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Di Fiore A, Stellini E, Alageel O, Alhotan A. Comparison of mechanical and surface properties of two 3D printed composite resins for definitive restoration. J Prosthet Dent 2024; 132:839.e1-839.e7. [PMID: 39069391 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2024.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Additive manufacturing (AM) technology is emerging as an innovative approach in the dental field. In recent years, manufacturers have introduced 3-dimensionally printed composite resins (3D-CRs) that are specifically designed for the AM of definitive prostheses; however, the mechanical and surface properties of these materials require investigation. PURPOSE The purpose of this in vitro study was to assess and compare the mechanical and surface properties of 2 commercially available 3D-CRs for definitive restoration after artificial aging. MATERIAL AND METHODS Saremco print Crowntec; Saremco Dental AG and Varseo Smile Crown Plus; Bego GmbH were printed with a layer thickness of 50 µm at a 90-degree angle. A total of 20 bar-shaped specimens (25×2×2 mm) were produced from each material to measure the flexural strength (σf) and elastic modulus (E) using a 3-point bend test, and 5 disk-shaped specimens (Ø15×3 mm) from each material were used to measure the surface microhardness using a microhardness test. Half of the specimens were tested under dry conditions, while the other half were immersed in distilled water for 30 days. Five disk-shaped specimens (Ø15×3 mm) from each material were used to evaluate surface roughness before and after undergoing toothbrushing simulations. Additionally, 5 disk-shaped specimens (Ø15×1 mm) were used to assess water sorption (wsp) and solubility (wsl) over 28 days. Statistical analyses were conducted using the Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank test (1-tailed) with 90% power (α=.05). RESULTS The mean ±standard deviation flexural strength values were 123.4 ±8.7 MPa for Saremco print Crowntec and 109.9 ±15.8 MPa for Varseo Smile Crown Plus. After aging, these values were 97.5 ±15.2 MPa for Saremco print Crowntec and 94.2 ±11.7 MPa for Varseo Smile Crown Plus. The mean Vickers hardness values were 33.2 ±0.8 N/mm2 for Saremco print Crowntec and 31.5 ±0.6 N/mm2 for Varseo Smile Crown Plus. After aging, the mean values were 31.7 ±0.9 N/mm2 for Saremco print Crowntec and 29.6 ±1.0 N/mm2 for Varseo Smile Crown Plus. The mean modulus of elasticity was 4.2 ±0.3 GPa for Saremco print Crowntec and 3.82 ±0.2 GPa for Varseo Smile Crown Plus. After 21 days, the mean sorption values were 11.52 ±0.6 mg/mm3 for Saremco print Crowntec and 12.43 ±0.4 mg/mm3 for Varseo Smile Crown Plus. After 28 days, the mean solubility values were 1.36 ±0.4 mg/mm3 for Saremco print Crowntec and 0.98 ±0.3 mg/mm3 for Varseo Smile Crown Plus. Significant differences were found between the 2 3D-CRs in flexural strength in the dry state (P=.03), in Young modulus after 30 days of water immersion (P=.023), and in Vickers hardness in the dry state (P=.01) and after 30 days of water immersion (P=.018). CONCLUSIONS Both 3D-CRs provided good in vitro performance and the mechanical properties required for long-term clinical application. Artificial aging decreased the flexural strength of both 3D-CRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adolfo Di Fiore
- Assistant Professor, Department of Neurosciences, School of Dentistry, Section of Prosthodontics and Digital Dentistry, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
| | - Edoardo Stellini
- Full Professor, Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; and Head, Dental Clinic, School of Dentistry, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Omar Alageel
- Associate Professor, Department of Dental Health, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz Alhotan
- Assistant Professor, Department of Dental Health, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Lawson NC, Safadi Y, Alford A, Aggarwal H, Bora PV, Lawson TJ, Givan DA. Flexural strength, fracture toughness, translucency, stain resistance, and water sorption of 3D-printed, milled, and conventional denture base materials. J Prosthodont 2024. [PMID: 39318070 DOI: 10.1111/jopr.13955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2024] [Accepted: 09/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/26/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare mechanical, optical, and physical properties of denture base materials fabricated with various 3D printing systems to reference milled and conventionally heat-processed denture base materials. MATERIALS AND METHODS Specimens of denture base materials were either 3D-printed (DLP in-office printer, CLIP laboratory printer, or material jetting laboratory printer), milled, or heat processed. 3-point bend flexural strength testing was performed after 50 hours of water storage following 1hour of drying (dry testing) or in 37°C water (wet testing). Fracture toughness was performed with a notched beam specimen after 7 days of water storage and tested dry. The translucency parameter was measured with 2 mm thick specimens. Stain resistance was measured as color change following 14 days of storage in 37°C coffee. Water sorption was measured following 7 days of storage in 37°C distilled water. RESULTS For dry testing, all but one of the 3D-printed materials attained higher or equivalent flexural strength as the reference materials. For wet testing, all 3D-printed materials attained higher or equivalent strength as the reference materials and dry-tested materials. For 3D-printed materials, wet testing increased displacement before fracture whereas it decreased displacement for the reference materials. Only two of the 3D-printed materials had similar fracture toughness as the reference materials. One of the 3D-printed materials was more translucent and one was more opaque than the reference materials. Only one of the 3D-printed materials absorbed more water than the reference materials. CONCLUSION 3D-printed denture base materials have mostly equivalent mechanical, optical, and physical properties to conventional and milled denture base materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel C Lawson
- Department of Clinical and Community Sciences, School of Dentistry, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Yamen Safadi
- Department of Restorative Sciences, School of Dentistry, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Aaron Alford
- Department of Chemistry, UAB College of Arts and Sciences, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Himanshi Aggarwal
- Department of Restorative Sciences, School of Dentistry, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Pranit V Bora
- Division of Clinic Essentials and Simulation, School of Dentistry, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit, USA
| | - Thomas J Lawson
- Department of Restorative Sciences, School of Dentistry, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Daniel A Givan
- Department of Restorative Sciences, School of Dentistry, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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Moussa R, Ellakany P, Fouda SM, El-Din MS. Comparative evaluation of the effects of laser and chemical denture disinfectants on the surface characteristics of CAD-CAM and conventional denture resins: An in vitro experimental study. J Prosthodont 2024. [PMID: 39300670 DOI: 10.1111/jopr.13952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of Ga-Al-Ar diode, Nd:YAG lasers, and chemical disinfectants (NaOCl, vinegar, and Corega) on surface roughness (Ra) and hardness (VHN) of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), thermoplastic polyamide, milled and 3D-printed denture base resins. MATERIALS AND METHODS About 432 specimens of PMMA, thermoplastic polyamide, milled, and 3D-printed resins were divided into six subgroups (n = 18): distilled water (control:C), Ga-Al-Ar diode laser (L1), Nd:YAG laser (L2), 1% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), vinegar (AA), and Corega (CR). Each specimen's Ra and VHN were measured. Surface topography assessment was done using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Analysis was done using ANOVA and post hoc Tukey's test (p = 0.05). RESULTS A significant difference was noted in Ra and VHN as affected by denture base materials, surface disinfectants, and their interaction (p < 0.001). Results showed a significant increase in Ra of PMMA with NaOCL (p < 0.001), AA (p = 0.005), and CR (p = 0.009), thermoplastic polyamide with L1 (p = 0.012), L2 (p = 0.015), NaOCL AA, and CR (p < 0.001 each), milled resin with AA NaOCL, and CR (p < 0.001 each), and 3D-printed resin with L1, NaOCl, AA (p < 0.001 each), and CR (p = 0.008). The VHN increased in PMMA with NaOCL (p < 0.001), AA (p = 0.044), and CR (p < 0.001), thermoplastic polyamide with L1 (p = 0.037), milled resin with L1, L2, and CR (p < 0.001 each), and 3D-printed resin with L1, NaOCl (p < 0.001 each), and decreased with CR (p = 0.007). CONCLUSION The tested properties showed variations affected by denture base material and surface disinfectants. Laser treatments induced smoother surfaces than chemical disinfectants. Laser improved the surface hardness of CAD-CAM resins, while chemical immersion improved that of PMMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania Moussa
- Department of Substitutive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Passent Ellakany
- Department of Substitutive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shaimaa M Fouda
- Department of Substitutive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mai Salah El-Din
- Department of Prosthodontics, Alexandria University Main Hospital, Alexandria, Egypt
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Modiga C, Stoia A, Leretter MT, Chiş AC, Ardelean AV, Azar ER, Kapor G, Pop DM, Romînu M, Sinescu C, Negruţiu ML, Petrescu EL. Mechanical Assessment of Denture Polymers Processing Technologies. J Funct Biomater 2024; 15:234. [PMID: 39194672 DOI: 10.3390/jfb15080234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2024] [Revised: 08/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Removable prostheses have seen a fundamental change recently because of advances in polymer materials, allowing improved durability and performance. Despite these advancements, notable differences still occur amongst various polymer materials and processing technologies, requiring a thorough grasp of their mechanical, physical, and therapeutic implications. The compressive strength of dentures manufactured using various technologies will be investigated. METHODS Traditional, injection molding, and additive and subtractive CAD/CAM processing techniques, all utilizing Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) as the main material, were used to construct complete dentures. The specimens underwent a compressive mechanical test, which reveals the differences in compressive strength. RESULTS All the specimens broke under the influence of a certain force, rather than yielding through flow, as is characteristic for plastic materials. For each specimen, the maximum force (N) was recorded, as well as the breaking energy. The mean force required to break the dentures for each processing technology is as follows: 4.54 kN for traditional packing-press technique, 17.92 kN for the injection molding technique, 1.51 kN for the additive CAD/CAM dentures, and 5.9 kN for the subtractive CAD/CAM dentures. CONCLUSIONS The best results were obtained in the case of the thermoplastic injection system and the worst results were recorded in the case of 3D printed samples. Another important aspect depicted is the standard deviation for each group, which reveal a relatively unstable property for the thermoplastic injected dentures. Good results here in terms of absolute property and stability of the property can be conferred to CAD/CAM milled group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Modiga
- Department of Prostheses Technology and Dental Materials, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Victor Babeş" Timișoara, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timişoara, Romania
- Research Center in Dental Medicine Using Conventional and Alternative Technologies, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Victor Babeş" Timișoara, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timişoara, Romania
| | - Andreea Stoia
- Department of Mechanics and Strength of Materials, "Politehnica" University of Timisoara, 1 Mihai Viteazu Ave., 300222 Timişoara, Romania
| | - Marius Traian Leretter
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Victor Babeş" Timișoara, Bd. Revolutiei din 1989, Nr. 9, 300041 Timişoara, Romania
| | - Ana Codruţa Chiş
- Research Institute for Biosafety and Bioengineering, The King Michael I University of Life Sciences, 119 Aradului Road, 300645 Timişoara, Romania
| | - Andreea-Violeta Ardelean
- Research Center in Dental Medicine Using Conventional and Alternative Technologies, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Victor Babeş" Timișoara, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timişoara, Romania
| | - Edward-Ronald Azar
- Research Center in Dental Medicine Using Conventional and Alternative Technologies, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Victor Babeş" Timișoara, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timişoara, Romania
| | - Gabriel Kapor
- Department of Mechanics and Strength of Materials, "Politehnica" University of Timisoara, 1 Mihai Viteazu Ave., 300222 Timişoara, Romania
| | - Daniela-Maria Pop
- Department of Prostheses Technology and Dental Materials, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Victor Babeş" Timișoara, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timişoara, Romania
- Research Center in Dental Medicine Using Conventional and Alternative Technologies, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Victor Babeş" Timișoara, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timişoara, Romania
