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Mambro A, Afshar A, Leone F, Dussault C, Stoové M, Savulescu J, Rich JD, Rowan DH, Sheehan J, Kronfli N. Reimbursing incarcerated individuals for participation in research: A scoping review. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2024; 123:104283. [PMID: 38109837 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2023.104283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about global practices regarding the provision of reimbursement for the participation of people who are incarcerated in research. To determine current practices related to the reimbursement of incarcerated populations for research, we aimed to describe international variations in practice across countries and carceral environments to help inform the development of more consistent and equitable practices. METHODS We conducted a scoping review by searching PubMed, Cochrane library, Medline, and Embase, and conducted a grey literature search for English- and French-language articles published until September 30, 2022. All studies evaluating any carceral-based research were included if recruitment of incarcerated participants occurred inside any non-juvenile carceral setting; we excluded studies if recruitment occurred exclusively following release. Where studies failed to indicate the presence or absence of reimbursement, we assumed none was provided. RESULTS A total of 4,328 unique articles were identified, 2,765 were eligible for full text review, and 426 were included. Of these, 295 (69%) did not offer reimbursement to incarcerated individuals. A minority (n = 13; 4%) included reasons explaining the absence of reimbursement, primarily government-level policies (n = 7). Among the 131 (31%) studies that provided reimbursement, the most common form was monetary compensation (n = 122; 93%); five studies (4%) offered possible reduced sentencing. Reimbursement ranged between $3-610 USD in total and 14 studies (11%) explained the reason behind the reimbursements, primarily researchers' discretion (n = 9). CONCLUSIONS The majority of research conducted to date in carceral settings globally has not reimbursed incarcerated participants. Increased transparency regarding reimbursement (or lack thereof) is needed as part of all carceral research and advocacy efforts are required to change policies prohibiting reimbursement of incarcerated individuals. Future work is needed to co-create international standards for the equitable reimbursement of incarcerated populations in research, incorporating the voices of people with lived and living experience of incarceration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Mambro
- Centre for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Avideh Afshar
- Centre for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Frederic Leone
- Centre for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Camille Dussault
- Centre for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mark Stoové
- Burnet Institute, School of Public Health and Preventative Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Julian Savulescu
- Oxford Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Josiah D Rich
- Center for Health and Justice Transformation, The Miriam and Rhode Island Hospitals, Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Daniel H Rowan
- Division of Infectious Disease, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | | | - Nadine Kronfli
- Centre for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease and Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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Tsai YC, Yu ML, Ko CY, Hsin YH, Tsai QZ, Huang CW. Treatment effectiveness and side effects of patients with hepatitis C in the prisons of Southern Taiwan: a real-life retrospective analysis. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e070490. [PMID: 37286314 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-070490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hepatitis C is an important risk factor for cirrhosis and liver cancer in the Taiwanese population. Domestic prisons reported a higher rate of hepatitis C infection than the national average. Efficient and effective treatment of patients with hepatitis C in prisons is required to decrease the number of infections. This study analysed the effectiveness of hepatitis C treatment and its side effects in prison patients. DESIGN This retrospective analysis included adult patients with hepatitis C who received direct-acting antiviral agents between 2018 and 2021. SETTING The special hepatitis C clinics in the two prisons were run by a medium-sized hepatitis C treatment hospital in Southern Taiwan. Three direct-acting antiviral agents, sofosbuvir/ledipasvir for 12 weeks, glecaprevir/pibrentasvir for 8 or 12 weeks and sofosbuvir/velpatasvir for 12 weeks, were adopted based on patient characteristics. PARTICIPANTS 470 patients were included. OUTCOME MEASURE The sustained virological response at 12 weeks after the end of treatment was compared between the different groups. RESULTS Most of the patients were men (70.0%) with a median age of 44 years. The most prevalent hepatitis C virus genotype was genotype 1 (44.26%). A total of 240 patients (51.06%) had a history of injectable drug use; 44 (9.36%) and 71 (15.11%) patients were coinfected with hepatitis B virus and HIV, respectively. Only 51 patients (10.85%) had liver cirrhosis. Most patients (98.30%) had normal renal function or no history of kidney disease. The patients had a sustained virological response achievement rate of 99.2%. The average incidence of adverse reactions during treatment was approximately 10%. Many of the adverse reactions were mild and resolved spontaneously. CONCLUSION Direct-acting antiviral agents are effective for treating hepatitis C in Taiwanese prisoners. These therapeutics were well-tolerated by the patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chi Tsai
