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Papanastasiou AD, Peroukidis S, Sirinian C, Arkoumani E, Chaniotis D, Zizi-Sermpetzoglou A. CD44 Expression in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma (ccRCC) Correlates with Tumor Grade and Patient Survival and Is Affected by Gene Methylation. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:537. [PMID: 38790166 PMCID: PMC11121578 DOI: 10.3390/genes15050537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Clear cell RCC (ccRCC) represents the most common type of kidney cancer, with surgery being the only potential curative treatment. Almost one-third of ccRCC patients relapse either locally or as cases of distant metastases. Several biomarkers have been employed in order to separate ccRCC patients with better prognosis or to predict treatment outcomes, with limited results. CD44 is a membrane glycoprotein with multiple roles in normal development but also cancer. Recently, the CD44 standard isoform has been implicated in tumor progression and the metastasis cascade through microenvironment interactions. Here, through CD44 immunohistochemical staining of ccRCC patient samples and TCGA data analysis, we sought to elucidate the expression patterns (mRNA and protein) of CD44 in clear cell RCC and correlate its expression with clinicopathological parameters. We were able to show that CD44 expression presents a positive association with tumor grade and overall survival, predicting a worse patient outcome in ccRCC. In addition, our data indicate that the CD44 mRNA upregulation can be attributed to reduced gene methylation, implicating epigenetic gene regulation in ccRCC development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chaido Sirinian
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Elisavet Arkoumani
- Pathology Department, Tzaneion General Hospital of Piraeus, 18536 Piraeus, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Chaniotis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of West Attica, 12243 Athens, Greece
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Gadewal N, Natu A, Sen S, Rauniyar S, Bastikar V, Gupta S. Integrative epigenome-transcriptome analysis unravels cancer-specific over-expressed genes potentially regulating immune microenvironment in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2024; 1868:130596. [PMID: 38471632 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2024.130596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clear cell Renal Cell Carcinoma (ccRCC) is the frequently diagnosed histological life-threatening tumor subtype in the urinary system. Integrating multi-omics data is emerging as a tool to provide a comprehensive view of biology and disease for better therapeutic interventions. METHOD We have integrated freely available ccRCC data sets of genome-wide DNA methylome, transcriptome, and active histone modification marks, H3K27ac, H3K4me1, and H3K4me3 specific ChIP-seq data to screen genes with higher expression. Further, these genes were filtered based on their effect on survival upon alteration in expression. RESULTS The six multi-omics-based identified genes, RUNX1, MSC, ADA, TREML1, TGFA, and VWF, showed higher expression with enrichment of active histone marks and hypomethylated CpG in ccRCC. In continuation, the identified genes were validated by an independent dataset and showed a correlation with nodal and metastatic status. Furthermore, gene ontology and pathway analysis revealed that immune-related pathways are activated in ccRCC patients. CONCLUSIONS The network analysis of six overexpressed genes suggests their potential role in an immunosuppressive environment, leading to tumor progression and poor prognosis. Our study shows that the multi-omics approach helps unravel complex biology for patient subtyping and proposes combination strategies with epi-drugs for more precise immunotherapy in ccRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil Gadewal
- Bioinformatics & Computational Biology Facility, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, 410210, MH, India; Center for Computational Biology & Translational Research, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Mumbai - Pune Expressway, Bhatan, Post - Somathne, Panvel, Mumbai, 410206, MH, India
| | - Abhiram Natu
- Epigenetics and Chromatin Biology Group, Gupta Lab, Cancer Research Institute, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, 410210, MH, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, 400094, MH, India
| | - Siddhartha Sen
- Bioinformatics & Computational Biology Facility, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, 410210, MH, India
| | - Sukanya Rauniyar
- Epigenetics and Chromatin Biology Group, Gupta Lab, Cancer Research Institute, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, 410210, MH, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, 400094, MH, India
| | - Virupaksha Bastikar
- Center for Computational Biology & Translational Research, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Mumbai - Pune Expressway, Bhatan, Post - Somathne, Panvel, Mumbai, 410206, MH, India
| | - Sanjay Gupta
- Epigenetics and Chromatin Biology Group, Gupta Lab, Cancer Research Institute, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, 410210, MH, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, 400094, MH, India.