| | - Mihai Romînu
- Department of Prostheses Technology and Dental Materials, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Victor Babeş" Timișoara, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timişoara, Romania
- Research Center in Dental Medicine Using Conventional and Alternative Technologies, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Victor Babeş" Timișoara, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timişoara, Romania
| | - Cosmin Sinescu
- Department of Prostheses Technology and Dental Materials, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Victor Babeş" Timișoara, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timişoara, Romania
- Research Center in Dental Medicine Using Conventional and Alternative Technologies, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Victor Babeş" Timișoara, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timişoara, Romania
| | - Meda-Lavinia Negruţiu
- Department of Prostheses Technology and Dental Materials, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Victor Babeş" Timișoara, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timişoara, Romania
- Research Center in Dental Medicine Using Conventional and Alternative Technologies, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Victor Babeş" Timișoara, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timişoara, Romania
| | - Emanuela-Lidia Petrescu
- Department of Prostheses Technology and Dental Materials, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Victor Babeş" Timișoara, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timişoara, Romania
- Research Center in Dental Medicine Using Conventional and Alternative Technologies, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Victor Babeş" Timișoara, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timişoara, Romania
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Zahari NAH, Farid DAM, Alauddin MS, Said Z, Ghazali MIM, Lee HE, Zol SM. Development of 3-dimensionally printed denture base material utilizing hybrid polymer: A preliminary investigation. J Prosthet Dent 2024:S0022-3913(24)00499-2. [PMID: 39147631 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2024.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Current 3-dimensionally (3D) printed denture bases have inadequate strength and durability for long-term use, and milled denture bases generate excessive waste. Addressing these limitations is crucial to advancing prosthetic dentistry, ensuring improved patient outcomes and promoting environmental responsibility. PURPOSE The purpose of this in vitro study was to incorporate microparticles into a commercially available 3D printed denture base resin and compare its mechanical and biological properties with the conventional polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) denture base material. MATERIAL AND METHODS Microparticles were collected from milled zirconia blanks and were blended with a 3D printing denture base resin (NextDent Denture 3D+). The optimal zirconia microparticle content (2%) for blending and printed was determined by using a liquid-crystal display (LCD) 3D printer. The printed specimens were then postrinsed and postpolymerized based on the manufacturer's instructions. Mechanical and biological characterization were carried out in terms of flexural strength, fracture toughness, and fungal adhesion. One-way ANOVA was carried out to analyze the results statistically. RESULTS The incorporation of microparticles in the 3D printed denture demonstrated higher mechanical strength (104.77 ±7.60 MPa) compared with conventional heat-polymerized denture base resin (75.15 ±24.41 MPa) (P<.001), but the mechanical strength deteriorated when compared with the unmodified 3D printing resin (122.17 ±11.58 MPa) (P<.001). However, the modified 3D printed denture showed greater antibacterial activity (1184.00 ±243.25 CFU/mL) than the unmodified resin (1486.50 ±103.94 CFU/mL) (P=.045). CONCLUSIONS The incorporation of microparticles into the 3D printed denture base resin demonstrated the potential to enhance the mechanical and biological properties of the denture base when compared with conventional techniques. However, when compared with the unmodified 3D printed denture base resin, the mechanical properties deteriorated while the biological properties improved.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Muhammad Syafiq Alauddin
- Lecturer, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Zulfahmi Said
- Lecturer, Department of Basic Sciences and Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Ifwat Mohd Ghazali
- Lecturer, Smart Manufacturing and Advanced Renewable Technology Research Group, Faculty Science and Technology, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Nilai, Malaysia
| | - Hao-Ern Lee
- Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Kim GY, Moon HS, Kwon JS, Oh KC. An in vitro evaluation of bond strength and failure behavior between 3D-printed cobalt-chromium alloy and different types of denture base resins. J Dent 2024; 147:105119. [PMID: 38852694 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2024.105119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to evaluate the shear bond strength and failure behavior between cobalt-chromium (Co-Cr) alloy and different types of denture base resins (DBRs) over time. METHODS Seventy-two disk-shaped specimens (8 mm in diameter and 2 mm in thickness) were manufactured using a selective laser melting technology-based metal 3D printer. Three types of DBRs were used: heat-cure (HEA group), cold-cure (COL group), and 3D-printable (TDP group) DBRs (n = 12 per group). Each DBR specimen was fabricated as a 5 mm × 5 mm × 5 mm cube model. The specimens of the TDP group were manufactured using a digital light processing technology-based 3D printer. Half of the DBRs were stored in distilled water at 37 °C for 24 h, whereas the remaining half underwent thermocycling for 10,000 cycles. Shear bond strength was measured using a universal testing machine; failure modes were observed, and metal surfaces were evaluated using energy dispersive spectrometry. RESULTS The shear bond strength did not differ between the DBR types within the non-thermocycled groups. Contrarily, the TDP group exhibited inferior strength compared to the HEA group (P = 0.008) after thermocycling. All three types of DBRs exhibited a significant decrease in the shear bond strength and an increased tendency toward adhesive failure after thermocycling. CONCLUSIONS The bond strength between 3D-printable DBRs and Co-Cr alloy was comparable to that of heat-and cold-cure DBRs before thermocycling. However, it exhibited a considerable weakening in comparison to heat-cure DBRs after simulated short-term use. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The application of 3D-printable DBR in metal framework-incorporated removable partial dentures may be feasible during the early phase of the treatment. However, its application is currently limited because the bond strength between the 3D-printable DBR and metal may weaken after short-term use. Further studies on methods to increase the bond strength between these heterogeneous materials are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gi Youn Kim
- Department of Prosthodontics, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong-Seok Moon
- Department of Prosthodontics, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Sung Kwon
- Department and Research Institute of Dental Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Chul Oh
- Department of Prosthodontics, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Dai J, Luo K, Liu Q, Unkovskiy A, Spintzyk S, Xu S, Li P. Post-processing of a 3D-printed denture base polymer: Impact of a centrifugation method on the surface characteristics, flexural properties, and cytotoxicity. J Dent 2024; 147:105102. [PMID: 38852693 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2024.105102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the impact of a centrifugation method on the surface characteristics, flexural properties, and cytotoxicity of an additively manufactured denture base polymer. METHODS The tested specimens were prepared by digital light processing (DLP). A centrifugation method (CENT) was used to remove the residual uncured resin. In addition, the specimens were post-processed with different post-rinsing solutions: isopropanol (IPA), ethanol (EtOH), and tripropylene glycol monomethyl ether (TPM), respectively. A commercial heat-polymerized polymethyl methacrylate was used as a reference (REF). First, the values of surface topography, arithmetical mean height (Sa), and root mean square height (Sq) were measured. Next, flexural strength (FS) and modulus were evaluated. Finally, cytotoxicity was assessed using an extract test. The data were statistically analyzed using a one-way analysis of variance, followed by Tukey's multiple comparison test for post-hoc analysis. RESULTS The Sa value in the CENT group was lower than in the IPA, EtOH, TPM, and REF groups (p < 0.001). Moreover, the CENT group had lower Sq values than other groups (p < 0.001). The centrifugation method showed a higher FS value (80.92 ± 8.65 MPa) than the EtOH (61.71 ± 12.25 MPa, p < 0.001) and TPM (67.01 ± 9.751 MPa, p = 0.027), while affecting IPA (72.26 ± 8.80 MPa, p = 0.268) and REF (71.39 ± 10.44 MPa, p = 0.231). Also, the centrifugation method showed no evident cytotoxic effects. CONCLUSIONS The surfaces treated with a centrifugation method were relatively smooth. Simultaneously, the flexural strength of denture base polymers was enhanced through centrifugation. Finally, no evident cytotoxic effects could be observed from different post-processing procedures. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The centrifugation method could optimize surface quality and flexural strength of DLP-printed denture base polymers without compromising cytocompatibility, offering an alternative to conventional rinsing post-processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingtao Dai
- Department of Orthodontics, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, South Jiangnan Road No. 366, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Ke Luo
- Center of Oral Implantology, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, South Jiangnan Road No. 366, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Center of Oral Implantology, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, South Jiangnan Road No. 366, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Alexey Unkovskiy
- Department of Prosthodontics, Geriatric Dentistry and Craniomandibular Disorders, Charité - University Hospital, Aßmannshauser Str. 4-6, Berlin 14197, Germany; Department of Dental Surgery, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Bolshaya Pirogovskaya Street, 19с1, Moscow 119146, Russia
| | - Sebastian Spintzyk
- ADMiRE Lab - Additive Manufacturing, intelligent Robotics, Sensors and Engineering, School of Engineering and IT, Carinthia University of Applied Sciences, Europastraße 4, 9524 Villach, Austria
| | - Shulan Xu
- Center of Oral Implantology, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, South Jiangnan Road No. 366, Guangzhou 510280, China.
| | - Ping Li
- Department of Prosthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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Turanoglu OF, Talay Cevlik E, Vural C. Investigation of adhesion status of Candida species to the surface of resin materials produced at different angles with additive manufacturing. BMC Oral Health 2024; 24:738. [PMID: 38937749 PMCID: PMC11209985 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-024-04505-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to evaluate the adhesion of Candida glabrata, Candida albicans, Candida krusei, Candida parapsilosis and Candida tropicalis yeasts to disk-shaped resin materials produced from resin which used in the production of surgical guide with 0, 45 and 90-degrees printing orientations by Liquid Crystal Display additive manufacturing technology. METHODS Disk-shaped specimens were printed with surgical guide resin using the Liquid Crystal Display production technique in 3 printing orientations (0, 45 and 90-degrees). Surface roughness and contact angle values were evaluated. Real-Time PCR analysis was performed to evaluate Candida adhesion (C. glabrata, C. albicans, C. krusei, C. parapsilosis and C. tropicalis) Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) images of the materials were obtained. RESULTS Specimens oriented at 45-degrees demonstrated higher surface roughness (P < .05) and lower contact angle values than other groups. No significant difference was found in the adhesion of C. glabrata, C. albicans, and C. parapsilosis among specimens printed at 0, 45, and 90-degrees orientations (P > .05). A higher proportion of C. krusei and C. tropicalis was found in the specimens printed at orientation degrees of 45 = 90 < 0 with statistical significance. Analyzing the adhesion of all Candida species reveals no statistical disparity among the printing orientations. CONCLUSIONS The surface roughness, contact angle, and adhesion of certain Candida species are affected by printing orientations. Hence, careful consideration of the printing orientation is crucial for fabricating products with desirable properties. In 45-degree production, roughness increases due to the layered production forming steps, whereas in 0-degree production, certain Candida species exhibit high adhesion due to the formation of porous structures. Consequently, considering these factors, it is advisable to opt for production at 90-degrees, while also considering other anticipated characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omer F Turanoglu
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Aydın Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Efeler, 09100, Turkey
| | - Esra Talay Cevlik
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Aydın Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Efeler, 09100, Turkey.