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Lung Yu
- School of Medicine and Doctoral Program of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medicine and Center of Excellence for Metabolic Associated Fatty Liver Disease, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Hepatobiliary Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospitall; College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Division of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chou-Yuan Ko
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsiang Hsin
- Aviation Physiology Research Laboratory, Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital Gangshan Branch, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Qi-Zhang Tsai
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Wei Huang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Nursing, Tajen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Wirtz AL, Yeh PT, Flath NL, Beyrer C, Dolan K. HIV and Viral Hepatitis Among Imprisoned Key Populations. Epidemiol Rev 2018; 40:12-26. [PMID: 29688317 DOI: 10.1093/epirev/mxy003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Prisons and other closed facilities create opportunities for transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and viral hepatitis during detention and after release. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of peer-reviewed publications (2005-2015) to describe the prevalence of HIV, hepatitis C virus, and hepatitis B virus among key populations in prisons worldwide and to compare estimates of infection with those of other prison populations. Most data were reported for people who inject drugs (PWID; n = 72) and for men who have sex with men (MSM; n = 21); few data were reported on sex workers (SW; n = 6), or transgender women (n = 2). Publications were identified from 29 countries, predominantly middle- and high-income countries. Globally, PWID had 6 times the prevalence of HIV (pooled prevalence ratio (PPR) = 6.0, 95% CI: 3.8, 9.4), 8 times the prevalence of hepatitis C virus (PPR = 8.1, 95% CI: 6.4, 10.4), and 2 times the prevalence of hepatitis B virus (PPR = 2.0, 95% CI: 1.5, 2.7) compared with noninjecting prisoner populations. Among these articles, only those from Iran, Scotland, Spain, and Italy included the availability of methadone therapy; 2 articles included information on access to needle exchange programs by PWID detainees. HIV prevalence was more than 2 times higher among SW (PPR = 2.6, 95% CI: 2.2, 3.1) and 5 times higher among MSM (PPR = 5.3, 95% CI: 3.5, 7.9) compared with other prisoners. None of these articles reported HIV prevention coverage among SW or transgender women; 1 described HIV and sexually transmitted infection screening for MSM in prison. Prevention programs specific to key populations are important, particularly for populations that are criminalized and/or may cycle in and out of prison.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L Wirtz
- Center for Public Health and Human Rights, Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ping T Yeh
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Natalie L Flath
- Department of Health Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland.,Baltimore City Health Department, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Chris Beyrer
- Center for Public Health and Human Rights, Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kate Dolan
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Huang CW, Lin CH, Chuang YW, Yang SS, Lee TY, Yeh HZ, Chang CS, Lu IT. Association of hepatitis B virus infection and glomerulonephritis in a HBV-endemic area: A population-based study. ADVANCES IN DIGESTIVE MEDICINE 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/aid2.13092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chiao-Wei Huang
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine; Taichung Veterans General Hospital; Taichung Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Heng Lin
- Department of Medical Research; Taichung Veterans General Hospital; Taichung Taiwan
| | - Ya-Wen Chuang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine; Taichung Veterans General Hospital; Taichung Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Shun Yang
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine; Taichung Veterans General Hospital; Taichung Taiwan
- Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine; National Yang-Ming University; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Teng-Yu Lee
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine; Taichung Veterans General Hospital; Taichung Taiwan
