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Schwerk C, Schroten H. In vitro models of the choroid plexus and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier: advances, applications, and perspectives. Hum Cell 2024; 37:1235-1242. [PMID: 39103559 PMCID: PMC11341628 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-024-01115-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
The choroid plexus (CP), a highly vascularized endothelial-epithelial convolute, is placed in the ventricular system of the brain and produces a large part of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Additionally, the CP is the location of a blood-CSF barrier (BCSFB) that separates the CSF from the blood stream in the CP endothelium. In vitro models of the CP and the BCSFB are of high importance to investigate the biological functions of the CP and the BCSFB. Since the CP is involved in several serious diseases, these in vitro models promise help in researching the processes contributing to the diseases and during the development of treatment options. In this review, we provide an overview on the available models and the advances that have been made toward more sophisticated and "in vivo near" systems as organoids and microfluidic lab-on-a-chip approaches. We go into the applications and research objectives for which the various modeling systems can be used and discuss the possible future prospects and perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Schwerk
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167, Mannheim, Germany.
- European Center for Angioscience, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167, Mannheim, Germany.
| | - Horst Schroten
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
- European Center for Angioscience, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
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2
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García-Juárez M, García-Rodríguez A, Cruz-Carrillo G, Flores-Maldonado O, Becerril-Garcia M, Garza-Ocañas L, Torre-Villalvazo I, Camacho-Morales A. Intermittent Fasting Improves Social Interaction and Decreases Inflammatory Markers in Cortex and Hippocampus. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04340-z. [PMID: 39002056 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04340-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a psychiatric condition characterized by reduced social interaction, anxiety, and stereotypic behaviors related to neuroinflammation and microglia activation. We demonstrated that maternal exposure to Western diet (cafeteria diet or CAF) induced microglia activation, systemic proinflammatory profile, and ASD-like behavior in the offspring. Here, we aimed to identify the effect of alternate day fasting (ADF) as a non-pharmacologic strategy to modulate neuroinflammation and ASD-like behavior in the offspring prenatally exposed to CAF diet. We found that ADF increased plasma beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) levels in the offspring exposed to control and CAF diets but not in the cortex (Cx) and hippocampus (Hpp). We observed that ADF increased the CD45 + cells in Cx of both groups; In control individuals, ADF promoted accumulation of CD206 + microglia cells in choroid plexus (CP) and increased in CD45 + macrophages cells and lymphocytes in the Cx. Gestational exposure to CAF diet promoted defective sociability in the offspring; ADF improved social interaction and increased microglia CD206 + in the Hpp and microglia complexity in the dentate gyrus. Additionally, ADF led to attenuation of the ER stress markers (Bip/ATF6/p-JNK) in the Cx and Hpp. Finally, biological modeling showed that fasting promotes higher microglia complexity in Cx, which is related to improvement in social interaction, whereas in dentate gyrus sociability is correlated with less microglia complexity. These data suggest a contribution of intermittent fasting as a physiological stimulus capable of modulating microglia phenotype and complexity in the brain, and social interaction in male mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martín García-Juárez
- Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Madero y Dr. Aguirre Pequeño. Col. Mitras Centro, C.P. 64460, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ciencias de La Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Unidad de Neurometabolismo, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Adamary García-Rodríguez
- Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Madero y Dr. Aguirre Pequeño. Col. Mitras Centro, C.P. 64460, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ciencias de La Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Unidad de Neurometabolismo, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Gabriela Cruz-Carrillo
- Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Madero y Dr. Aguirre Pequeño. Col. Mitras Centro, C.P. 64460, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ciencias de La Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Unidad de Neurometabolismo, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Orlando Flores-Maldonado
- Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Miguel Becerril-Garcia
- Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Lourdes Garza-Ocañas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, México
| | - Ivan Torre-Villalvazo
- Departamento de Fisiología de La Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (INCMNSZ), 14080, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alberto Camacho-Morales
- Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Madero y Dr. Aguirre Pequeño. Col. Mitras Centro, C.P. 64460, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico.
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ciencias de La Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Unidad de Neurometabolismo, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico.
