accordance with the literature, combinations of GH/prolactin/TSH-FSH/LH adenoma (4/12), GH/prolactin/TSH-ACTH adenoma (3/12), and ACTH-FSH/LH adenoma (3/12) were observed. Further, two out of 12 cases showed a combination of a GH/prolactin/TSH adenoma with a null-cell adenoma. Different expression pattern of hormones were confirmed by different expression of transcription factors in 11/12 patients. Finally, multiple lesions that were molecularly analysed in 4 patients displayed distinct copy number changes and global methylation pattern. CONCLUSION Our data confirm and extend the knowledge on multiple PA and suggest that such lesions may origin from distinct cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Hagel
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Schüller
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
- Children's Cancer Research Center Hamburg, Martinistr. 52, 20251, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jörg Flitsch
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich J Knappe
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Hans-Nolte-Str. 1, 32427, Minden, Germany
| | - Udo Kellner
- Institute of Pathology, Cytology & Molecular Pathology, Johannes-Wesling-Klinikum, University Hospital of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Hans-Nolte-Str. 1, 32427, Minden, Germany
| | - Markus Bergmann
- Institute of Neuropathology, Klinikum Bremen-Mitte, St Jürgen- Str. 1, 28205, Bremen, Germany
| | - Rolf Buslei
- Institute of Pathology, Sozialstiftung Bamberg, Buger Str. 80, 96049, Bamberg, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Rüdiger
- Institute of Pathology, Städtisches Klinikum Karlsruhe gGmbH, Moltkestr. 90, 76133, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jochen Herms
- Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 23, 81377, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 17, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Saeger
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
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Cheng S, Li C, Xie W, Miao Y, Guo J, Wang J, Zhang Y. Integrated analysis of DNA methylation and mRNA expression profiles to identify key genes involved in the regrowth of clinically non-functioning pituitary adenoma. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:2408-2427. [PMID: 32015217 PMCID: PMC7041752 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Tumour regrowth is a key characteristic of clinically non-functioning pituitary adenoma (NFPA). No applicable prognosis evaluation method is available for post-operative patients. We aimed to identify DNA methylation biomarkers that can facilitate prognosis evaluation. Genome-wide DNA methylation and mRNA microarray analyses were performed for tumour samples from 71 NFPA patients. Differentially expressed genes and methylated genes were identified based on the regrowth vs non-regrowth grouping. There were 139 genes that showed alterations in methylation status and expression level, and only 13 genes showed a negative correlation. The progression-free analysis found that FAM90A1, ETS2, STAT6, MYT1L, ING2 and KCNK1 are related to tumour regrowth. A prognosis-prediction model was built based on all 13 genes from integrated analysis, and the 6-gene model achieved the best area under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUC) of 0.820, compared with 0.785 and 0.568 for the 13-gene and 7-gene models, respectively. Our prognostic biomarkers were validated by pyrosequencing and RT-PCR. FAM90A1 and ING2 was found to be independent prognostic factors of tumour regrowth with univariate Cox regression. The DNA methylation and expression levels of FAM90A1 and ING2 are associated with tumour regrowth, and may serve as biomarkers for predicting the prognosis of patients with NFPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Cheng
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China
| | - Chuzhong Li
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing Tiantan Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders Brain Tumour Center, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System Injury Research, Beijing 100070, China
| | - Weiyan Xie
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China
| | - Yazhou Miao
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China
| | - Jing Guo
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China
| | - Jichao Wang
- People's Hospital of Xin Jiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi 830001, China
| | - Yazhuo Zhang
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing Tiantan Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders Brain Tumour Center, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System Injury Research, Beijing 100070, China