- School of Medicine; Chung Shan Medical University; Taichung Taiwan
| | - Hong-Zen Yeh
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine; Taichung Veterans General Hospital; Taichung Taiwan
- Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine; National Yang-Ming University; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Chi-Sen Chang
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine; Taichung Veterans General Hospital; Taichung Taiwan
- School of Medicine; Chung Shan Medical University; Taichung Taiwan
| | - I-Ta Lu
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine; Taichung Veterans General Hospital; Taichung Taiwan
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Chen YC, Lin WC. Poor 1st-year adherence to anti-osteoporotic therapy increases the risk of mortality in patients with magnetic resonance imaging-proven acute osteoporotic vertebral fractures. Patient Prefer Adherence 2017; 11:839-843. [PMID: 28490865 PMCID: PMC5414717 DOI: 10.2147/ppa.s131564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Anti-osteoporotic therapy requires years of proper compliance to reduce the risk of fractures. This study investigated the effects of 1st-year adherence to anti-osteoporotic treatment on the risk of mortality in patients with magnetic resonance imaging-proven acute osteoporotic vertebral fractures after vertebroplasty. PATIENTS AND METHODS This retrospective study included 294 patients (252 females; mean age, 73.93±7.18 years) with osteoporosis and acute vertebral fractures treated with vertebroplasty between January 2001 and December 2007. Sex, age, body mass index, comorbidities, previous hip fracture, number of vertebral fractures, 5-year re-fracture rate, and use of anti-osteoporotic therapy were recorded for each patient. Adherence was determined according to compliance and persistence for 1 year. Compliance was calculated as the medication possession ratio (MPR), and persistence as the time from treatment initiation to discontinuation. Poor adherence was defined as either non-compliance or non-persistence. RESULTS The MPR of the patients at 1 year was 55.1%, with a persistence rate of 69.4% and a poor adherence rate of 62.6%. Cox regression analysis revealed that poor adherence to medications was associated with a significantly higher risk of mortality after adjustment for potential confounders (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.75; 95% CI: 1.13-2.71). Poor adherence to medications was significantly associated with an increase in the rate of infection (HR: 4.56; 95% CI: 1.12-18.52), which was the most common cause of death. CONCLUSION Poor adherence to anti-osteoporotic therapy significantly increases the risk of morality, possibly due to an increased risk of infection. Efforts should be made to improve adherence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Chou Chen
- Department of Rheumatology
- Correspondence: Ying-Chou Chen, Department of Rheumatology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, 123 Ta-Pei Road, Niao-Sung District, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan, Republic of China, Tel +886 7 731 7123, Fax +886 7 735 1843, Email
| | - Wei-Che Lin
- Department of Radiology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Chen YC, Su FM, Cheng TT, Lai HM, Yu SF. Is Long-Term Anti-Osteoporotic Treatment Associated with Greater Risk of Cancer in People with Severe Vertebral Fractures? A Hospital-Based Cohort Study. J Am Geriatr Soc 2015; 63:2418-9. [DOI: 10.1111/jgs.13798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Chou Chen
- Department of Rheumatology; Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital; Chang Gung University College of Medicine; Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - Fu-Mei Su
- Department of Rheumatology; Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital; Chang Gung University College of Medicine; Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - Tien-Tsai Cheng
- Department of Rheumatology; Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital; Chang Gung University College of Medicine; Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - Han-Ming Lai
- Department of Rheumatology; Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital; Chang Gung University College of Medicine; Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - Shan-Fu Yu
- Department of Rheumatology; Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital; Chang Gung University College of Medicine; Kaohsiung Taiwan