- College of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo Leon, San Nicolás de los Garza, NL, Mexico.
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Wang Q, Cheng J, Liu F, Zhu J, Li Y, Zhao Y, Li X, Zhang H, Ju Y, Ma L, Hui X, Lin Y. Modulation of Cerebrospinal Fluid Dysregulation via a SPAK and OSR1 Targeted Framework Nucleic Acid in Hydrocephalus. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2306622. [PMID: 38353402 PMCID: PMC11077654 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202306622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
Hydrocephalus is one of the most common brain disorders and a life-long incurable condition. An empirical "one-size-fits-all" approach of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) shunting remains the mainstay of hydrocephalus treatment and effective pharmacotherapy options are currently lacking. Macrophage-mediated ChP inflammation and CSF hypersecretion have recently been identified as a significant discovery in the pathogenesis of hydrocephalus. In this study, a pioneering DNA nano-drug (TSOs) is developed by modifying S2 ssDNA and S4 ssDNA with SPAK ASO and OSR1 ASO in tetrahedral framework nucleic acids (tFNAs) and synthesis via a one-pot annealing procedure. This construct can significantly knockdown the expression of SPAK and OSR1, along with their downstream ion channel proteins in ChP epithelial cells, thereby leading to a decrease in CSF secretion. Moreover, these findings indicate that TSOs effectively inhibit the M0 to M1 phenotypic switch of ChP macrophages via the MAPK pathways, thus mitigating the cytokine storm. In in vivo post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus (PHH) models, TSOs significantly reduce CSF secretion rates, alleviate ChP inflammation, and prevent the onset of hydrocephalus. These compelling results highlight the potential of TSOs as a promising therapeutic option for managing hydrocephalus, with significant applications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiguang Wang
- Department of NeurosurgeryWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengdu610041P.R. China
| | - Jian Cheng
- Department of NeurosurgeryWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengdu610041P.R. China
| | - Fei Liu
- Institutes for Systems GeneticsFrontiers Science Center for Disease‐Related Molecular NetworkWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengdu610041P.R. China
| | - Jianwei Zhu
- Department of NeurosurgerySichuan Provincial People's HospitalUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengdu610000P.R. China
| | - Yue Li
- Core facilitiesWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengdu610041P.R. China
| | - Yuxuan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral DiseasesNational Center for StomatologyNational Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesWest China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengdu610041P. R. China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of NeurosurgeryWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengdu610041P.R. China
| | - Huan Zhang
- Department of NeurosurgeryWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengdu610041P.R. China
| | - Yan Ju
- Department of NeurosurgeryWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengdu610041P.R. China
| | - Lu Ma
- Department of NeurosurgeryWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengdu610041P.R. China
| | - Xuhui Hui
- Department of NeurosurgeryWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengdu610041P.R. China
| | - Yunfeng Lin
- Institutes for Systems GeneticsFrontiers Science Center for Disease‐Related Molecular NetworkWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengdu610041P.R. China
- Sichuan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral BiomaterialsSichuan UniversityChengdu610041P.R. China
- National Center for Translational MedicineShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200240P.R. China
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NLRP3-dependent lipid droplet formation contributes to posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus by increasing the permeability of the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier in the choroid plexus. Exp Mol Med 2023; 55:574-586. [PMID: 36869068 PMCID: PMC10073156 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-023-00955-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrocephalus is a severe complication that can result from intracerebral hemorrhage, especially if this hemorrhage extends into the ventricles. Our previous study indicated that the NLRP3 inflammasome mediates cerebrospinal fluid hypersecretion in the choroid plexus epithelium. However, the pathogenesis of posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus remains unclear, and therapeutic strategies for prevention and treatment are lacking. In this study, an Nlrp3-/- rat model of intracerebral hemorrhage with ventricular extension and primary choroid plexus epithelial cell culture were used to investigate the potential effects of NLRP3-dependent lipid droplet formation and its role in the pathogenesis of posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus. The data indicated that NLRP3-mediated dysfunction of the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (B-CSFB) accelerated neurological deficits and hydrocephalus, at least in part, through the formation of lipid droplets in the choroid plexus; these lipid droplets interacted with mitochondria and increased the release of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species that destroyed tight junctions in the choroid plexus after intracerebral hemorrhage with ventricular extension. This study broadens the current understanding of the relationship among NLRP3, lipid droplets and the B-CSFB and provides a new therapeutic target for the treatment of posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus. Strategies to protect the B-CSFB may be effective therapeutic approaches for posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus.