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Cheng S, Xie W, Miao Y, Guo J, Wang J, Li C, Zhang Y. Identification of key genes in invasive clinically non-functioning pituitary adenoma by integrating analysis of DNA methylation and mRNA expression profiles. J Transl Med 2019; 17:407. [PMID: 31796052 PMCID: PMC6892283 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-019-02148-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor surrounding the internal carotid artery or invading to the cavernous sinus is an important characteristic of invasive pituitary adenoma, and a pivotal factor of tumor residue and regrowth. Without specific changes in serum hormone related to the adenohypophyseal cell of origin, clinically non-functioning pituitary adenoma is more likely to be diagnosed at invasive stages compared with functioning pituitary adenoma. The underlying mechanism of tumor invasion remains unknown. In this study, we aimed to identify key genes in tumor invasion by integrating analyses of DNA methylation and gene expression profiles. METHOD Genome-wide DNA methylation and mRNA microarray analysis were performed for tumor samples from 68 patients at the Beijing Tiantan Hospital. Differentially expressed genes and methylated probes were identified based on an invasive vs non-invasive grouping. Differentially methylated probes in the promoter region of targeted genes were assessed. Pearson correlation analysis was used to identify genes with a strong association between DNA methylation status and expression levels. Pyrosequencing and RT-PCR were used to validate the methylation status and expression levels of candidate genes, respectively. RESULTS A total of 8842 differentially methylated probes, located on 4582 genes, and 661 differentially expressed genes were identified. Both promoter methylation and expression alterations were observed for 115 genes with 58 genes showing a negative correlation between DNA methylation status and expression level. Nineteen genes that exhibited notably negative correlations between DNA methylation and gene expression levels, are involved in various gene ontologies and pathways, or played an important role in different diseases, were regarded as candidate genes. We found an increased methylation with a decreased expression of PHYHD1, LTBR, C22orf42, PRR5, ANKDD1A, RAB13, CAMKV, KIFC3, WNT4 and STAT6, and a decreased methylation with an increased expression of MYBPHL. The methylation status and expression levels of these genes were validated by pyrosequencing and RT-PCR. CONCLUSIONS The DNA methylation and expression levels of PHYHD1, LTBR, MYBPHL, C22orf42, PRR5, ANKDD1A, RAB13, CAMKV, KIFC3, WNT4 and STAT6 are associated with tumor invasion, and these genes may become the potential genes for targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Cheng
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070 China
| | - Weiyan Xie
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070 China
| | - Yazhou Miao
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070 China
| | - Jing Guo
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070 China
| | - Jichao Wang
- People’s Hospital of Xin Jiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, 830001 China
| | - Chuzhong Li
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing Tiantan Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders Brain Tumor Center, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System Injury Research, Beijing, 100070 China
| | - Yazhuo Zhang
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing Tiantan Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders Brain Tumor Center, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System Injury Research, Beijing, 100070 China
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Shen AJJ, King J, Scott H, Colman P, Yates CJ. Insights into pituitary tumorigenesis: from Sanger sequencing to next-generation sequencing and beyond. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2019; 14:399-418. [PMID: 31793361 DOI: 10.1080/17446651.2019.1689120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: This review explores insights provided by next-generation sequencing (NGS) of pituitary tumors and the clinical implications.Areas covered: Although syndromic forms account for just 5% of pituitary tumours, past Sanger sequencing studies pragmatically focused on them. These studies identified mutations in MEN1, CDKN1B, PRKAR1A, GNAS and SDHx causing Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia-1 (MEN1), MEN4, Carney Complex-1, McCune Albright Syndrome and 3P association syndromes, respectively. Furthermore, linkage analysis of single-nucleotide polymorphisms identified AIP mutations in 20% with familial isolated pituitary adenomas (FIPA). NGS has enabled further investigation of sporadic tumours. Thus, mutations of USP8 and CABLES1 were identified in corticotrophinomas, BRAF in papillary craniopharyngiomas and CTNNB1 in adamantinomatous craniopharyngiomas. NGS also revealed that pituitary tumours occur in the DICER1 syndrome, due to DICER1 mutations, and CDH23 mutations occur in FIPA. These discoveries revealed novel therapeutic targets and studies are underway of BRAF inhibitors for papillary craniopharyngiomas, and EGFR and USP8 inhibitors for corticotrophinomas.Expert opinion: It has become apparent that single-nucleotide variants and small insertion/deletion DNA mutations cannot explain all pituitary tumorigenesis. Integrated and improved analyses including whole-genome sequencing, copy number, and structural variation analyses, RNA sequencing and epigenomic analyses, with improved genomic technologies, are likely to further define the genomic landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James King