| | - Caner Vural
- Department of Biology, Molecular Biology Section, Faculty of Science, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Pamukkale, 20160, Turkey
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Altarazi A, Haider J, Alhotan A, Silikas N, Devlin H. Impact of Artificial Aging on the Physical and Mechanical Characteristics of Denture Base Materials Fabricated via 3D Printing. Int J Biomater 2024; 2024:8060363. [PMID: 38919543 PMCID: PMC11199068 DOI: 10.1155/2024/8060363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) printing is becoming more prevalent in the dental sector due to its potential to save time for dental practitioners, streamline fabrication processes, enhance precision and consistency in fabricating prosthetic models, and offer cost-effective solutions. However, the effect of aging in artificial saliva of this type of material has not been explored. To assess the physical and mechanical properties of the two types of 3D-printed materials before and after being subjected to artificial saliva, a total of 219 acrylic resin specimens were produced. These specimens were made with two types of 3D-printed materials, namely, NextDent (ND) and Formlabs (FLs), and a Schottlander heat-cured (HC) resin material that was used as a control. Water sorption and solubility specimens (n = 5) were tested after three months of storage in artificial saliva. Moreover, the Vickers hardness, Martens hardness, flexural strength/modulus, and impact strength were evaluated both under dry conditions and after three months of storage in artificial saliva. The degree of conversion (DC), elemental analysis, and filler content were also investigated. The ANOVA showed that 3D-printed resins had significantly greater sorption than the control group (p < 0.05). However, the flexural strength values of the 3D-printed materials were significantly greater (p < 0.05) than those of the heat-cured material. The DC of the 3D-printed resins was lower than that of the control group, but the difference was not significant (p > 0.05). The 3D-printed materials contained significantly more filler than the control (p < 0.05). Moreover, the artificial saliva had a significant effect on the Vickers hardness for all tested groups and on the Martens hardness for the control group only (p < 0.05). Compared with conventional heat-cured materials, 3D-printed denture base materials demonstrated relatively poorer performance in terms of sorption, solubility, and DC but exhibited either comparable or superior mechanical properties. The aging process also influenced the Vickers and Martens' hardness. The strength of the 3D-printed materials was in compliance with ISO recommendations, and the materials could be used alongside conventional heat-cured materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Altarazi
- Division of Dentistry, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
- Restorative Dental Science, College of Dentistry, Taibah University, Medinah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Julfikar Haider
- Division of Dentistry, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
- Department of Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 5GD, UK
| | - Abdulaziz Alhotan
- Department of Dental Health, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nick Silikas
- Division of Dentistry, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Hugh Devlin
- Division of Dentistry, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
- School of Dentistry, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
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Arora O, Ahmed N, Nallaswamy D, Ganapathy D, Srinivasan M. Denture base materials: An in vitro evaluation of the mechanical and color properties. J Dent 2024; 145:104993. [PMID: 38657724 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2024.104993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to compare the physical and mechanical properties of four denture base materials: Polyan IC (PA), milled polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), three-dimensional (3D)-printed resin (3DP), and SR Ivocap (SR). METHODS Ninety-six samples were prepared and divided into four groups as follows. Group A consisted of 3DP (Asiga DentaBASE, Asiga) fabricated using a manufacturer-recommended 3D printer (Asiga Pro 4k, Asiga). Group B comprised milled PMMA (MP) (Ivotion Base, Ivoclar Vivadent). Group C included PA (BredentSenden), meanwhile, group D involved SR (Ivoclar VivadentSchaan). Cuboid samples (65 mm x 10 mm x 2.5 mm) were used for biaxial flexure strength testing in a universal testing machine (UTM). Cylindrical samples of 20 mm x 40 mm were used for compressive strength testing in a UTM. Additionally, cuboid samples (65 mm x 10 mm x 2.5 mm) were used for Vickers surface hardness testing in a microhardness tester. disk samples (10 mm x 2.5 mm) were employed for color stability testing both in a coffee solution and Coca-Cola, using a digital spectrophotometer. Statistical analyses were performed using one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc analysis (α=0.05). RESULTS MP demonstrated superior compressive strength (p = 0.002) and color stability compared to that exhibited by 3DP (p < 0.001) while displaying similar flexure strength (p = 0.336) and hardness (p = 0.708). MP and PA displayed similar compressive strength (p = 0.081), flexure strength (p = 0.159), and color stability in coke (p = 0.071). However, MP had reduced hardness (p < 0.001) and color stability in coffee (p < 0.001). Moreover, MP demonstrated a higher compressive strength (p < 0.001) than that displayed by SR. However, the flexure strength, hardness, and color stability were similar (p > 0.05). Furthermore, 3DP exhibited comparable compressive strength (p = 0.334) to that of PA but demonstrated significantly lower flexure strength (p = 0.005), hardness (p < 0.001), and color stability (p < 0.001) compared to PA. In comparison to SR, PA had a higher compressive strength (p < 0.001), hardness (p = 0.001), and color stability in coffee (p < 0.001), although they demonstrated similar (p > 0.05) flexure strength and color stability in coke. CONCLUSIONS The MP and PA demonstrated superior compressive strength than that exhibited by the other materials tested. The tested materials had similar flexure strengths, except for PA which demonstrated superiority over the 3DP. Among all tested materials, PA exhibited the highest hardness, while the 3DP was the least color-stable. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Considering the mechanical properties and color stability, Polyan and milled polymethylmethacrylate are preferred for complete denture fabrication. However, the limited repairability and complex handling of Polyan should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ojasvini Arora
- Department of Prosthodontics and Implantology, Saveetha Dental College And Hospitals, Saveetha Institute Of Medical And Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai 600077, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Nabeel Ahmed
- Department of Prosthodontics and Implantology, Saveetha Dental College And Hospitals, Saveetha Institute Of Medical And Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai 600077, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Deepak Nallaswamy
- Department of Prosthodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai 600077, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Dhanraj Ganapathy
- Department of Prosthodontics and Implantology, Saveetha Dental College And Hospitals, Saveetha Institute Of Medical And Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai 600077, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Murali Srinivasan
- Clinic of General-, Special Care- and Geriatric Dentistry, Center for Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Plattenstrasse 11, Zurich 8032, Switzerland
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Alqarawi FK, Gad MM. Tendency of microbial adhesion to denture base resins: a systematic review. FRONTIERS IN ORAL HEALTH 2024; 5:1375186. [PMID: 38817845 PMCID: PMC11137245 DOI: 10.3389/froh.2024.1375186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives Digital denture fabrication became an alternative method to conventional denture fabrication. However reviewing the antimicrobial performance of newly introduced digital fabrication methods in comparison to the conventional method is neglected. Aim of study: this review was to compare the antiadherence properties of various CAD-CAM subtractive (milled), additive (3D printed) conventional denture base resins. In order to answer the developed PICO question: "Does CAD-CAM milled and 3D printed denture base resins have microbiological antiadherence properties over the conventional ones?" We included comparative studies on digitally fabricated Denture base resins with conventionally fabricated one in term of microbial adhesion. Methods All in vitro studies investigated the microbial adherence to CAD-CAM milled and 3D printed denture base resins in comparison to conventional were searched in the PubMed, Web of Sciences, and Scopus databases up to December 2023. Results Fifteen studies have been investigated the microbial adhesion to milled and 3D printed denture base resins. CAD-CAM milled resins significantly decreased the microbial adhesion when compared with the conventional resins and 3D printed resins, while the later showed a high tendency for microbial adhesion. The addition of antifungal agents to 3D printed resins significantly reduced C. albicans adhesion. In terms of 3D printing parameters, printing orientation affected adherence while printing technology had no effect on microbial adhesion. Conclusion Denture base materials and fabrication methods significantly affect the microbial adhesion. CAD-CAM milled denture base resins demonstrated low microbial adhesion. 3D-printed resins showed high tendency for C. albicans adhesion. The antiadherent properties of 3D-printed resins can be improved by incorporating antifungal agents or changing the printing parameters, but further investigations are required to validate these modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammed M. Gad
- Department of Substitutive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
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Fouda SM, Gad MM, Abualsaud R, Ellakany P, AlRumaih HS, Farooqi FA, Matin A, Al-Eraky DM, Al-Qarni FD, Al-Harbi FA. In Vitro Evaluation of Candida albicans Adhesion and Related Surface Properties of CAD/CAM Denture Base Resins. Eur J Dent 2024; 18:579-586. [PMID: 38086425 PMCID: PMC11132779 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1774319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the surface roughness, contact angle, and adhesion of Candida albicans to computer-aided designing/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) and heat-polymerized (HP) denture base materials. MATERIALS AND METHODS Specimens were allocated to six groups based on the composition of studied denture base materials, HP acrylic resin, milled resins (AvaDent and IvoCad), and 3D-printed resins (ASIGA, FormLabs, and NextDent). Ten specimens per group were used for each test (n = 10/test). Surface roughness and contact angles were analyzed using profilometer and goniometer, respectively. Adhesion of C. albicans was counted using colony-forming unit (CFU/mL). Means and standard deviations were calculated, and then one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by Tukey's post hoc test. Correlation of Candida adhesion and surface parameters was determined by using Pearson's correlation analysis. RESULTS No statistically significant difference was noted in surface roughness between HP, milled, and 3D-printed denture base resins except NextDent, which showed significantly higher roughness in comparison to all other resins (p = 0.001). In terms of contact angle, milled resins had the lowest value, followed by HP, ASIGA, and FormLabs, whereas NextDent showed the highest contact angle (p = 0.001). C. albicans adhesion showed no significant difference between all denture base resins. A positive and significant correlation was found between C. albicans adhesion and contact angle (p = 0.003), while no correlation was reported between C. albicans adhesion and surface roughness (p = 0.523). CONCLUSION Adhesion of C. albicans was similar in all tested specimens. Surface roughness showed no significant difference between all groups except NextDent, which had the highest value. Milled denture base resins had the lowest contact angle among all groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaimaa M Fouda
- Department of Substitutive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed M Gad
- Department of Substitutive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reem Abualsaud
- Department of Substitutive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Passent Ellakany
- Department of Substitutive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamad S AlRumaih
- Department of Substitutive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faraz A Farooqi
- Department of Dental Education, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asif Matin
- IRC Membranes and Water Security, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Doaa M Al-Eraky
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Faisal D Al-Qarni
- Department of Substitutive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad A Al-Harbi
- Department of Substitutive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
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Tanaka A, Kawaguchi T, Ito A, Isshi K, Hamanaka I, Tsuzuki T. Shear bond strength of ultraviolet-polymerized resin to 3D-printed denture materials: Effects of post-polymerization, surface treatments, and thermocycling. J Prosthodont Res 2024:JPR_D_23_00321. [PMID: 38644230 DOI: 10.2186/jpr.jpr_d_23_00321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study is to compare the shear bond strength of ultraviolet (UV)-polymerized resin to 3D-printed denture materials, both with and without post-polymerization. Moreover, the effects of surface treatment and thermocycling on shear bond strength after post-polymerization were investigated. METHODS Cylindrical 3D-printed denture bases and teeth specimens were prepared. The specimens are subjected to two tests. For Test 1, the specimens were bonded without any surface treatment or thermal stress for comparison with and without post-polymerization. In Test 2, specimens underwent five surface treatments: untreated (CON), ethyl acetate (EA), airborne particle abrasion (APA) with 50 μm (50-APA) and 110 μm alumina (110-APA), and tribochemical silica coating (TSC). A UV-polymerized resin was used for bonding. Half of the Test 2 specimens were thermocycled for 10,000 cycles. Shear bond strength was measured and analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis and Steel-Dwass tests (n = 8). RESULTS In Test 1, post-polymerization significantly reduced shear bond strength of both 3D-printed denture materials (P < 0.05). No notable difference was observed between the denture teeth and the bases (P > 0.05). In Test 2, before thermocycling, the CON and EA groups exhibited low bond strengths, while the 50-APA, 110-APA, and TSC groups exhibited higher bond strengths. Thermocycling did not reduce bond strength in the latter groups, but significantly reduced bond strength in the EA group (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Post-polymerization can significantly reduce the shear bond strength of 3D-printed denture materials. Surface treatments, particularly APA and TSC, maintained bond strength even after thermocycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ami Tanaka
- Division of Removable Prosthodontics, Department of Oral Rehabilitation, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Kawaguchi
- Division of Removable Prosthodontics, Department of Oral Rehabilitation, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Turku Clinical Biomaterials Centre - TCBC, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Ayaka Ito
- Division of Removable Prosthodontics, Department of Oral Rehabilitation, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kota Isshi
- Central Dental Laboratory, Fukuoka Dental College Medical & Dental Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ippei Hamanaka
- Division of Removable Prosthodontics, Department of Oral Rehabilitation, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takashi Tsuzuki
- Division of Removable Prosthodontics, Department of Oral Rehabilitation, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
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14