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Nokhodian Z, Yaran M, Adibi P, Kassaian N, Meshkati M, Ataei B. Seroprevalence of hepatitis B markers among incarcerated intravenous drug users. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN MEDICAL SCIENCES : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF ISFAHAN UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2014; 19:S13-6. [PMID: 25002887 PMCID: PMC4078382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drug injection is one of the most prominent risk factors for transmission of viral hepatitis. Prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) is generally higher in prisoners compared with the general population. The object of this study was to assess the markers of HBV and related risk factors among intravenous drug users (IVDU) in prisoners. MATERIALS AND METHODS Through a cross-sectional study in 2012 HBV infection and its risk factors were assessed in prisoners with a history of intravenous drug use in Isfahan, Iran. A checklist was fulfilled for each participant and 5 ml blood was taken from each subject. Sera were analyzed for markers of the hepatitis B: Hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg), antibody to hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAb) and hepatitis B virus core antibody (HBcAb) by ELISA. We used Chi-square test and logistic regression model to analyze data and P < 0.05 was considered to be significant. RESULTS All of the studied participants (n = 970) were men. The mean ± standard deviation of the age of the subjects was 32.61 ± 8.1 years and the majority of them had less than high school education. More than 40% of these men had a history of injection drug inside prison and 2.27% of them self-reported history of HBV infection. Of the 970 IVDU, 32 (3.3%) were positive for HBsAg. Among HBsAg + subjects, 23 (71.88%) were HBcAb+. 120 (12.37%) were found positive for isolated HBsAb, 45 (4.64%) for isolated HBcAb and 67 (6.9%) for both HBsAb and HBcAb. History of sharing needle (odds ratio: 2.25, 95% confidence interval: 1.09-4.65) had a significant association with HBsAg positivity. CONCLUSION The results suggest that history of sharing needle had a significant association with HBsAg positivity. It seems that educational programs for injecting drug related behaviors, especially syringe sharing, are needed for IVDU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zary Nokhodian
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Majid Yaran
- Acquired Immunodeficiency Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Peyman Adibi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Integrative Functional Gastroenterology Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Nazila Kassaian
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Marjan Meshkati
- Isfahan Province Health Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Behrooz Ataei
- Nosocomial Infection Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran,Address for correspondence: Dr. Behrooz Ataei, Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. E-mail:
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Sheng WH, Chuang YC, Sun HY, Tsai MS, Chang SY, Hung CC, Chang SC. Prophylactic effect of lamivudine-based antiretroviral therapy on incident hepatitis B virus infection among HIV-infected patients. Clin Infect Dis 2013; 57:1504-6. [PMID: 23926178 DOI: 10.1093/cid/cit511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Ataie M, Nokhodian Z, Ataei B, Kassaian N, Yaran M, Hassannejad R. Seroprevalence of hepatitis B virus and human immunodeficiency virus among young prisoners. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN MEDICAL SCIENCES : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF ISFAHAN UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2013; 18:70-2. [PMID: 23900503 PMCID: PMC3719232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Revised: 11/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Juveniles in custody are affected by sexually transmitted infections due to risky behaviors. Therefore, they have a disproportionate burden of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In this study, the prevalence and associated characteristics of hepatitis B and HIV infections were assessed in young prisoners. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this cross-sectional study, prevalence of HBV and HIV infections was assessed among young prisoners during 2008-2009. A checklist consisting of demographic, social, and risk factors was filled out and blood was drawn for their tests. Sera were analyzed for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBs Ag), hepatitis B surface antibody (HBs Ab), hepatitis B core antibody (HBc Ab) and HIV Ab, and Western blot test was performed on antibody-positive HIV. RESULTS A total number of 160 young prisoners (147 boys and 13 girls) were evaluated. The mean age of the subjects was 16.59 ± 1.24 year. HBs Ag, HBc Ab, HBs Ab, and HIV Ab were detected in 1 (0.63%), 1 (0.63%), 52 (32.5%), and 1 (0.63%), respectively. CONCLUSION With respect to national vaccination program against HBV infection, the juvenile prisoners had low prevalence of HBs Ab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Ataie
- Young Research Club, School of Medicine, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Zary Nokhodian
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran,Address for correspondence: Ms. Zary Nokhodian, Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Science, Isfahan, Iran. E-mail:
| | - Behrooz Ataei
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Nazila Kassaian
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Majid Yaran
- Nosocomial Infection Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Razieh Hassannejad