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia
| | - Hamish Scott
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Pathology, Center for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- Australian Cancer Research Foundation Genomics Facility, Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Peter Colman
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia
| | - Christopher J Yates
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia
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Gounden V, Rampursat YD, Jialal I. Secretory tumors of the pituitary gland: a clinical biochemistry perspective. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 57:150-164. [DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2018-0552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The pituitary gland is responsible for the production and/or secretion of various hormones that play a vital role in regulating endocrine function within the body. Secretory tumors of the anterior pituitary predominantly, pituitary adenomas, collectively account for 10%–25% of central nervous system tumors requiring surgical treatment. The most common secretory tumors are prolactinomas, which can be diagnosed by basal prolactin levels. Acromegaly can be diagnosed by basal insulin growth-like factor 1 levels and the failure of growth hormone (GH) to suppress during an oral glucose tolerance test. Cushing disease can be diagnosed by demonstrating hypercortisolemia evidenced by increased salivary cortisol levels in the evening, increased urine free cortisol excretion and failure of plasma cortisol to suppress following oral dexamethasone given overnight (1.0 mg). We also discuss the diagnosis of the rarer thyroid-stimulating hormone and gonadotrophin secretory tumors. Morbidity is associated with tumor occurrence, clinical sequelae as well as the related medical, surgical and radiological management. This review focuses on the pathogenesis of secretory tumors of the anterior pituitary with emphasis on molecular mechanisms associated with tumorigenesis and the major role of the clinical chemistry laboratory in diagnosis and management of these tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Gounden
- Department of Chemical Pathology , University of KwaZulu Natal and National Health Laboratory Services, Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital , Durban , South Africa
| | - Yashna D. Rampursat
- Department of Chemical Pathology , University of KwaZulu Natal and National Health Laboratory Services, Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital , Durban , South Africa
| | - Ishwarlal Jialal
- California North-State University, College of Medicine , Elk Grove, CA 95757 , USA
- Director, Section of Clinical Chemistry, VA Medical Center , Sacramento, CA , USA
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Xu S, Wang P, You Z, Meng H, Mu G, Bai X, Zhang G, Zhang J, Pang D. The long non-coding RNA EPB41L4A-AS2 inhibits tumor proliferation and is associated with favorable prognoses in breast cancer and other solid tumors. Oncotarget 2018; 7:20704-17. [PMID: 26980733 PMCID: PMC4991486 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
EPB41L4A-AS2 is a novel long non-coding RNA of unknown function. In this study, we investigated the expression of EPB41L4A-AS2 in breast cancer tissues and evaluated its relationship with the clinicopathological features and prognosis of patients with breast cancer. This entailed conducting a meta-analysis and prognosis validation study using two cohorts from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). In addition, we assessed EPB41L4A-AS2 expression and its relationship with the clinicopathological features of renal and lung cancers using the Cancer Genome Atlas cohort and a GEO dataset. We also clarified the role of EPB41L4A-AS2 expression in mediating cancer cell proliferation in breast, renal, and lung cancer cell lines transfected with an EPB41L4A-AS2 expression vector. We found that high EPB41L4A-AS2 expression is associated with favorable disease outcomes. Gene ontology enrichment analysis revealed that EPB41L4A-AS2 may be involved in processes associated with tumor biology. Finally, overexpression of EPB41L4A-AS2 inhibited tumor cell proliferation in breast, renal, and lung cancer cell lines. Our clinical and in vitro results suggest that EPB41L4A-AS2 inhibits solid tumor formation and that evaluation of this long non-coding RNA may have prognostic value in the clinical management of such malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouping Xu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Peiyuan Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Zilong You
- Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Hongxue Meng
- Department of Pathology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Guannan Mu
- Biotherapy Center, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Xianan Bai
- Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Guangwen Zhang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Jinfeng Zhang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Da Pang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin, China
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Uraki S, Ariyasu H, Doi A, Furuta H, Nishi M, Sugano K, Inoshita N, Nakao N, Yamada S, Akamizu T. Atypical pituitary adenoma with MEN1 somatic mutation associated with abnormalities of DNA mismatch repair genes; MLH1 germline mutation and MSH6 somatic mutation. Endocr J 2017; 64:895-906. [PMID: 28701629 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej17-0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism of pituitary tumorigenesis remains largely unknown. Lynch syndrome is an autosomal, dominantly inherited syndrome caused by a defective mismatch repair (MMR) mechanism involved in the development of various tumors at an early age. In this case study, we showed the occurrence of pituitary tumors associated with Lynch syndrome for the first time and performed genetic and immunohistochemical analysis to evaluate the genetic aberrations that might be related to the tumorigenesis and proliferation. A 68-year-old female patient with Lynch syndrome due to mutL homolog 1 (MLH1) gene mutation suffered from hypersecretion of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), hypercortisolism and a rapidly progressive pituitary tumor. We performed genetic analysis by whole genome sequencing with genomic DNA of the pituitary tumor and peripheral blood leukocytes, as well as immunohistochemical analysis of MMR proteins. Genetic analysis revealed that the tumor had homozygous gene mutation of MEN1 associated with pituitary tumorigenesis and mutS homolog 6 (MSH6) gene. Furthermore, immunohistochemical analysis showed that MLH1 and MSH6 immunoexpression were negative. We reveal for the first time that MMR abnormality could cause somatic mutation of MEN1 and pituitary tumor occurrence is associated with Lynch syndrome. We suggest that the identified gene mutations, especially those of MSH6 and MLH1 genes, may be involved in the pathogenesis and proliferation of pituitary tumor. The knowledge obtained from our case study is important to elucidate the pathogenesis and proliferation mechanisms of pituitary tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinsuke Uraki
- The 1st Department of Internal Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ariyasu
- The 1st Department of Internal Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Asako Doi
- The 1st Department of Internal Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Hiroto Furuta
- The 1st Department of Internal Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nishi
- The 1st Department of Internal Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Kokichi Sugano
- Oncogene Research Unit/Cancer Prevention Unit, Tochigi Cancer Center Research Institute, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Naoko Inoshita
- Department of Pathology, Toranomon Hospital, Tokyo 105-8470, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Nakao
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Shozo Yamada
- Department of Hypothalamic and Pituitary Surgery, Toranomon Hospital, Tokyo 105-8470, Japan
| | - Takashi Akamizu
- The 1st Department of Internal Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
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Valiulyte I, Steponaitis G, Skiriute D, Tamasauskas A, Vaitkiene P. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) promoter methylation and expression in pituitary adenoma. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2017; 18:72. [PMID: 28709401 PMCID: PMC5513380 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-017-0434-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pituitary adenoma (PA) is a benign brain tumor that can cause neurological, endocrinological and ophthalmological aberrations. Till now there is a need to identify factors that can influence the tumor invasiveness and recurrence. The aim of this study was to evaluate the associations between the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) promoter methylation, mRNA expression and the invasiveness or recurrence of PAs and patient clinical characteristics. METHODS Study participants comprised of 102 subjects with a diagnosis of PA: 54 functioning and 48 non-functioning, 58 invasive and 30 non-invasive PAs and 14 relapses. The bisulfite treatment of tumor DNA and methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (MS-PCR) method was used to determine the STAT3 gene promoter methylation. For the STAT3 mRNA expression, the first-strand cDNA was produced from total RNA by using reverse transcriptase and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was performed. RESULTS In 10.78% (11/102) of PA tissues STAT3 gene promoter was methylated. A gender of male and patient group older than 60 years were significantly associated with reduced STAT3 mRNA expression (Mann-Whitney test, p = 0.025, p = 0.047, respectively). However, no more statistical differences were found between STAT3 promoter methylation, mRNA expression and patient clinical characteristics or PA invasiveness or recurrence. CONCLUSIONS Further investigations are needed to clarify the influence of STAT3 gene promoter methylation and mRNA expression changes in PAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indre Valiulyte