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Alhajj MN, Halboub E, Yacob N, Al-Maweri SA, Ahmad SF, Celebić A, Al-Mekhlafi HM, Salleh NM. Adhesion of Candida Albicans to digital versus conventional acrylic resins: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Oral Health 2024; 24:303. [PMID: 38439020 PMCID: PMC10910815 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-024-04083-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present systematic review and meta-analysis investigated the available evidence about the adherence of Candida Albicans to the digitally-fabricated acrylic resins (both milled and 3D-printed) compared to the conventional heat-polymerized acrylic resins. METHODS This study followed the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analyses (PRISMA). A comprehensive search of online databases/search tools (Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, Ovid, and Google Scholar) was conducted for all relevant studies published up until May 29, 2023. Only in-vitro studies comparing the adherence of Candida albicans to the digital and conventional acrylic resins were included. The quantitative analyses were performed using RevMan v5.3 software. RESULTS Fourteen studies were included, 11 of which were meta-analyzed based on Colony Forming Unit (CFU) and Optical Density (OD) outcome measures. The pooled data revealed significantly lower candida colonization on the milled digitally-fabricated compared to the heat-polymerized conventionally-fabricated acrylic resin materials (MD = - 0.36; 95%CI = - 0.69, - 0.03; P = 0.03 and MD = - 0.04; 95%CI = - 0.06, - 0.01; P = 0.0008; as measured by CFU and OD respectively). However, no differences were found in the adhesion of Candida albicans between the 3D-printed digitally-fabricated compared to the heat-polymerized conventionally-fabricated acrylic resin materials (CFU: P = 0.11, and OD: P = 0.20). CONCLUSION The available evidence suggests that candida is less likely to adhere to the milled digitally-fabricated acrylic resins compared to the conventional ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Nasser Alhajj
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Esam Halboub
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology and Oral Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Sana'a University, Sana'a, Yemen
| | - Norlela Yacob
- Department of Conservative Dentistry & Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
| | | | - Siti Fauzza Ahmad
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Asja Celebić
- Department of Removable Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Hesham M Al-Mekhlafi
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nosizana Mohd Salleh
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Arslan E, Avukat EN, Akay C. The Effect of Aging on Artificial Saliva at Different pH Values on the Color Stability of New Generation Denture Base Materials. Cureus 2024; 16:e55804. [PMID: 38586635 PMCID: PMC10999240 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.55804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM New-generation denture base materials are used successfully in denture fabrication; however, the effect of saliva pH change on the color stability of materials is unknown. PURPOSE The purpose of this in vitro study is to evaluate the color stability of new-generation denture base materials after immersion in artificial saliva with different pH values (3,7,14). MATERIAL AND METHODS Disc-shaped samples (Ø 10 mm x 2 mm) were prepared from three different denture base materials (1 pre-polymerized polymethylmethacrylate [PMMA], 1 graphene-reinforced PMMA, and heat-cure polymethyl methacrylate resin) (n=10). After polishing, color coordinates were measured using a PCE-CSM 5 colorimeter programmed in the CIE system (L* a* b*). The samples were kept in artificial saliva at different pH values and 37°C for 21 days. At the end of 21 days, color coordinates were measured again. The suitability of the measurements for a normal distribution was examined with the Kolmogro-Smirnov test. Whether color measurements obtained at different pH levels differed according to groups was examined with the Kruskal-Wallis test. The correlation between the CIEDE2000 and CIELab color difference formulas was examined by correlation analysis. RESULTS The highest color difference occurred in heat-cure samples at pH 3 (p<0.001). The color difference at different pH values was least observed in pre-polymerized PMMA samples. Significant color differences occurred in the graphene-reinforced pre-polymerized PMMA group at pH 7 (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS It was observed that color differences occurred in all groups. Dentures made of new-generation CAD/CAM PMMA, which are less exposed to color differences, can be recommended for elderly patients with systemic diseases who are frequently exposed to pH changes in the oral cavity. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS Color differences on denture surfaces over time negatively affect aesthetics. Since pH changes cause changes on the prosthesis surface, it may be recommended for these patients to fabricate dentures from new-generation CAD/CAM PMMA resins, which are less deformable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezgi Arslan
- Department of Prosthodontics, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Eskişehir, TUR
| | - Esra Nur Avukat
- Department of Prosthodontics, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Eskişehir, TUR
| | - Canan Akay
- Department of Prosthodontics, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Eskişehir, TUR
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Çakmak G, Weber FA, Donmez MB, Kahveci Ç, Schimmel M, Yilmaz B. Effect of coffee thermocycling on the surface roughness and stainability of denture base materials with different chemical compositions manufactured with additive and subtractive technologies. J ESTHET RESTOR DENT 2024; 36:453-459. [PMID: 37705502 DOI: 10.1111/jerd.13136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of coffee thermocycling (CTC) on the surface roughness (Ra ) and stainability of denture base materials with different chemical compositions fabricated by using additive and subtractive manufacturing. MATERIALS AND METHODS Disk-shaped specimens were additively (FREEPRINT denture, AM) or subtractively (G-CAM, GSM and M-PM, SM) fabricated from three pink denture base materials in different chemical compositions (n = 10). Ra was measured before and after polishing, while color coordinates were measured after polishing. Specimens were subjected to CTC (5000 cycles) and measurements were repeated. Color differences (ΔE00 ) after CTC were calculated. Ra among different time intervals within materials was evaluated by using repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA), while 1-way ANOVA was used to evaluate the Ra of different materials within each time interval and the ΔE00 values. Color coordinates within each material were compared by using paired samples t-tests (α = 0.05). RESULTS Ra before polishing was the highest for all materials (p < 0.001), while SM had its lowest Ra after CTC and AM had its lowest Ra after polishing (p ≤ 0.008). Before polishing, AM had the highest Ra among the materials (p < 0.001). After polishing, SM had higher Ra than AM (p < 0.001). After CTC, GSM had the lowest Ra (p ≤ 0.048). SM had the lowest (p ≤ 0.031) and AM had the highest (p < 0.001) ΔE00 . CTC decreased the a* and b* values of SM and AM (p ≤ 0.017), and increased the L* values of AM (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Polishing significantly reduced the surface roughness of all materials. CTC did not increase the surface roughness of materials above the clinically acceptable threshold. Only AM had perceptible color change when previously reported threshold values for denture base materials were considered. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Tested denture base materials may have similar surface stability after coffee thermocycling. However, subtractively manufactured denture base materials may have improved color stability when subjected to long-term coffee consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gülce Çakmak
- Department of Reconstructive Dentistry and Gerodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Franziska Alexandra Weber
- Department of Reconstructive Dentistry and Gerodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Zahnarztpraxis Landmesser, Spiez, Switzerland
- Zahnarztpraxis Krebs, Oey, Switzerland
| | - Mustafa Borga Donmez
- Department of Reconstructive Dentistry and Gerodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Istinye University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Martin Schimmel
- Department of Reconstructive Dentistry and Gerodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Division of Gerodontology and Removable Prosthodontics, University Clinics of Dental Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Burak Yilmaz
- Department of Reconstructive Dentistry and Gerodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Restorative, Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Division of Restorative and Prosthetic Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Vuksic J, Pilipovic A, Poklepovic Pericic T, Kranjcic J. The Influence of Contemporary Denture Base Fabrication Methods on Residual Monomer Content, Flexural Strength and Microhardness. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:1052. [PMID: 38473524 DOI: 10.3390/ma17051052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
(1) Background: Digital technologies are available for denture base fabrication, but there is a lack of scientific data on the mechanical and chemical properties of the materials produced in this way. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the residual monomer content, flexural strength and microhardness of denture base materials as well as correlations between investigated parameters. (2) Methods: Seven denture base materials were used: one conventional heat cured polymethyl methacrylate, one polyamide, three subtractive manufactured materials and two additive manufactured materials. High-performance liquid chromatography was used to determine residual monomer content and the test was carried out in accordance with the specification ISO No. 20795-1:2013. Flexural strength was also determined according to the specification ISO No. 20795-1:2013. The Vickers method was used to investigate microhardness. A one-way ANOVA with a Bonferroni post-hoc test was used for the statistical analysis. The Pearson correlation test was used for the correlation analysis. (3) Results: There was a statistically significant difference between the values of residual monomer content of the different denture base materials (p < 0.05). Anaxdent pink blank showed the highest value of 3.2% mass fraction, while Polident pink CAD-CAM showed the lowest value of 0.05% mass fraction. The difference between the flexural strength values of the different denture base materials was statistically significant (p < 0.05), with values ranging from 62.57 megapascals (MPa) to 103.33 MPa. The difference between the microhardness values for the different denture base materials was statistically significant (p < 0.05), and the values obtained ranged from 10.61 to 22.86 Vickers hardness number (VHN). A correlation was found between some results for the material properties investigated (p < 0.05). (4) Conclusions: The selection of contemporary digital denture base manufacturing techniques may affect residual monomer content, flexural strength and microhardness but is not the only criterion for achieving favourable properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josip Vuksic
- Department of Removable Prosthodontics, University of Zagreb School of Dental Medicine, Gunduliceva 5, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Prosthodontics, University Hospital Dubrava, Av. Gojka Šuška 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ana Pilipovic
- University of Zagreb Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, Ivana Lučića 5, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Josip Kranjcic
- Department of Prosthodontics, University Hospital Dubrava, Av. Gojka Šuška 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Fixed Prosthodontics, University of Zagreb School of Dental Medicine, Gunduliceva 5, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Abdul-Monem MM, Hanno KI. Effect of thermocycling on surface topography and fracture toughness of milled and additively manufactured denture base materials: an in-vitro study. BMC Oral Health 2024; 24:267. [PMID: 38395828 PMCID: PMC10885363 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-024-03991-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies investigating thermocycling effect on surface topography and fracture toughness of resins used in digitally manufactured denture bases are few. The study aimed to assess the impact of thermocycling on surface topography and fracture toughness of materials used for digitally manufactured denture bases. METHODS Water sorption, solubility, hardness, surface roughness, and fracture toughness of both three-dimensional (3D)-printed and computer-aided design, computer-aided manufacturing (CAD-CAM) milled specimens (n = 50) were assessed both prior to and following 2000 thermocycles, simulating 2 years of clinical aging. Surface hardness (n = 10) was measured using a Vickers hardness testing machine, surface roughness (n = 10) was determined by a contact profilometer, and fracture toughness (n = 20) was measured using the 3-point bend test, then studying the fractured surfaces was done via a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Prior to and following thermocycling, water sorption and solubility (n = 10) were assessed. Normally distributed data was tested using two-way repeated ANOVA and two-way ANOVA, while Mann Whitney U test and the Wilcoxon signed ranks test were used to analyze data that was not normally distributed (α < 0.05). RESULTS Following thermocycling, Vickers hardness and fracture toughness of both groups declined, with a significant reduction in values of the 3D-printed resin (P < .001). The 3D-printed denture base resins had a rougher surface following thermocycling with a significant difference (P < .001). The sorption and solubility of water of both materials were not affected by thermocycling. CONCLUSIONS Before and after thermocycling, milled specimens had lower surface roughness and a greater degree of hardness and fracture toughness than 3D-printed specimens. Thermocycling lowered hardness and fracture toughness, and increased surface roughness in both groups, but had no effect on water sorption and solubility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed M Abdul-Monem
- Department of Dental Biomaterials, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
- Division of Dental Biomaterials, Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Alamein International University, Alamein, Egypt
| | - Kenda I Hanno
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt.
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19
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Chander NG, Mahajan A. Comparison of cytotoxicity between 3D printable resins and heat-cure PMMA. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res 2024; 14:107-110. [PMID: 38304040 PMCID: PMC10831252 DOI: 10.1016/j.jobcr.2024.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Aim The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the cytotoxicity of polyurethane and polyoxymethylene printable resins with conventional heat cure polymethyl methacrylate denture base resins. Methods The study followed ISO-10993-5 guidelines. It comprised of three groups. Fifteen cuboidal samples measuring 10x10 × 10mm dimension were prepared for each group. The polymethylmethacrylate samples were fabricated using conventional denture processing techniques, while the polyoxymethylene samples were printed using fused deposition modeling and the polyurethane samples using stereolithography technique. Post fabrication the samples were evaluated for cytotoxicity using the MTT assay with the VERO cell line. The percentage of cell viability was calculated to determine the cytotoxic effects. Results Statistical analysis revealed a significant difference in the cell viability of the experimental groups (p ≤ 0.0001). The polyoxymethylene group showed the highest % cell viability (62.78 %), followed by the polymethylmethacrylate group (52.43 %), and the least was observed in the polyurethane-based resin group (46.47 %). The findings indicate polyoxymethylene group displayed least cytotoxicity, followed by polymethylmethacrylate, and polyurethane-based resin. Conclusion Polyoxymethylene resin exhibited the minimum cytotoxic properties among the tested materials, followed by polymethylmethacrylate and polyurethane resin.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Gopi Chander
- Department of Prosthodontics, SRM Dental College, Ramapuram, Chennai, 89, India
| | - Aashmika Mahajan
- Department of Prosthodontics, SRM Dental College, Ramapuram, Chennai, 89, India
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20