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Dabbagh F, Schroten H, Schwerk C. In Vitro Models of the Blood–Cerebrospinal Fluid Barrier and Their Applications in the Development and Research of (Neuro)Pharmaceuticals. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14081729. [PMID: 36015358 PMCID: PMC9412499 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14081729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The pharmaceutical research sector has been facing the challenge of neurotherapeutics development and its inherited high-risk and high-failure-rate nature for decades. This hurdle is partly attributable to the presence of brain barriers, considered both as obstacles and opportunities for the entry of drug substances. The blood–cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier (BCSFB), an under-studied brain barrier site compared to the blood–brain barrier (BBB), can be considered a potential therapeutic target to improve the delivery of CNS therapeutics and provide brain protection measures. Therefore, leveraging robust and authentic in vitro models of the BCSFB can diminish the time and effort spent on unproductive or redundant development activities by a preliminary assessment of the desired physiochemical behavior of an agent toward this barrier. To this end, the current review summarizes the efforts and progresses made to this research area with a notable focus on the attribution of these models and applied techniques to the pharmaceutical sector and the development of neuropharmacological therapeutics and diagnostics. A survey of available in vitro models, with their advantages and limitations and cell lines in hand will be provided, followed by highlighting the potential applications of such models in the (neuro)therapeutics discovery and development pipelines.
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Lolansen SD, Rostgaard N, Barbuskaite D, Capion T, Olsen MH, Norager NH, Vilhardt F, Andreassen SN, Toft-Bertelsen TL, Ye F, Juhler M, Keep RF, MacAulay N. Posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus associates with elevated inflammation and CSF hypersecretion via activation of choroidal transporters. Fluids Barriers CNS 2022; 19:62. [PMID: 35948938 PMCID: PMC9367104 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-022-00360-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus (PHH) often develops following hemorrhagic events such as intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) and subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Treatment is limited to surgical diversion of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) since no efficient pharmacological therapies are available. This limitation follows from our incomplete knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underlying the ventriculomegaly characteristic of PHH. Here, we aimed to elucidate the molecular coupling between a hemorrhagic event and the subsequent PHH development, and reveal the inflammatory profile of the PHH pathogenesis. METHODS CSF obtained from patients with SAH was analyzed for inflammatory markers using the proximity extension assay (PEA) technique. We employed an in vivo rat model of IVH to determine ventricular size, brain water content, intracranial pressure, and CSF secretion rate, as well as for transcriptomic analysis. Ex vivo radio-isotope assays of choroid plexus transport were employed to determine the direct effect of choroidal exposure to blood and inflammatory markers, both with acutely isolated choroid plexus and after prolonged exposure obtained with viable choroid plexus kept in tissue culture conditions. RESULTS The rat model of IVH demonstrated PHH and associated CSF hypersecretion. The Na+/K+-ATPase activity was enhanced in choroid plexus isolated from IVH rats, but not directly stimulated by blood components. Inflammatory markers that were elevated in SAH patient CSF acted on immune receptors upregulated in IVH rat choroid plexus and caused Na+/K+/2Cl- cotransporter 1 (NKCC1) hyperactivity in ex vivo experimental conditions. CONCLUSIONS CSF hypersecretion may contribute to PHH development, likely due to hyperactivity of choroid plexus transporters. The hemorrhage-induced inflammation detected in CSF and in the choroid plexus tissue may represent the underlying pathology. Therapeutic targeting of such pathways may be employed in future treatment strategies towards PHH patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Diana Lolansen
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nina Rostgaard
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Neuroscience Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dagne Barbuskaite
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tenna Capion
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Neuroscience Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Markus Harboe Olsen
- Department of Neuroanaesthesiology, The Neuroscience Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nicolas H Norager
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Neuroscience Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Frederik Vilhardt
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Søren Norge Andreassen
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Trine L Toft-Bertelsen
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Fenghui Ye
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Marianne Juhler
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Neuroscience Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Richard F Keep