- Laboratory of Neurooncology and Genetics, Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Eiveniu str. 2, LT-50009 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Giedrius Steponaitis
- Laboratory of Neurooncology and Genetics, Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Eiveniu str. 2, LT-50009 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Daina Skiriute
- Laboratory of Neurooncology and Genetics, Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Eiveniu str. 2, LT-50009 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Arimantas Tamasauskas
- Laboratory of Neurooncology and Genetics, Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Eiveniu str. 2, LT-50009 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Paulina Vaitkiene
- Laboratory of Neurooncology and Genetics, Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Eiveniu str. 2, LT-50009 Kaunas, Lithuania
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Yogev O, Barker K, Sikka A, Almeida GS, Hallsworth A, Smith LM, Jamin Y, Ruddle R, Koers A, Webber HT, Raynaud FI, Popov S, Jones C, Petrie K, Robinson SP, Keun HC, Chesler L. p53 Loss in MYC-Driven Neuroblastoma Leads to Metabolic Adaptations Supporting Radioresistance. Cancer Res 2016; 76:3025-35. [PMID: 27197232 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-1939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Neuroblastoma is the most common childhood extracranial solid tumor. In high-risk cases, many of which are characterized by amplification of MYCN, outcome remains poor. Mutations in the p53 (TP53) tumor suppressor are rare at diagnosis, but evidence suggests that p53 function is often impaired in relapsed, treatment-resistant disease. To address the role of p53 loss of function in the development and pathogenesis of high-risk neuroblastoma, we generated a MYCN-driven genetically engineered mouse model in which the tamoxifen-inducible p53ER(TAM) fusion protein was expressed from a knock-in allele (Th-MYCN/Trp53(KI)). We observed no significant differences in tumor-free survival between Th-MYCN mice heterozygous for Trp53(KI) (n = 188) and Th-MYCN mice with wild-type p53 (n = 101). Conversely, the survival of Th-MYCN/Trp53(KI/KI) mice lacking functional p53 (n = 60) was greatly reduced. We found that Th-MYCN/Trp53(KI/KI) tumors were resistant to ionizing radiation (IR), as expected. However, restoration of functional p53ER(TAM) reinstated sensitivity to IR in only 50% of Th-MYCN/Trp53(KI/KI) tumors, indicating the acquisition of additional resistance mechanisms. Gene expression and metabolic analyses indicated that the principal acquired mechanism of resistance to IR in the absence of functional p53 was metabolic adaptation in response to chronic oxidative stress. Tumors exhibited increased antioxidant metabolites and upregulation of glutathione S-transferase pathway genes, including Gstp1 and Gstz1, which are associated with poor outcome in human neuroblastoma. Accordingly, glutathione depletion by buthionine sulfoximine together with restoration of p53 activity resensitized tumors to IR. Our findings highlight the complex pathways operating in relapsed neuroblastomas and the need for combination therapies that target the diverse resistance mechanisms at play. Cancer Res; 76(10); 3025-35. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orli Yogev
- Division of Clinical Studies, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Karen Barker
- Division of Clinical Studies, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Arti Sikka
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gilberto S Almeida
- Division of Clinical Studies, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom. Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Albert Hallsworth
- Division of Clinical Studies, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Laura M Smith
- Division of Clinical Studies, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yann Jamin
- Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth Ruddle
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Koers
- Division of Clinical Studies, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah T Webber
- Division of Clinical Studies, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Florence I Raynaud
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sergey Popov
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom. Department of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Jones
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom. Department of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin Petrie
- Division of Clinical Studies, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Simon P Robinson
- Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hector C Keun
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Louis Chesler
- Division of Clinical Studies, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom.
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