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Alotaibi H, Al-Otibi F, Alharbi R, ALshwuaiman G, Altwaijri S, Alfouzan A, Altaweel S, Alshehri H, Binrayes A, Labban N. Assessing the effect of Artemisia sieberi extracts on surface roughness and candida growth of digitally processed denture acrylic materials. Technol Health Care 2024; 32:2629-2641. [PMID: 38517819 DOI: 10.3233/thc-231767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Denture stomatitis, frequently encountered, is generally addressed symptomatically, with limited exploration of preventive approaches involving antifungal medicinal plants. OBJECTIVE This study assessed the impact of Artemisia sieberi extracts on the candida growth of conventional and digitally processed acrylic materials. METHOD Thirty acrylic resin discs (3 mm thickness × 10 mm diameter) were prepared by conventional or CAD/CAM technology (milling and 3D printing). The resin discs were exposed to simulated brushing, thermocycling, and immersion in Artemisia sieberi extract for 8 hours. The surface roughness of the discs was assessed at baseline and after immersion in Artemisia sieberi extract. Candida growth was quantified through colony-forming units (CFU/mL). Data was analyzed using SPSS v.22 (α⩽ 0.05). RESULTS Irrespective of the material type, the post-immersion surface roughness was significantly higher compared to pre-immersion values (p< 0.05). Candida growth was significantly higher in conventional acrylic materials than digitally fabricated acrylics (p< 0.05). At × 3, Ra and CFU were found to be moderately positive and non-significantly correlated (R= 0.664, p= 0.149). At × 4, Ra and CFU were found to be weak positive and non-significantly correlated (R= 0.344, p= 0.503). CONCLUSION Artemisia sieberi extracts had a notable impact on digitally fabricated denture acrylics, reducing candida albicans growth compared to conventional heat-cured acrylic. This suggests a potential role for these extracts in improving denture hygiene and preventing denture stomatitis, particularly in the context of digitally fabricated dentures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanan Alotaibi
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatimah Al-Otibi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Raedah Alharbi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghada ALshwuaiman
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shahad Altwaijri
- Department of Prosthodontics, Majmaah University, AlMajmaah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Prosthodontics, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Afnan Alfouzan
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sara Altaweel
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Huda Alshehri
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz Binrayes
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nawaf Labban
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Çakmak G, Asadolahi NW, Schimmel M, Molinero-Mourelle P, Akay C, Donmez MB, Yilmaz B. Effect of coffee thermal cycling on the surface properties and stainability of additively manufactured denture base resins in different layer thicknesses. J Prosthodont 2023. [PMID: 37968565 DOI: 10.1111/jopr.13803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the effect of coffee thermal cycling on surface roughness (Ra), Vickers microhardness (MH), and stainability of denture base resins additively manufactured in different layer thicknesses with those of subtractively manufactured denture base materials. MATERIALS AND METHODS Eighty disk-shaped specimens (Ø10×2 mm) were fabricated from two subtractively (Merz M-PM [SM-M] and G-CAM [SM-G]) and three additively (NextDent 3D+ [50 µm, AM-N-50; 100 µm, AM-N-100], FREEPRINT Denture [50 µm, AM-F-50; 100 µm, AM-F-100], and Denturetec [50 µm, AM-S-50; 100 µm, AM-S-100]) manufactured denture base materials (n = 10). Ra measurements were performed before and after polishing by using a non-contact optical profilometer, while MH values and color coordinates were measured after polishing. Specimens were then subjected to 5000 cycles of coffee thermal cycling, all measurements were repeated, and color differences (ΔE00) were calculated. A linear mixed effect model was used to analyze Ra and MH data, while one-way analysis of variance was used to analyze ΔE00 data (α = 0.05). Ra values were further evaluated according to a clinically acceptable threshold of 0.2 µm, while ΔE00 values were evaluated according to perceptibility (1.72 units) and acceptability (4.08 units) thresholds. The interaction between the material type and the time interval affected both Ra and MH (p ≤ 0.001). Tested materials had their highest Ra before polishing (p ≤ 0.029). Before polishing, AM-F-100 had the highest, and SM-M and SM-G had the lowest Ra (p < 0.001). After polishing and after coffee thermal cycling, SM-G mostly had lower Ra than those of other materials (p ≤ 0.036). SM-G mostly had higher MH than that of other materials before and after coffee thermal cycling (p ≤ 0.025). Coffee thermal cycling reduced the MH of SM-M and increased that of AM-S-100 (p ≤ 0.024). AM-N-100 had higher ΔE00 than AM-F, AM-S-100, and SM-G (p ≤ 0.009), while AM-F and SM-G had lower ΔE00 than AM-S-50 and AM-N-50 (p ≤ 0.024). CONCLUSIONS Polishing reduced the surface roughness of all materials, whereas the effect of coffee thermal cycling was nonsignificant. Most of the tested materials had acceptable surface roughness after polishing and after coffee thermal cycling according to the reported threshold. Layer thickness only affected the microhardness of tested additively manufactured resins, which was material-dependent. Subtractively manufactured specimens mostly had high microhardness and that of nonreinforced subtractively manufactured resin decreased after coffee thermal cycling. When reported color thresholds are considered, all materials had acceptable color stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gülce Çakmak
- Department of Reconstructive Dentistry and Gerodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nura Watson Asadolahi
- Department of Reconstructive Dentistry and Gerodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Martin Schimmel
- Department of Reconstructive Dentistry and Gerodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Division of Gerodontology and Removable Prosthodontics, University Clinics of Dental Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pedro Molinero-Mourelle
- Department of Reconstructive Dentistry and Gerodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Canan Akay
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey
- Translational Medicine Research and Clinical Center, Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Borga Donmez
- Department of Reconstructive Dentistry and Gerodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Istinye University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Burak Yilmaz
- Department of Reconstructive Dentistry and Gerodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Restorative, Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Division of Restorative and Prosthetic Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Ohio, USA
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Li P, Fernandez PK, Spintzyk S, Schmidt F, Yassine J, Beuer F, Unkovskiy A. Effects of layer thickness and build angle on the microbial adhesion of denture base polymers manufactured by digital light processing. J Prosthodont Res 2023; 67:562-567. [PMID: 36804247 DOI: 10.2186/jpr.jpr_d_22_00126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effects of printing-layer thickness and build angle on the surface characteristics and microbial adhesion of denture base polymers manufactured by digital light processing (DLP). METHODS Specimens were additively manufactured using DLP. The specimens were printed with different printing-layer thicknesses (25, 50, and 100 μm) and build angles (0°, 45°, and 90°). Scanning electron microscopy was used to observe the surface topography, and the arithmetical mean heights (Sa) were measured. Moreover, the initial Candida albicans (C. albicans) adhesion to the specimens was evaluated using an adhesion test. Finally, two-way ANOVA and Tukey's multiple comparison tests were conducted. RESULTS The results regarding the Sa values exhibited a statistically significant interaction (F (4, 45) = 90.77, P < 0.0001). The build angle has a significant impact on the surface topography. Furthermore, quantitative results revealed that the printing-layer thickness significantly affected C. albicans adhesion (F (2, 99) = 6.96, P = 0.0015). CONCLUSIONS The surface roughness was significantly affected by the printing-layer thickness and the build angle. Additionally, the surface topography was mainly determined by the build angle. Furthermore, the adhesion of C. albicans to the DLP-printed denture surfaces was significantly affected by the printing-layer thickness but not by the build angle. Consequently, it is critical to decrease the thickness of the printing layer to produce digital dentures with optimal material properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Li
- Center of Oral Implantology, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Section Medical Materials Science and Technology, Tübingen University Hospital, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Pablo Kraemer Fernandez
- Department of Prosthodontics at the Centre of Dentistry, Oral Medicine and Maxillofacial Surgery with Dental School, Tübingen University Hospital, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Spintzyk
- Section Medical Materials Science and Technology, Tübingen University Hospital, Tübingen, Germany
- ADMiRE Lab - Additive Manufacturing, intelligent Robotics, Sensors and Engineering, School of Engineering and IT, Carinthia University of Applied Sciences, Villach, Austria
| | - Franziska Schmidt
- Department of Prosthodontics, Geriatric Dentistry and Craniomandibular Disorders, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jamila Yassine
- Department of Prosthodontics, Geriatric Dentistry and Craniomandibular Disorders, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Florian Beuer
- Department of Prosthodontics, Geriatric Dentistry and Craniomandibular Disorders, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexey Unkovskiy
- Department of Prosthodontics, Geriatric Dentistry and Craniomandibular Disorders, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Dental Surgery, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
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Casucci A, Verniani G, Barbieri AL, Ricci NM, Ferrari Cagidiaco E, Ferrari M. Flexural Strength Analysis of Different Complete Denture Resin-Based Materials Obtained by Conventional and Digital Manufacturing. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:6559. [PMID: 37834696 PMCID: PMC10573664 DOI: 10.3390/ma16196559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
PMMA (Polymethylmethacrylate) is the material of choice to fabricate denture bases. Recently, with the introduction of CAD-CAM and 3D printers in dentistry, new materials have been proposed for complete denture manufacturing. AIM This study compared the flexural strength of different resins fabricated using different technologies (conventional, CAD-CAM-milled, and 3D-printed) and polymerization techniques. METHODS A total of 11 different resins were tested: six PMMA conventional (Acrypol R, Acrypol LL, Acrypol HI, Acrypol Fast, Acryself and Acryslef P), two milled obtained from UDMA PMMA disks (Ivotion disk and Aadva disk, control groups), two 3D-printed PMMA resins (NextDent Denture 3D+, and SprintRayEU Denture Base), and one 3D-printed composite resin (GC Temp Print). Flexural strength was measured using a universal testing machine. One-way ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc tests were performed; the p-value was set at 0.05 to consider statistically significant differences among the groups. Spearman test was used to evaluate the correlation between polymerization technique and the flexural strength of 3D-printed resins. RESULTS CAD-CAM-milled specimens showed the highest flexural strength (107.87 MPa for UDMA) followed by 3D-printed composite resins (102.96 MPa). Furthermore, 3D-printed resins polymerized for 40 min with the BB cure unit showed no statistically significant differences with conventional resin groups. Moreover, in all the 3D-printed specimens, a high correlation between polymerization technique and flexural strength was found. CONCLUSIONS In terms of flexural strength, the polymerization technique is a determinant for both acrylic and composite resins. Temp Print can be a potential alternative to fabricating removable dentures and showed promising results when used in combination with pink color resin powder.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Marco Ferrari
- Department of Prosthodontics, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (A.C.); (G.V.); (A.L.B.); (N.M.R.); (E.F.C.)
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da Silva MDD, Nunes TSBS, Viotto HEDC, Coelho SRG, de Souza RF, Pero AC. Microbial adhesion and biofilm formation by Candida albicans on 3D-printed denture base resins. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0292430. [PMID: 37792886 PMCID: PMC10550158 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0292430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated surface properties and adhesion/biofilm formation by Candida albicans on 3D printed denture base resins used in 3D printing. Disc-shaped specimens (15 mm x 3 mm) of two 3D-printed resins (NextDent Denture 3D+, NE, n = 64; and Cosmos Denture, CO, n = 64) and a heat-polymerized resin (Lucitone 550, LU, control, n = 64) were analyzed for surface roughness (Ra μm) and surface free energy (erg cm-2). Microbiologic assays (90-min adhesion and 48-h biofilm formation by C. albicans) were performed five times in triplicate, with the evaluation of the specimens' surface for: (i) colony forming units count (CFU/mL), (ii) cellular metabolism (XTT assay), and (iii) fluorescence and thickness of biofilm layers (confocal laser scanning microscopy). Data were analyzed using parametric and nonparametric tests (α = 0.05). LU presented higher surface roughness Ra (0.329±0.076 μm) than NE (0.295±0.056 μm) (p = 0.024), but both were similar to CO (0.315±0.058 μm) (p = 1.000 and p = 0.129, respectively). LU showed lower surface free energy (47.47±2.01 erg cm-2) than CO (49.61±1.88 erg cm-2) and NE (49.23±2.16 erg cm-2) (p<0.001 for both). The CO and NE resins showed greater cellular metabolism (p<0.001) and CO only, showed greater colonization (p = 0.015) by C. albicans than LU in the 90-min and 48-hour periods. It can be concluded that both 3D-printed denture base resins are more prone to colonization by C. albicans, and that their surface free energy may be more likely associated with that colonization than their surface roughness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Dantas Dias da Silva
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Araraquara School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Thais Soares Bezerra Santos Nunes
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Araraquara School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Hamile Emanuella do Carmo Viotto
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Araraquara School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Sabrina Romão Gonçalves Coelho
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Araraquara School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Ana Carolina Pero
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Araraquara School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, SP, Brazil
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Raffaini JC, Soares EJ, Oliveira RFDL, Vivanco RG, Amorim AA, Pereira ALC, Pires-de-Souza FCP. Effect of artificial aging on mechanical and physical properties of CAD-CAM PMMA resins for occlusal splints. J Adv Prosthodont 2023; 15:227-237. [PMID: 37936836 PMCID: PMC10625884 DOI: 10.4047/jap.2023.15.5.227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to assess and compare the color stability, flexural strength (FS), and surface roughness of occlusal splints fabricated from heat-cured acrylic resin, milled polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)-based resin, and 3D-printed (PMMA) based-resin. MATERIALS AND METHODS Samples of each type of resin were obtained, and baseline measurements of color and surface roughness were recorded. The specimens were divided into three groups (n = 10) and subjected to distinct aging protocols: thermomechanical cycling (TMC), simulated brushing (SB), and control (without aging). Final assessments of color and surface roughness and three-point bending test (ODM100; Odeme) were conducted, and data were statistically analyzed (2-way ANOVA, Tukey, P <.05). RESULTS Across all resin types, the most significant increase in surface roughness (Ra) was observed after TMC (P < .05), with the 3D-printed resin exhibiting the lowest Ra (P < .05). After brushing, milled resin displayed the highest Ra (P < .05) and greater color alteration (ΔE00) compared to 3D-printed resin. The most substantial ΔE00 was recorded after brushing for all resins, except for heat-cured resin subjected to TMC. Regardless of aging, milled resin exhibited the highest FS (P < .05), except when compared to 3D-printed resin subjected to TMC. Heat-cured resin exposed to TMC demonstrated the lowest FS, different (P < .05) from the control. Under control conditions, milled resin exhibited the highest FS, different (P < .05) from the brushed group. 3D-printed resin subjected to TMC displayed the highest FS (P < .05). CONCLUSION Among the tested resins, 3D-printed resin demonstrated superior longevity, characterized by minimal surface roughness and color alterations. Aging had a negligible impact on its mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Júlia Correa Raffaini
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Ribeirão Preto School of Dentistry - University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Jose Soares
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Ribeirão Preto School of Dentistry - University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Rebeca Franco de Lima Oliveira