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Anbiyaee O, Moalemnia A, Ghaedrahmati F, Shooshtari MK, Khoshnam SE, Kempisty B, Halili SA, Farzaneh M, Morenikeji OB. The functions of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA)-MALAT-1 in the pathogenesis of renal cell carcinoma. BMC Nephrol 2023; 24:380. [PMID: 38124072 PMCID: PMC10731893 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-023-03438-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC), a prevalent form of renal malignancy, is distinguished by its proclivity for robust tumor proliferation and metastatic dissemination. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as pivotal modulators of gene expression, exerting substantial influence over diverse biological processes, encompassing the intricate landscape of cancer development. Metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT-1), an exemplar among lncRNAs, has been discovered to assume functional responsibilities within the context of RCC. The conspicuous expression of MALAT-1 in RCC cells has been closely linked to the advancement of tumors and an unfavorable prognosis. Experimental evidence has demonstrated the pronounced ability of MALAT-1 to stimulate RCC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, thereby underscoring its active participation in facilitating the metastatic cascade. Furthermore, MALAT-1 has been implicated in orchestrating angiogenesis, an indispensable process for tumor expansion and metastatic dissemination, through its regulatory influence on pro-angiogenic factor expression. MALAT-1 has also been linked to the evasion of immune surveillance in RCC, as it can regulate the expression of immune checkpoint molecules and modulate the tumor microenvironment. Hence, the potential utility of MALAT-1 as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in RCC emerges, warranting further investigation and validation of its clinical significance. This comprehensive review provides an overview of the diverse functional roles exhibited by MALAT-1 in RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Anbiyaee
- Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Medicine, Namazi Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Arash Moalemnia
- Faculty of Medicine, Dezful University of Medical Sciences, Dezful, Iran
| | - Farhoodeh Ghaedrahmati
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Maryam Khombi Shooshtari
- Chronic Renal Failure Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Seyed Esmaeil Khoshnam
- Persian Gulf Physiology Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Bartosz Kempisty
- Department of Human Morphology and Embryology Division of Anatomy, Wrocław Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland
- Physiology Graduate Faculty North, Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, US
- Center of Assisted Reproduction Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital and Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Shahla Ahmadi Halili
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Science, Chronic Renal Failure Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Science, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Maryam Farzaneh
- Fertility, Infertility and Perinatology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
| | - Olanrewaju B Morenikeji
- Division of Biological and Health Sciences, University of Pittsburgh at Bradford, Bradford, PA, USA.
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Sellner F, Compérat E, Klimpfinger M. Genetic and Epigenetic Characteristics in Isolated Pancreatic Metastases of Clear-Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16292. [PMID: 38003482 PMCID: PMC10671160 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Isolated pancreatic metastases of renal cell carcinoma (IsPMRCC) are a rare manifestation of metastatic, clear-cell renal cell carcinoma (RCC) in which distant metastases occur exclusively in the pancreas. In addition to the main symptom of the isolated occurrence of pancreatic metastases, the entity surprises with additional clinical peculiarities: (a) the unusually long interval of about 9 years between the primary RCC and the onset of pancreatic metastases; (b) multiple pancreatic metastases occurring in 36% of cases; (c) favourable treatment outcomes with a 75% 5-year survival rate; and (d) volume and growth-rate dependent risk factors generally accepted to be relevant for overall survival in metastatic surgery are insignificant in isPMRCC. The genetic and epigenetic causes of exclusive pancreatic involvement have not yet been investigated and are currently unknown. Conversely, according to the few available data in the literature, the following genetic and epigenetic peculiarities can already be identified as the cause of the protracted course: 1. high genetic stability of the tumour cell clones in both the primary tumour and the pancreatic metastases; 2. a low frequency of copy number variants associated with aggressiveness, such as 9p, 14q and 4q loss; 3. in the chromatin-modifying genes, a decreased rate of PAB1 (3%) and an increased rate of PBRM1 (77%) defects are seen, a profile associated with a favourable course; 4. an increased incidence of KDM5C mutations, which, in common with increased PBRM1 alterations, is also associated with a favourable outcome; and 5. angiogenetic biomarkers are increased in tumour tissue, while inflammatory biomarkers are decreased, which explains the good response to TKI therapy and lack of sensitivity to IT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz Sellner
- Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, Clinic Favoriten Vienna, Kaiser Franz Josef Hospital, 1100 Vienna, Austria
| | - Eva Compérat
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Klimpfinger