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Rapicetta M, Monarca R, Kondili LA, Chionne P, Madonna E, Madeddu G, Soddu A, Candido A, Carbonara S, Mura MS, Starnini G, Babudieri S. Hepatitis E virus and hepatitis A virus exposures in an apparently healthy high-risk population in Italy. Infection 2012; 41:69-76. [DOI: 10.1007/s15010-012-0385-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Franco E, Bagnato B, Marino MG, Meleleo C, Serino L, Zaratti L. Hepatitis B: Epidemiology and prevention in developing countries. World J Hepatol 2012; 4:74-80. [PMID: 22489259 PMCID: PMC3321493 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v4.i3.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Revised: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 03/17/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a serious global public health problem. The infection may be transmitted through sexual intercourse, parenteral contact or from an infected mother to the baby at birth and, if contracted early in life, may lead to chronic liver disease, including cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. On the basis of the HBV carrier rate, the world can be divided in 3 regions of high, medium and low endemicity. The major concern is about high endemicity countries, where the most common route of infection remains vertical transmission from mother to child. Screening of all pregnant women and passive immunization with human hepatitis B immunoglobulin are not affordable for many developing countries. The infection rate can be reduced by modifying behavior, improving individual education, testing all blood donations, assuring asepsis in clinical practice and screening all pregnant women. However, availability of a safe and efficacious vaccine and adoption of appropriate immunization strategies are the most effective means to prevent HBV infection and its consequences. The unsolved problem for poorest countries, where the number of people currently infected is high, is the cost of the vaccine. A future challenge is to overcome the social and economic hurdles of maintaining and improving a prevention policy worldwide to reduce the global burden of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Franco
- Elisabetta Franco, Laura Zaratti, Department of Public Health, University Tor Vergata, via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
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Tsai TF, Wang TS, Hung ST, Tsai PIC, Schenkel B, Zhang M, Tang CH. Epidemiology and comorbidities of psoriasis patients in a national database in Taiwan. J Dermatol Sci 2011; 63:40-6. [PMID: 21543188 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2011.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2010] [Revised: 02/17/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent findings in psoriasis research have shown that psoriasis is frequently associated with systemic comorbidities. OBJECTIVES This study aims to describe the epidemiology of psoriasis and the prevalence of comorbidities in patients with psoriasis in Taiwan. METHODS Patients who had at least one outpatient visit or admission with ICD-9-CM diagnosis code 696.0-1 in the Taiwan National Health Insurance (NHI) claims database during 2006 were identified as psoriasis cases. The cases were further classified into moderate to severe psoriasis (sPsO) for those who had previously received systemic therapy during the study period and mild psoriasis (mPsO) for those who had not. The cases were matched in a 1:4 ratio with controls from a sample cohort of 997,771 enrolees representative of the Taiwan population. Matching variables included age, gender and residential area. Prevalence of comorbidities was assessed using prevalence relative risk (RR) based upon a Cox proportional regression model. RESULTS 51,800 psoriasis cases were identified (prevalence=0.235%; mean age=46.4±18.6; male:female=1.6:1) and 17.5% of cases were sPsO type. Psoriasis was associated with a significantly increased prevalence ratio (RR; [95% confidence interval]) for hypertension (1.51; [1.47, 1.56]), diabetes (1.64; [1.58, 1.70]), hyperglyceridaemia (1.61; [1.54, 1.68]), heart disease (1.32; [1.26, 1.37]), hepatitis B viral infection (1.73; [1.47, 2.04]), hepatitis C viral infection (2.02; [1.67, 2.44]), rheumatoid arthritis (3.02; [2.68, 3.41]), systemic lupus erythematosus (6.16; [4.70, 8.09]), vitiligo (5.94; [3.79, 9.31]), pemphigoid (14.75; [5.00, 43.50]), pemphigus (41.81; [12.41, 140.90]), alopecia areata (4.71; [2.98, 7.45]), lip, oral cavity and pharynx cancer (1.49; [1.22, 1.80]), digestive organs and peritoneum cancer (1.57; [1.41, 1.74]), depression (1.50; [1.39, 1.61]), fatty liver (2.27; [1.90, 2.71]), chronic airways obstruction (1.47; [1.34, 1.61]), sleep disorder (3.89; [2.26, 6.71]), asthma (1.29; [1.18, 1.40]), and allergic rhinitis (1.25; [1.18, 1.33]). Conversely, psoriasis was not associated with an increased risk of Crohn's disease. CONCLUSIONS Psoriasis was associated with a significantly increased risk of comorbidities, especially for those patients with moderate to severe disease. These health associations should be taken into consideration when evaluating the burdens of psoriasis and designing effective treatment plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsen-Fang Tsai
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, and National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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