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Ribeirão Preto School of Dentistry - University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Rocio Geng Vivanco
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Ribeirão Preto School of Dentistry - University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Ayodele Alves Amorim
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Ribeirão Preto School of Dentistry - University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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Zanul Abidin Z, Mohd Salleh N, Himratul-Aznita WH, Ahmad SF, Lim GS, Raja Mohd N, Dziaruddin N. Antifungal effects of eugenol on Candida albicans adherence to denture polymers. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15750. [PMID: 37601266 PMCID: PMC10439715 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The study's objective is to assess the adherence of C. albicans in different types of denture polymers and the effectiveness of eugenol and commercialized denture cleansers in the removal of C. albicans. Three types of denture base polymers (Lucitone® 199 (High-Impact PMMA), Impact® (conventional PMMA) and Eclipse® (UDMA)) and two hard denture reline materials (Kooliner® and Tokuyama® Rebase II Fast) were used in this study. Methods Three hundred samples were prepared (6 × 2 mm disc shape) and divided into five groups of denture polymers (n = 60) and further subjected into five treatment groups (Polident®, Steradent, distilled water, eugenol 5-minutes, and eugenol 10-min). Three samples were extracted from each treatment group for baseline data (n = 12). Baseline data were used to calculate the initial number of C. albicans adherence. A 0.5 ml immersion solution from each specimen was cultured on YPD agar and incubated for 48 h at 37 °C. Visible colonies were counted using a colony counter machine (ROCKER Galaxy 230). Results The result showed that the denture base polymer significantly affected the initial adherence (p = 0.007). The removal of C. albicans was also considerably affected by the denture base polymers and denture cleansers (p < 0.05). Lucitone®, Tokuyama®, and Kooliner® denture base polymers immersed for 3 min in eugenol showed the best results of removal. Discussion This study's overall results showed that all denture polymers used as denture bases had an effect on C. albicans initial adherence and removal from the denture base, and eugenol is comparable to commercialised denture cleansers in reducing the number of attached C. albicans on denture base polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zubaidah Zanul Abidin
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nosizana Mohd Salleh
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Wan Harun Himratul-Aznita
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Siti Fauzza Ahmad
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ghee Seong Lim
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Noorhayati Raja Mohd
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nabihah Dziaruddin
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry & Orthodontics, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Lee WJ, Jo YH, Yilmaz B, Yoon HI. Effect of layer thickness, build angle, and viscosity on the mechanical properties and manufacturing trueness of denture base resin for digital light processing. J Dent 2023; 135:104598. [PMID: 37356562 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2023.104598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate effects of layer thickness, build angle, and viscosity on the mechanical properties and trueness of denture base resins used for digital light processing (DLP). METHODS Two denture base resins for DLP in different viscosity (high and low) were tested by using two manufacturing parameters:1) layer thickness (LT) (50- or 100-μm) and 2) build angle (BA) (0-, 45-, and 90-degree). disk- and bar-shaped specimens were used to evaluate hardness and flexural strength, respectively. Denture base specimens were used to examine trueness, and the deviation was calculated as the root mean square. Three-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted to determine the interaction among the three factors (viscosity, LT, and BA). Statistical significance was set at P < .05. RESULTS Effects of LT and BA on hardness differed according to viscosity, with significant interactions among three factors (P=.027). Regardless of LT or BA, the low-viscosity group had higher hardness than the high-viscosity group (P<.001). In terms of flexural strength, no significant interaction was detected between the factors (P=.212), however, the effects of LT and BA were significant (P=.003 and P<.001, respectively). Regarding trueness, a significant interaction was observed between viscosity and BA (P=.001). Low-viscosity group had higher trueness than high-viscosity group when the 45- and 90-degree BA were applied (P<.001). CONCLUSIONS LT and BA significantly affected the mechanical properties and trueness of the 3DP denture base, depending on the viscosity. For hardness and trueness, using low-viscosity resin and manufacturing with 50-μm LT and 45-degree BA are recommended. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Resin viscosity affects the influence of LT and BA on the hardness, flexural strength, and trueness of DLP-generated denture bases. A 50-μm LT and 45-degree BA can be used with a low-viscosity resin to fabricate denture bases with higher hardness and trueness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Jun Lee
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye-Hyeon Jo
- Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Burak Yilmaz
- Department of Reconstructive Dentistry and Gerodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Department of Restorative, Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Division of Restorative and Prosthetic Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Hyung-In Yoon
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Reconstructive Dentistry and Gerodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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Lee WJ, Jo YH, Yoon HI. Influence of postpolymerization time and atmosphere on the mechanical properties, degree of conversion, and cytotoxicity of denture bases produced by digital light processing. J Prosthet Dent 2023; 130:265.e1-265.e7. [PMID: 37353410 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2023.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Studies on the effects of postprocessing conditions on the physical properties, degree of conversion (DC), and biocompatibility of denture bases produced by digital light processing are lacking. PURPOSE The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effects of the atmosphere during postpolymerization and of postpolymerization time on the flexural strength, Vickers hardness, DC, cytotoxicity, and residual monomer content of denture bases. MATERIAL AND METHODS Six different groups of bar- and disk-shaped specimens from the denture base resin were produced, considering 2 different atmospheres (air and nitrogen) and 3 different postpolymerization times (5, 10, and 20 minutes). To determine the physical properties, the flexural strength and Vickers hardness were measured. Fourier transform infrared spectrometry was used to calculate DC. Cytotoxicity was assessed from the effect on human gingival fibroblasts. The residual monomer content was determined by using high-performance liquid chromatography. Based on the normality test by the Shapiro-Wilk method, a nonparametric factorial analysis of variances was conducted (α=.05). RESULTS A significant interaction was detected between the atmosphere and postpolymerization time for hardness (P<.001) but no interaction for strength, DC, or cytotoxicity (P=.826, P=.786, and P=.563, respectively). Hardness was significantly affected by the postpolymerization time in the groups with the nitrogen atmosphere (P<.001). DC was significantly affected by the atmosphere (P=.012), whereas strength and cytotoxicity were not (P=.500 and P=.299, respectively). Cytotoxicity was significantly affected by the postpolymerization time (P<.001), but strength and DC were not (P=.482 and P=.167, respectively). Residual monomers were not detected after ≥10-minute postpolymerization time. CONCLUSIONS The atmosphere significantly affected hardness and DC, whereas the postpolymerization time significantly affected hardness, DC, cytotoxicity, and residual monomer content. Denture bases produced in a nitrogen atmosphere and with the 10-minute postpolymerization time showed sufficient hardness, DC, and no cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Jun Lee
- Graduate student, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye-Hyeon Jo
- Senior Researcher, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-In Yoon
- Associate Professor, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Adjunct Professor, Department of Reconstructive Dentistry and Gerodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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Barbur I, Opris H, Crisan B, Cuc S, Colosi HA, Baciut M, Opris D, Prodan D, Moldovan M, Crisan L, Dinu C, Baciut G. Statistical Comparison of the Mechanical Properties of 3D-Printed Resin through Triple-Jetting Technology and Conventional PMMA in Orthodontic Occlusal Splint Manufacturing. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2155. [PMID: 37626652 PMCID: PMC10452228 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11082155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Dental 3D-printing technologies, including stereolithography (SLA), polyjet (triple-jetting technology), and fusion deposition modeling, have revolutionized the field of orthodontic occlusal splint manufacturing. Three-dimensional printing is now currently used in many dental fields, such as restorative dentistry, prosthodontics, implantology, and orthodontics. This study aimed to assess the mechanical properties of 3D-printed materials and compare them with the conventional polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA). Compression, flexural, and tensile properties were evaluated and compared between PMMA samples (n = 20) created using the "salt and pepper" technique and digitally designed 3D-printed samples (n = 20). The samples were subjected to scanning electron microscope analysis. Statistical analysis revealed that the control material (PMMA) exhibited a significantly higher Young's modulus of compression and tensile strength (p < 0.05). In the flexural tests, the control samples demonstrated superior load at break results (p < 0.05). However, the 3D-printed samples exhibited significantly higher maximum bending stress at maximum load (MPa) (p < 0.05). Young's modulus of tensile testing (MPa) was statistically significant higher for the control samples, while the 3D-printed samples demonstrated significantly higher values for elongation at break (p < 0.05). These findings indicate that 3D-printed materials are a promising alternative that can be effectively utilized in clinical practice, potentially replacing traditional heat-cured resin in various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioan Barbur
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Implantology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (I.B.); (B.C.); (M.B.); (D.O.); (L.C.); (C.D.); (G.B.)
| | - Horia Opris
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Implantology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (I.B.); (B.C.); (M.B.); (D.O.); (L.C.); (C.D.); (G.B.)
| | - Bogdan Crisan
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Implantology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (I.B.); (B.C.); (M.B.); (D.O.); (L.C.); (C.D.); (G.B.)
| | - Stanca Cuc
- Department of Polymer Composites, Institute of Chemistry Raluca Ripan, Babes-Bolyai University, 400294 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (S.C.); (D.P.); (M.M.)
| | - Horatiu Alexandru Colosi
- Department of Medical Education, Division of Medical Informatics and Biostatistics, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Mihaela Baciut
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Implantology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (I.B.); (B.C.); (M.B.); (D.O.); (L.C.); (C.D.); (G.B.)
| | - Daiana Opris
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Implantology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (I.B.); (B.C.); (M.B.); (D.O.); (L.C.); (C.D.); (G.B.)
| | - Doina Prodan
- Department of Polymer Composites, Institute of Chemistry Raluca Ripan, Babes-Bolyai University, 400294 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (S.C.); (D.P.); (M.M.)
| | - Marioara Moldovan
- Department of Polymer Composites, Institute of Chemistry Raluca Ripan, Babes-Bolyai University, 400294 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (S.C.); (D.P.); (M.M.)
| | - Liana Crisan
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Implantology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (I.B.); (B.C.); (M.B.); (D.O.); (L.C.); (C.D.); (G.B.)
| | - Cristian Dinu
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Implantology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (I.B.); (B.C.); (M.B.); (D.O.); (L.C.); (C.D.); (G.B.)
| | - Grigore Baciut
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Implantology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (I.B.); (B.C.); (M.B.); (D.O.); (L.C.); (C.D.); (G.B.)
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Gupta A, Alifui-Segbaya F, Hasanov S, White AR, Ahmed KE, Love RM, Fidan I. Material extrusion of thermoplastic acrylic for intraoral devices: Technical feasibility and evaluation. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2023; 143:105950. [PMID: 37285773 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2023.105950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
With global demand for 3D printed medical devices on the rise, the search for safer, inexpensive, and sustainable methods is timely. Herein, we assessed the practicality of the material extrusion process for acrylic denture bases of which successful outcomes can be extended to implant surgical guides, orthodontic splints, impression trays, record bases and obturators for cleft palates or other maxillary defects. Representative materials comprising denture prototypes and test samples were designed and built with in-house polymethylmethacrylate filaments using varying print directions (PDs), layer heights (LHs) and reinforcements (RFs) with short glass fiber. The study undertook a comprehensive evaluation of the materials to determine their flexural, fracture, and thermal properties. Additional analyses for tensile and compressive properties, chemical composition, residual monomer, and surface roughness (Ra) were completed for parts with optimum parameters. Micrographic analysis of the acrylic composites revealed adequate fiber-matrix compatibility and predictably, their mechanical properties improved simultaneously with RFs and decreased LHs. Fiber reinforcement also improved the overall thermal conductivity of the materials. Ra, on the other hand, improved visibly with decreased RFs and LHs and the prototypes were effortlessly polished and characterized with veneering composites to mimic gingival tissues. In terms of chemical stability, the residual methyl methacrylate monomer contents are well below standards threshold for biological reactions. Notably, 5 vol% acrylic composites built with 0.05 mm LH in 0° on z-axis produced optimum properties that are superior to those of conventional acrylic, milled acrylic and 3D printed photopolymers. Finite element modeling successfully replicated the tensile properties of the prototypes. It may well be argued that the material extrusion process is cost-effective; however, the speed of manufacturing could be longer than that of established methods. Although the mean Ra is within an acceptable range, mandatory manual finishing and aesthetic pigmentation are required for long-term intraoral use. At a proof-of-concept level, it is evident that the material extrusion process can be applied to build inexpensive, safe, and robust thermoplastic acrylic devices. The broad outcomes of this novel study are equally worthy of academic reflection, and further translation to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Gupta
- College of Engineering, Computer Science, and Technology, Department of Engineering and Technology, California State University, Los Angeles, USA.
| | - Frank Alifui-Segbaya
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, Ian O'Connor Building, Griffith Health, Gold Coast Campus, Griffith University, QLD, 4222, Australia.
| | - Seymur Hasanov
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
| | - Alan R White
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith Sciences, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, QLD, 4111, Australia.
| | - Khaled E Ahmed
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, Ian O'Connor Building, Griffith Health, Gold Coast Campus, Griffith University, QLD, 4222, Australia.
| | - Robert M Love
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, Ian O'Connor Building, Griffith Health, Gold Coast Campus, Griffith University, QLD, 4222, Australia.
| | - Ismail Fidan
- Tennessee Tech University, 920 N. Peachtree Avenue, MET Department, LEWS 103, Cookeville, TN, 38505-5003, USA.