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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Park J, Lee EH, Sim H, Na AY, Choi SY, Chung JW, Ha YS, Kwon TG, Lee S, Lee JN. Using Comparative Proteomics to Identify Protein Signatures in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma. Cancer Genomics Proteomics 2023; 20:592-601. [PMID: 37889066 PMCID: PMC10614069 DOI: 10.21873/cgp.20408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers in the world. Approximately 25-30% of patients identified with initial kidney cancer will have metastasized tumors, thus 5-year survival rates for these patients are poor. Therefore, biomarker research is required to identify and predict molecular signatures in RCC. MATERIALS AND METHODS To address this, we used a mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics approach to identify proteins related to clear cell RCC (ccRCC) tissues from patients with T1G2, T1G3, T3G2, T3G3, and metastatic RCC (mRCC) stages. RESULTS We identified and quantified 2,608 and 2,463 proteins, respectively, in ccRCC tissue and identified 1,449 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs). Bioinformatics analysis revealed that serpin family A member 3 (SERPINA3) qualified as biomarker for ccRCC progression. Using indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), immunoblotting, and immunohistochemistry assays it was found that SERPINA3 expression levels in ccRCC tissues were much higher in stages before metastasis. CONCLUSION Comparative proteomics analysis of ccRCC tissues provided new evidence of SERPINA3 association with ccRCC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhee Park
- College of Pharmacy, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Hye Lee
- Joint Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunchae Sim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ann-Yae Na
- Global Drug Development Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - So Young Choi
- Mass Spectrometry Convergence Research Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Wook Chung
- Joint Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Sok Ha
- Joint Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Gyun Kwon
- Joint Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangkyu Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea;
| | - Jun Nyung Lee
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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Xie Q, Qin F, Luo L, Deng S, Zeng K, Wu Y, Liao D, Luo L, Wang K. hsa_circ_0003596, as a novel oncogene, regulates the malignant behavior of renal cell carcinoma by modulating glycolysis. Eur J Med Res 2023; 28:315. [PMID: 37660068 PMCID: PMC10474667 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-023-01288-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This research was planned to analyze hsa_circ_0003596 (circCOL5A1) and glycolysis-focused mechanisms in renal cell carcinoma (RCC). METHODS circCOL5A1, miR-370-5p, and PRKCSH levels were determined in RCC tissues and selected cell lines by RT-qPCR and/or Western blot. RCC cells after corresponding transfection were tested by colony formation assay, EdU assay, Transwell assay, and flow cytometry to analyze cell proliferation, invasion, migration, and apoptosis. Meanwhile, glycolysis in cells was evaluated by measuring glucose consumption, lactic acid, and ATP production, as well as immunoblotting for HK2 and PKM2. In addition, circCOL5A1 knockdown was performed in animal experiments to observe tumor growth and glycolysis. Finally, the ceRNA network between circCOL5A1, miR-370-5p, and PRKCSH was studied by luciferase reporter assay and RIP experiment. RESULTS circCOL5A1 and PRKCSH were highly expressed and miR-370-5p was poorly expressed in RCC. circCOL5A1 knockdown depressed RCC proliferation, invasion, migration, and glycolysis, and enhanced apoptosis. circCOL5A1 competitively adsorbed miR-370-5p. Artificial upregulation of miR-370-5p saved the pro-tumor effect of circCOL5A1 on RCC cells, as evidenced by suppression of tumor malignancy and glycolysis. miR-370-5p targeted PRKCSH. PRKCSH overexpression contributed to a reversal of the anti-tumor effect of circCOL5A1 silencing. Silencing circCOL5A1 inhibited RCC tumor growth and glycolysis. CONCLUSIONS circCOL5A1 regulates the malignant behavior of RCC by modulating glycolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- QingZhi Xie
- Department of Urology Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shaoyang University, Shaoyang, 422000, Hunan, China
| | - FuQiang Qin
- Department of Urology Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shaoyang University, Shaoyang, 422000, Hunan, China
| | - LiHui Luo
- Department of Personnel Section, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shaoyang University, Shaoyang, 422000, Hunan, China
| | - ShaoQuan Deng
- Department of Urology Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shaoyang University, Shaoyang, 422000, Hunan, China
| | - Ke Zeng
- Department of Urology Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shaoyang University, Shaoyang, 422000, Hunan, China
| | - YunChou Wu
- Department of Urology Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shaoyang University, Shaoyang, 422000, Hunan, China
| | - DunMing Liao
- Department of Urology Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shaoyang University, Shaoyang, 422000, Hunan, China
| | - Lin Luo
- Department of Urology Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shaoyang University, Shaoyang, 422000, Hunan, China
| | - KangNing Wang
- Department of Urology Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shaoyang University, Shaoyang, 422000, Hunan, China.
- Department of Urology Surgery, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.