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Nanna MacAulay
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Zhang Z, Tan Q, Guo P, Huang S, Jia Z, Liu X, Feng H, Chen Y. NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated choroid plexus hypersecretion contributes to hydrocephalus after intraventricular hemorrhage via phosphorylated NKCC1 channels. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:163. [PMID: 35729645 PMCID: PMC9210649 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02530-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hydrocephalus is a severe complication of intracerebral hemorrhage with ventricular extension (ICH-IVH) and causes cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) accumulation. The choroid plexus epithelium plays an important role in CSF secretion and constitutes the blood–CSF barrier within the brain–immune system interface. Although the NLRP3 inflammasome, as a key component of the innate immune system, promotes neuroinflammation, its role in the pathogenesis of hydrocephalus after hemorrhage has not been investigated. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the potential mechanism of NLRP3 in hydrocephalus to discover a potential marker for targeted therapy. Methods A rat model of hydrocephalus after ICH-IVH was developed through autologous blood infusion in wild-type and Nlrp3−/− rats. By studying the features and processes of the model, we investigated the relationship between the NLRP3 inflammasome and CSF hypersecretion in the choroid plexus. Results The ICH-IVH model rats showed ventricular dilation accompanied by CSF hypersecretion for 3 days. Based on the choroid plexus RNA-seq and proteomics results, we found that an inflammatory response was activated. The NLRP3 inflammasome was investigated, and the expression levels of NLRP3 inflammasome components reached a peak at 3 days after ICH-IVH. Inhibition of NLRP3 by an MCC950 inflammasome inhibitor or Nlrp3 knockout decreased CSF secretion and ventricular dilation and attenuated neurological deficits after ICH-IVH. The mechanism underlying the neuroprotective effects of NLRP3 inhibition involved decreased phosphorylation of NKCC1, which is a major protein that regulates CSF secretion by altering Na+- and K+-coupled water transport, via MCC950 or Nlrp3 knockout. In combination with the in vitro experiments, this experiment confirmed the involvement of the NLRP3/p-NKCC1 pathway and Na+ and K+ flux. Conclusions This study demonstrates that NKCC1 phosphorylation in the choroid plexus epithelium promotes NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated CSF hypersecretion and that NLRP3 plays an important role in the pathogenesis of hydrocephalus after hemorrhage. These findings provide a new therapeutic strategy for treating hydrocephalus. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-022-02530-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoqi Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), 29 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precision Neuromedicine and Neuroregenaration, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.,Chongqing Clinical Research Center for Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Qiang Tan
- Department of Neurosurgery and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), 29 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precision Neuromedicine and Neuroregenaration, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.,Chongqing Clinical Research Center for Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Peiwen Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), 29 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precision Neuromedicine and Neuroregenaration, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.,Chongqing Clinical Research Center for Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Suna Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), 29 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precision Neuromedicine and Neuroregenaration, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.,Chongqing Clinical Research Center for Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Zhengcai Jia
- Department of Neurosurgery and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), 29 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precision Neuromedicine and Neuroregenaration, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.,Chongqing Clinical Research Center for Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), 29 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precision Neuromedicine and Neuroregenaration, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.,Chongqing Clinical Research Center for Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Hua Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), 29 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, China. .,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precision Neuromedicine and Neuroregenaration, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China. .,Chongqing Clinical Research Center for Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.
| | - Yujie Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), 29 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, China. .,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precision Neuromedicine and Neuroregenaration, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China. .,Chongqing Clinical Research Center for Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China. .,CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China.