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Al-Dulaijan YA. Evaluation of the Effects of Different Polishing Protocols on the Surface Characterizations of 3D-Printed Acrylic Denture Base Resins: An In Vitro Study. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2913. [PMID: 37447559 DOI: 10.3390/polym15132913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Chairside polishing kits are an alternative to laboratory polishing techniques. The effects of using a chairside polishing kit on a three-dimensional (3D)-printed acrylic denture base (ADB) have not been reported previously. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of different chairside polishing techniques on the surface characterizations of ABD, including surface roughness average (Ra), average maximum profile height (Rz), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) representations. One hundred and twenty disc-shaped specimens were fabricated from one conventional heat-polymerized (HP) ADB resin and two 3D-printed (Asiga (AS) and NextDent (ND)) ADB resins (n = 40 per material). Each group was further divided based on the polishing protocol (n = 10) as follows: conventional polishing protocol (C), microdont chairside polishing kit (M), shofu chairside polishing kit (S), and an unpolished group (U). The Ra and Rz values were measured using an optical profilometer. Two-way ANOVA and post hoc tests were used for data analysis (α = 0.05) at significant levels. In unpolished groups, there was a statistically significant difference between HP-U vs. AS-U and ND-U groups (p < 0.0001). For Ra, the lowest values were observed in HP-C, AS-S, and ND-C. While the highest values were shown in all unpolished groups. Within the material, there were statistically significant differences between the three polishing protocols (C, M, and S) vs. unpolished (p < 0.0001), while there was no significant between C, M, and S groups (p = 0.05). The Rz values had the same pattern as the Ra values. The two chairside polishing kits were comparable to conventional polishing techniques, and they can be recommended for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousif A Al-Dulaijan
- Department of Substitutive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
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Yacob N, Ahmad NA, Safii SH, Yunus N, Abdul Razak F. Is microbial adhesion affected by the build orientation of a 3-dimensionally printed denture base resin? J Prosthet Dent 2023:S0022-3913(23)00268-8. [PMID: 37210224 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2023.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM How the build orientation of a 3-dimensionally (3D) printed denture affects microbial adhesion is unclear. PURPOSE The purpose of this in vitro study was to compare the adherence of Streptococcus spp. and Candida spp. on 3D-printed denture bases prepared at different build orientations with conventional heat-polymerized resin. MATERIAL AND METHODS Resin specimens (n=5) with standardized 28.3 mm2 surface area were 3D printed at 0 and 60 degrees, and heat-polymerized (3DP-0, 3DP-60, and HP, respectively). The specimens were placed in a Nordini artificial mouth (NAM) model and exposed to 2 mL of clarified whole saliva to create a pellicle-coated substratum. Suspensions of Streptococcus mitis and Streptococcus sanguinis, Candida albicans and Candida glabrata, and a mixed species, each at 108 cfu/mL were pumped separately into the model for 24 hours to promote microbial adhesion. The resin specimens were then removed, placed in fresh media, and sonicated to dislodge attached microbes. Each suspension (100 μL) was aliquoted and spread on agar plates for colony counting. The resin specimens were also examined under a scanning electron microscope. The interaction between types of specimen and groups of microbes was examined with 2-way ANOVA and then further analysis with Tukey honest significant test and Kruskal-Wallis post hoc tests (α=.05). RESULTS A significant interaction was observed between the 3DP-0, 3DP-60, and HP specimen types and the groups of microbes adhering to the corresponding denture resin specimens (P<.05). The difference was statistically significant among 3DP-0, 3DP-60, and HP specimens (P<.05). The adherence of candida was 3.98-times lower on the 3DP-0 than that of HP (P<.05). However, adherence of the mixed-species microbes and streptococci on the 3DP-60 were 1.75 times and 2-fold higher, respectively (P<.05). The scanning electron micrographs showed that 3DP-0 exhibited the lowest microbial adherence compared with HP and 3DP-60. CONCLUSIONS Adherence affinity of denture base resin is affected by the build orientation rather than by the group of different microbes. Three-dimensionally printed denture base resin fabricated at a 0-degree build orientation exhibited low affinity for microbial adhesion. Three-dimensionally printed dentures may reduce microbial adhesion when printed at a 0-degree build orientation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norlela Yacob
- Graduate student, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Lecturer, Department of Conservative Dentistry & Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
| | - Norasmatul Akma Ahmad
- Associate Professor, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Syarida Hasnur Safii
- Associate Professor, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Norsiah Yunus
- Professor, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Fathilah Abdul Razak
- Professor, Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Vulović S, Nikolić-Jakoba N, Radunović M, Petrović S, Popovac A, Todorović M, Milić-Lemić A. Biofilm Formation on the Surfaces of CAD/CAM Dental Polymers. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15092140. [PMID: 37177285 PMCID: PMC10181064 DOI: 10.3390/polym15092140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Dental polymers are now available as monolithic materials which can be readily used in computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) systems. Despite possessing numerous advantages over conventionally produced polymers, the polymers produced by either of these systems fail to exhibit immunity to surface microbial adhesion when introduced into the oral environment, leading to the development of oral diseases. The aim of this study was to analyze the biofilm formation of six microorganisms from the oral cavity and its correlation to the surface characteristics of CAD/CAM dental polymers. A total of ninety specimens were divided into three groups: resin-based composite, polymethyl methacrylate, and polyether ether ketone. The experimental procedure included surface roughness and water contact angle measurements, colony forming unit counting, and scanning electron microscopy analysis of biofilm formed on the surface of the tested materials. The data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test, with a Dunn's post hoc analysis, and one way analysis of variance, with a Tukey's post hoc test; the correlation between the measurements was tested using Spearman's correlation coefficient, and descriptive statistics were used to present the data. Despite using the same manufacturing procedure, as well as the identical manufacturer's finishing and polishing protocols, CAD/CAM dental polymers revealed significant differences in surface roughness and water contact angle, and the increased values of both parameters led to an increase in biofilm formation on the surface of the materials. The CAD/CAM resin-based composite showed the lowest number of adhered microorganisms compared to CAD/CAM polymethyl methacrylate and CAD/CAM polyether ether ketone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Vulović
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Rankeova 4, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nataša Nikolić-Jakoba
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Medicine, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 4, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milena Radunović
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sanja Petrović
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Popovac
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Rankeova 4, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Miloš Todorović
- Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 11, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Milić-Lemić
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Rankeova 4, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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Osman RB, Khoder G, Fayed B, Kedia RA, Elkareimi Y, Alharbi N. Influence of Fabrication Technique on Adhesion and Biofilm Formation of Candida albicans to Conventional, Milled, and 3D-Printed Denture Base Resin Materials: A Comparative In Vitro Study. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15081836. [PMID: 37111983 PMCID: PMC10146129 DOI: 10.3390/polym15081836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the adhesion and biofilm formation of Candida albicans (C. albicans) on conventionally fabricated, milled, and 3D-printed denture base resin materials in order to determine the susceptibility of denture contamination during clinical use. Specimens were incubated with C. albicans (ATCC 10231) for 1 and 24 h. Adhesion and biofilm formation of C. albicans were assessed using the field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The XTT (2,3-(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulphophenyl)-5-[(phenylamino) carbonyl]-2H-tetrazolium hydroxide) assay was used for the quantification of fungal adhesion and biofilm formation. The data were analyzed using GraphPad Prism 8.02 for windows. One-way ANOVA with Tukey's post hoc testing were performed with a statistical significance level set at α = 0.05. The quantitative XTT biofilm assay revealed significant differences in the biofilm formation of C. albicans between the three groups in the 24 h incubation period. The highest proportion of biofilm formation was observed in the 3D-printed group, followed by the conventional group, while the lowest candida biofilm formation was observed in the milled group. The difference in biofilm formation among the three tested dentures was statistically significant (p < 0.001). The manufacturing technique has an influence on the surface topography and microbiological properties of the fabricated denture base resin material. Additive 3D-printing technology results in increased candida adhesion and the roughest surface topography of maxillary resin denture base as compared to conventional flask compression and CAD/CAM milling techniques. In a clinical setting, patients wearing additively manufactured maxillary complete dentures are thus more susceptible to the development of candida-associated denture stomatitis and accordingly, strict oral hygiene measures and maintenance programs should be emphasized to patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reham B Osman
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
| | - Ghalia Khoder
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Bahgat Fayed
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates
- Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, National Research Center, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Reena Arora Kedia
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Nawal Alharbi
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Lee HE, Alauddin MS, Mohd Ghazali MI, Said Z, Mohamad Zol S. Effect of Different Vat Polymerization Techniques on Mechanical and Biological Properties of 3D-Printed Denture Base. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15061463. [PMID: 36987243 PMCID: PMC10051857 DOI: 10.3390/polym15061463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional printing is increasingly applied in dentistry to fabricate denture bases. Several 3D-printing technologies and materials are available to fabricate denture bases, but there is data scarcity on the effect of printability, mechanical, and biological properties of the 3D-printed denture base upon fabricating with different vat polymerization techniques. In this study, the NextDent denture base resin was printed with the stereolithography (SLA), digital light processing (DLP), and light-crystal display (LCD) technique and underwent the same post-processing procedure. The mechanical and biological properties of the denture bases were characterized in terms of flexural strength and modulus, fracture toughness, water sorption and solubility, and fungal adhesion. One-way ANOVA and Tukey’s post hoc were used to statistically analyze the data. The results showed that the greatest flexural strength was exhibited by the SLA (150.8±7.93 MPa), followed by the DLP and LCD. Water sorption and solubility of the DLP are significantly higher than other groups (31.51±0.92 μgmm3) and 5.32±0.61 μgmm3, respectively. Subsequently, the most fungal adhesion was found in SLA (221.94±65.80 CFU/mL). This study confirmed that the NextDent denture base resin designed for DLP can be printed with different vat polymerization techniques. All of the tested groups met the ISO requirement aside from the water solubility, and the SLA exhibited the greatest mechanical strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Ern Lee
- Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56100, Malaysia
- Smart Manufacturing and Advanced Renewable Technology Research Group, Faculty Science and Technology, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Nilai 71800, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Syafiq Alauddin
- Smart Manufacturing and Advanced Renewable Technology Research Group, Faculty Science and Technology, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Nilai 71800, Malaysia
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Prosthodontics, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56100, Malaysia
- Correspondence:
| | - Mohd Ifwat Mohd Ghazali
- Smart Manufacturing and Advanced Renewable Technology Research Group, Faculty Science and Technology, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Nilai 71800, Malaysia
| | - Zulfahmi Said
- Department of Basic Sciences and Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56100, Malaysia
| | - Syazwani Mohamad Zol
- Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56100, Malaysia
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36
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Vulović S, Popovac A, Radunović M, Petrović S, Todorović M, Milić-Lemić A. Microbial adhesion and viability on novel CAD/CAM framework materials for implant-supported hybrid prostheses. Eur J Oral Sci 2023; 131:e12911. [PMID: 36585796 DOI: 10.1111/eos.12911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate the adhesion and viability of Streptococcus oralis and Candida albicans under in vitro conditions on CAD/CAM framework materials for implant-supported hybrid prostheses. Twenty-nine specimens were prepared from each of three different materials: ZR (zirconia), PEEK (polyether ether ketone) and CoCr4 (CoCr4 alloy). The experimental part included surface roughness (SR) and contact angle of water (CAW) measurements, followed by colony forming unit (CFU), cell viability assay and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses of Strep. oralis and C. albicans biofilms on the materials' surfaces. Kruskal-Wallis and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests were used for differences between materials, and the correlation between measurements was estimated using Spearman's correlation coefficient. PEEK specimens revealed higher SR, CAW and CFU mean values, than ZR and CoCr4 specimens. Strong positive correlation was found between SR and CFU and between CAW and CFU for both microbial species. Cell viability assay revealed similar values for both species across materials. Higher numbers of Strep. oralis and C. albicans on PEEK specimens confirm the impact of the higher surface roughness and contact angle values on the microbial adhesion and describes PEEK as less desirable than ZR and CoCr4 from microbiological aspect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Vulović
- School of Dental Medicine, Department of Prosthodontics, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Popovac
- School of Dental Medicine, Department of Prosthodontics, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milena Radunović
- School of Dental Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sanja Petrović
- School of Dental Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Miloš Todorović
- School of Dental Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Milić-Lemić
- School of Dental Medicine, Department of Prosthodontics, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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37