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Zamora-Fuentes JM, Hernández-Lemus E, Espinal-Enríquez J. Methylation-related genes involved in renal carcinoma progression. Front Genet 2023; 14:1225158. [PMID: 37693315 PMCID: PMC10486271 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1225158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal carcinomas are a group of malignant tumors often originating in the cells lining the small tubes in the kidney responsible for filtering waste from the blood and urine production. Kidney tumors arise from the uncontrolled growth of cells in the kidneys and are responsible for a large share of global cancer-related morbidity and mortality. Understanding the molecular mechanisms driving renal carcinoma progression results crucial for the development of targeted therapies leading to an improvement of patient outcomes. Epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation are known factors underlying the development of several cancer types. There is solid experimental evidence of relevant biological functions modulated by methylation-related genes, associated with the progression of different carcinomas. Those mechanisms can often be associated to different epigenetic marks, such as DNA methylation sites or chromatin conformation patterns. Currently, there is no definitive method to establish clear relations between genetic and epigenetic factors that influence the progression of cancer. Here, we developed a data-driven method to find methylation-related genes, so we could find relevant bonds between gene co-expression and methylation-wide-genome regulation patterns able to drive biological processes during the progression of clear cell renal carcinoma (ccRC). With this approach, we found out genes such as ITK oncogene that appear hypomethylated during all four stages of ccRC progression and are strongly involved in immune response functions. Also, we found out relevant tumor suppressor genes such as RAB25 hypermethylated, thus potentially avoiding repressed functions in the AKT signaling pathway during the evolution of ccRC. Our results have relevant implications to further understand some epigenetic-genetic-affected roles underlying the progression of renal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Enrique Hernández-Lemus
- Computational Genomics Division, National Institute of Genomic Medicine, Mexico City, Mexico
- Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jesús Espinal-Enríquez
- Computational Genomics Division, National Institute of Genomic Medicine, Mexico City, Mexico
- Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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Apanovich N, Matveev A, Ivanova N, Burdennyy A, Apanovich P, Pronina I, Filippova E, Kazubskaya T, Loginov V, Braga E, Alimov A. Prediction of Distant Metastases in Patients with Kidney Cancer Based on Gene Expression and Methylation Analysis. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:2289. [PMID: 37443682 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13132289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most common and aggressive histological type of cancer in this location. Distant metastases are present in approximately 30% of patients at the time of first examination. Therefore, the ability to predict the occurrence of metastases in patients at early stages of the disease is an urgent task aimed at personalized treatment. Samples of tumor and paired histologically normal kidney tissue from patients with metastatic and non-metastatic ccRCC were studied. Gene expression was analyzed using real-time PCR. The level of gene methylation was evaluated using bisulfite conversion followed by quantitative methylation-specific PCR. Two groups of genes were analyzed in this study. The first group includes genes whose expression is significantly reduced during metastasis: CA9, NDUFA4L2, EGLN3, and BHLHE41 (p < 0.001, ROC analysis). The second group includes microRNA genes: MIR125B-1, MIR137, MIR375, MIR193A, and MIR34B/C, whose increased methylation levels are associated with the development of distant metastases (p = 0.002 to <0.001, ROC analysis). Based on the data obtained, a combined panel of genes was formed to identify patients whose tumors have a high metastatic potential. The panel can estimate the probability of metastasis with an accuracy of up to 92%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalya Apanovich
- Research Centre for Medical Genetics, 1 Moskvorechye St., Moscow 115522, Russia
| | - Alexey Matveev
- Federal State Budgetary Institution (N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology) of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 24 Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow 115478, Russia
| | - Natalia Ivanova
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Baltijskaya St. 8, Moscow 125315, Russia
| | - Alexey Burdennyy
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Baltijskaya St. 8, Moscow 125315, Russia
| | - Pavel Apanovich
- Research Centre for Medical Genetics, 1 Moskvorechye St., Moscow 115522, Russia
| | - Irina Pronina
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Baltijskaya St. 8, Moscow 125315, Russia
| | - Elena Filippova
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Baltijskaya St. 8, Moscow 125315, Russia
| | - Tatiana Kazubskaya
- Federal State Budgetary Institution (N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology) of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 24 Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow 115478, Russia
| | - Vitaly Loginov
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Baltijskaya St. 8, Moscow 125315, Russia
| | - Eleonora Braga
- Research Centre for Medical Genetics, 1 Moskvorechye St., Moscow 115522, Russia
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Baltijskaya St. 8, Moscow 125315, Russia
| | - Andrei Alimov
- Research Centre for Medical Genetics, 1 Moskvorechye St., Moscow 115522, Russia
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