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Jang A, Lehtinen MK. Experimental approaches for manipulating choroid plexus epithelial cells. Fluids Barriers CNS 2022; 19:36. [PMID: 35619113 PMCID: PMC9134666 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-022-00330-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Choroid plexus (ChP) epithelial cells are crucial for the function of the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB) in the developing and mature brain. The ChP is considered the primary source and regulator of CSF, secreting many important factors that nourish the brain. It also performs CSF clearance functions including removing Amyloid beta and potassium. As such, the ChP is a promising target for gene and drug therapy for neurodevelopmental and neurological disorders in the central nervous system (CNS). This review describes the current successful and emerging experimental approaches for targeting ChP epithelial cells. We highlight methodological strategies to specifically target these cells for gain or loss of function in vivo. We cover both genetic models and viral gene delivery systems. Additionally, several lines of reporters to access the ChP epithelia are reviewed. Finally, we discuss exciting new approaches, such as chemical activation and transplantation of engineered ChP epithelial cells. We elaborate on fundamental functions of the ChP in secretion and clearance and outline experimental approaches paving the way to clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahram Jang
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Maria K Lehtinen
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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9
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Li HZ, Liu KG, Zeng NX, Wu XF, Lu WJ, Xu HF, Yan C, Wu LL. Luteolin Enhances Choroid Plexus 5-MTHF Brain Transport to Promote Hippocampal Neurogenesis in LOD Rats. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:826568. [PMID: 35401160 PMCID: PMC8993213 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.826568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Folates, provided by food, are commonly used antidepressant synergists in late-onset depression (LOD). However, increased intake of folic acid in the elderly population might lead to the accumulation of unmetabolized folic acid in the systemic circulation, leading to enhanced deterioration of the central nervous system function. In addition, folates cannot access the brain directly because of the blood-brain barrier. Choroid plexus (CP) 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5-MTHF) brain transport plays a critical role in regulating the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) 5-MTHF content. Luteolin is a natural flavonoid that has antidepressant effects and is involved in the anti-folate resistance pathway. It remains unclear whether the antidepressant effects of luteolin are associated with the CP 5-MTHF brain transport. In this study, 20-21-month-old Wistar rats were exposed to the chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) protocol for 6 consecutive weeks to explore the long-term effects of luteolin on behavior, 5-MTHF levels, hippocampal neurogenesis, and folate brain transport of the CP. In vitro primary hippocampal neural stem cells (NSCs) cultured in media containing 10% CSF from each group of rats and choroid plexus epithelial cells (CPECs) cultured in media containing 20 μM luteolin were treated with 100 μM corticosterone and 40 mg/ml D-galactose. We found that aged rats exposed to CUMS showed a significantly reduced sucrose preference, decreased locomotion activity in the open field test and accuracy of the Morris water maze test, increased immobility time in the forced swimming test, accelerated dysfunctional neurogenesis and neuronal loss in the dentate gyrus of LOD rats, as well as decreased CSF and hippocampus 5-MTHF levels, and zona occludens protein 1 (ZO-1), proton-coupled folate transporter (PCFT), and reduced folate carrier (RFC) protein levels. In vitro assays showed media containing 10% aged CSF or LOD+ Luteolin-CSF significantly increased the viability of CORT + D-gal-injured NSCs and alleviated dysfunctional neurogenesis and neuronal loss compared with the CORT + D-gal medium. However, media containing 10% LOD-CSF had no such effect. In the meantime, induction of CORT + D-gal significantly decreased the ZO-1, PCFT, RFC, and folate receptor alpha (FR-α) protein levels and transepithelial electrical resistance in rat CPECs. As expected, luteolin treatment was effective in improving these abnormal changes. These findings suggested that luteolin could ameliorate CUMS-induced LOD-like behaviors by enhancing the folate brain transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Zhen Li
- Research Center for Basic Integrative Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kai-Ge Liu
- Research Center for Basic Integrative Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ning-Xi Zeng
- Research Center for Basic Integrative Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Wu
- Research Center for Basic Integrative Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen-Jun Lu
- Research Center for Basic Integrative Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Han-Fang Xu
- Research Center for Basic Integrative Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Can Yan
- Research Center for Basic Integrative Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li-Li Wu
- Research Center for Basic Integrative Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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