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Alfouzan AF, Tuwaym M, Aldaghri EN, Alojaymi T, Alotiabi HM, Taweel SMA, Al-Otaibi HN, Ali R, Alshehri H, Labban N. Efficacy of Denture Cleansers on Microbial Adherence and Surface Topography of Conventional and CAD/CAM-Processed Denture Base Resins. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15020460. [PMID: 36679340 PMCID: PMC9866049 DOI: 10.3390/polym15020460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
This study assessed the efficacy of five denture cleansers on the microbial adherence and surface topography of conventional and CAD/CAM denture base resins. Acrylic resin discs were fabricated using conventional, milling, and 3D printing methods (N = 180). The discs were contaminated with dual species of Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans biofilm for 72 h and then disinfected with either of the denture cleansers (Fittydent cleansing tablets, 2% Chlorhexidine gluconate, 0.2% Chlorhexidine gluconate, 0.5% sodium hypochlorite, and 1% sodium hypochlorite (n = 10). Distilled water served as the control group. The colony-forming units of the microorganisms were calculated, followed by post-treatment surface roughness. Data were statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA, paired t-test, and post hoc Tukey HSD test (α = 0.05). Among the denture cleansers, 2% Chlorhexidine gluconate, 0.5% sodium hypochlorite, and 1% sodium hypochlorite had the best cleansing effect on the resin discs and demonstrated zero growth of colonies for both the species. Comparing the material groups, the 3D-processed discs showed higher colony-forming units followed by the conventional and CAD/CAM milled group. The highest surface roughness was demonstrated by the 3D-printed discs (0.690 ± 0.08 μm), followed by the conventional (0.493 ± 0.11 μm) and the milled groups (0.301 ± 0.08 μm). The tested chemical denture cleansers affected the Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans adhesion compared to control discs immersed in distilled water. The clinician may recommend to their patient to use 2% chlorhexidine gluconate for the disinfection of CAD/CAM PMMA denture base materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afnan F. Alfouzan
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence:
| | - Malath Tuwaym
- College of Dentistry, King Saud University, P.O. Box 60169, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ebtihal N. Aldaghri
- College of Dentistry, King Saud University, P.O. Box 60169, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tagreed Alojaymi
- College of Dentistry, King Saud University, P.O. Box 60169, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hadeel Minife Alotiabi
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh 14611, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sara M. Al Taweel
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanan N. Al-Otaibi
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rizwan Ali
- Medical Research Core Facility and Platforms, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh 14611, Saudi Arabia
| | - Huda Alshehri
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nawaf Labban
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia
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Lourinho C, Salgado H, Correia A, Fonseca P. Mechanical Properties of Polymethyl Methacrylate as Denture Base Material: Heat-Polymerized vs. 3D-Printed-Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of In Vitro Studies. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10102565. [PMID: 36289826 PMCID: PMC9599137 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10102565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The synergy between dentistry and informatics has allowed the emergence of new technologies, specifically 3D printing, which has led to the development of new materials. The aim of this research was to compare the mechanical properties of dental base resins for 3D printing with conventional ones. This systematic review was developed using the PRISMA guidelines, and the electronic literature search was performed with the PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science-MEDLINE and EMBASE databases, until 30 April 2022. Two researchers selected the studies independently, and thus eight articles were found eligible for analysis. A meta-analysis was developed to estimate flexural strength. The Cohen's kappa corresponding to this review was 1.00, and the risk assessment was considered low for the included studies. The 3D printing resin presented lower values of flexural strength and hardness compared with the heat-cured resin. Regarding impact strength, a lower value was recorded for the heat-cured resin compared with the 3D printing resin. Three-dimensional printing resins are viable materials for making prosthetic bases but need further clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia Lourinho
- Faculty of Dental Medicine (FMD), Universidade Católica Portuguesa (UCP), 3504-505 Viseu, Portugal
- Correspondence:
| | - Helena Salgado
- Faculty of Dental Medicine (FMD), Universidade Católica Portuguesa (UCP), 3504-505 Viseu, Portugal
| | - André Correia
- Centre of Interdisciplinary Research in Health (CIIS), Faculty of Dental Medicine (FMD), Universidade Católica Portuguesa (UCP), 3504-505 Viseu, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Fonseca
- Centre of Interdisciplinary Research in Health (CIIS), Faculty of Dental Medicine (FMD), Universidade Católica Portuguesa (UCP), 3504-505 Viseu, Portugal
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Gibreel M, Perea-Lowery L, Lassila L, Vallittu PK. Mechanical Properties Evaluation of Three Different Materials for Implant Supported Overdenture: An In-Vitro Study. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:6858. [PMID: 36234196 PMCID: PMC9572462 DOI: 10.3390/ma15196858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Aim: the aim of this study was to compare the flexural strength and elastic modulus of three-dimensionally (3D) printed, conventional heat-cured, and high-impact implant-supported overdenture materials specimens. Materials and Methods: Thirty implant-supported overdenture materials specimens (bar-shaped, 65.0 × 10.2 × 5.1 ± 0.2 mm3) with one central hole were fabricated using 3D-printed, heat-cured conventional, and high-impact denture base resins (n = 10/group). Autopolymerizing acrylic resin was used to attach titanium matrix housings to the central holes of the specimens. A three-point bending test was conducted using a universal testing machine and a model analog with a crosshead speed of 5 mm/min. The indicative flexural strength and elastic modulus were recorded. Data were statistically analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the Tukey tests at α = 0.05. Results: One-way ANOVA revealed a significant effect of denture base material on the flexural strength (p < 0.001) but not on the elastic modulus (p = 0.451) of the evaluated materials. The flexural strength of the 3D-printed specimens (95.99 ± 9.87 MPa) was significantly higher than the conventional (77.18 ± 9.69 MPa; p < 0.001) and high-impact ones (82.74 ± 7.73 MPa; p = 0.002). Conclusions: The maximum flexural strength was observed in the 3D-printed implant-supported overdenture material specimens, which might indicate their suitability as an alternative to the conventionally fabricated ones. Flexural strength and elastic modulus of conventional and high-impact heat-cured implant-supported overdenture materials specimens were comparable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Gibreel
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Turku Clinical Biomaterials Centre-TCBC, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Leila Perea-Lowery
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Turku Clinical Biomaterials Centre-TCBC, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Lippo Lassila
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Turku Clinical Biomaterials Centre-TCBC, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Pekka K. Vallittu
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Turku Clinical Biomaterials Centre-TCBC, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland
- City of Turku Welfare Division, Oral Health Care, Puolalankatu 5, 20101 Turku, Finland
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Çakmak G, Molinero-Mourelle P, De Paula MS, Akay C, Cuellar AR, Donmez MB, Yilmaz B. Surface Roughness and Color Stability of 3D-Printed Denture Base Materials after Simulated Brushing and Thermocycling. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:ma15186441. [PMID: 36143757 PMCID: PMC9503686 DOI: 10.3390/ma15186441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) printing is increasingly used to fabricate denture base materials. However, information on the effect of simulated brushing and thermocycling on the surface roughness and color stability of 3D-printed denture base materials is lacking. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of brushing and thermocycling on the surface roughness and color stability of 3D-printed denture base materials and to compare with those of milled and heat-polymerized denture base resins. Disk-shaped specimens (Ø 10 mm × 2 mm) were prepared from 4 different denture base resins (NextDent Denture 3D+ (ND); Denturetec (SC); Polident d.o.o (PD); Promolux (CNV)) (n = 10). Surface roughness (Ra) values were measured before and after polishing with a profilometer. Initial color coordinates were measured by using a spectrophotometer after polishing. Specimens were then consecutively subjected to simulated brushing (10,000 cycles), thermocycling (10,000 cycles), and brushing (10,000 cycles) again. Ra and color coordinates were measured after each interval. Color differences (ΔE00) between each interval were calculated and these values were further evaluated considering previously reported perceptibility (1.72 units) and acceptability (4.08 units) thresholds. Data were analyzed with Friedman, Kruskal-Wallis, and Mann-Whitney U tests (α = 0.05). Ra (p ≥ 0.051) and ΔE00 (p ≥ 0.061) values among different time intervals within each material were similar. Within each time interval, significant differences in Ra (p ≤ 0.002) and ΔE00 values (p ≤ 0.001) were observed among materials. Polishing, brushing, and thermocycling resulted in acceptable surface roughness for all materials that were either similar to or below 0.2 µm. Color of ND printed resin was affected by brushing and thermocycling. All materials had acceptable color stability when reported thresholds are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gülce Çakmak
- Department of Reconstructive Dentistry and Gerodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Pedro Molinero-Mourelle
- Department of Reconstructive Dentistry and Gerodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marcella Silva De Paula
- Department of Reconstructive Dentistry and Gerodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Prevention and Oral Rehabilitation, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia 74690-900, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Canan Akay
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir 26040, Turkey
- Translational Medicine Research and Clinical Center, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir 26040, Turkey
| | | | - Mustafa Borga Donmez
- Department of Reconstructive Dentistry and Gerodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Istinye University, Istanbul 34010, Turkey
| | - Burak Yilmaz
- Department of Reconstructive Dentistry and Gerodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Restorative, Preventive, and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
- Division of Restorative and Prosthetic Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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41
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Quezada MM, Salgado H, Correia A, Fernandes C, Fonseca P. Investigation of the Effect of the Same Polishing Protocol on the Surface Roughness of Denture Base Acrylic Resins. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10081971. [PMID: 36009518 PMCID: PMC9405739 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10081971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This investigation aims to determine the effect of the same polishing protocol on the surface roughness (Ra) of different resins obtained by different processing techniques. Acrylic resins obtained by CAD/CAM technology overcame the disadvantages identified in conventional materials. A total of thirty samples (six of each resin): self-cured, heat-polymerized, injection molded, CAD/CAM 3D-printed and CAD/CAM milled were prepared. JOTA® Kit 1877 DENTUR POLISH was used to polish the samples by two techniques: manual and mechanized, with a prototype for guided polishing exclusively developed for this investigation. The Ra was measured by a profilometer. The values were analyzed using ANOVA, Games−Howell post-hoc test and One-sample t-test, with p < 0.05. Manual polishing produces lower values of Ra compared to mechanized polishing, except for injected molded resins (p = 0.713). Manual polishing reveals significant differences between the resin pairs milling/3D-printing (p = 0.012) and thermopolymerizable/milling (p = 0.024). In the mechanized technique only, significant differences regarding the Ra values were found between the self-cured/3D-printed (p = 0.004) and self-cured/thermopolymerizable pair resins (p = 0.004). Differences in surface roughness values can be attributed to the inherent characteristics of the resin and the respective processing techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarida Martins Quezada
- Faculty of Dental Medicine (FMD), Universidade Católica Portuguesa, 3504-505 Viseu, Portugal
- Correspondence:
| | - Helena Salgado
- Faculty of Dental Medicine (FMD), Universidade Católica Portuguesa, 3504-505 Viseu, Portugal
| | - André Correia
- Centre of Interdisciplinary Research in Health, Faculty of Dental Medicine (FMD), Universidade Católica Portuguesa, 3504-505 Viseu, Portugal
| | - Carlos Fernandes
- Faculty of Engeneering (FEUP), Universidade do Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Fonseca
- Centre of Interdisciplinary Research in Health, Faculty of Dental Medicine (FMD), Universidade Católica Portuguesa, 3504-505 Viseu, Portugal
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Di Fiore A. Think Digital—The New Era in the Dentistry Field. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11144073. [PMID: 35887837 PMCID: PMC9317756 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11144073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years the dental field has evolved incredibly due to the introduction of digital technology [...]
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Affiliation(s)
- Adolfo Di Fiore
- Department of Neurosciences, Section of Prosthodontic and Digital Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy
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Microbial Adhesion to Dental Polymers for Conventional, Computer-Aided Subtractive and Additive Manufacturing: A Comparative In Vitro Study. J Funct Biomater 2022; 13:jfb13020042. [PMID: 35466224 PMCID: PMC9036260 DOI: 10.3390/jfb13020042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Modern structural materials are represented by a variety of polymer materials used for dental patients’ rehabilitation. They differ not only in physico-chemical properties, but also in microbiological properties, which is one of the reasons why these materials are chosen. The study focused on the microbial adhesion of clinical isolates of normal (5 types), periodontopathogenic (2 types), and fungal (2 types) microbiotas to various materials based on polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) intended for traditional (cold-cured and hot-cured polymers), computer-aided subtractive and additive manufacturing. A comparative analysis was carried out on the studied samples of polymer materials according to the microorganisms’ adhesion index (AI). The lowest level of microorganisms’ AI of the three types of microbiotas was determined in relation to materials for additive manufacturing. The AI of hot-cured polymers, as well as materials for subtractive manufacturing, corresponded to the average level. The highest level of microorganisms’ adhesion was found in cold-cured polymers. Significant differences in AI for materials of the same technological production type (different manufacturers) were also determined. The tendency of significant differences in the indicators of the microorganisms’ adhesion level for the studied polymer materials on the basis of the type of production technology was determined.
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