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Malcomson FC, Mathers JC. Translation of nutrigenomic research for personalised and precision nutrition for cancer prevention and for cancer survivors. Redox Biol 2023; 62:102710. [PMID: 37105011 PMCID: PMC10165138 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Personalised and precision nutrition uses information on individual characteristics and responses to nutrients, foods and dietary patterns to develop targeted nutritional advice that is more effective in improving the diet and health of each individual. Moving away from the conventional 'one size fits all', such targeted intervention approaches may pave the way to better population health, including lower burden of non-communicable diseases. To date, most personalised and precision nutrition approaches have been focussed on tackling obesity and cardiometabolic diseases with limited efforts directed to cancer prevention and for cancer survivors. Advances in understanding the biological basis of cancer and of the role played by diet in cancer prevention and in survival after cancer diagnosis, mean that it is timely to test and to apply such personalised and precision nutrition approaches in the cancer area. This endeavour can take advantage of the enhanced understanding of interactions between dietary factors, individual genotype and the gut microbiome that impact on risk of, and survival after, cancer diagnosis. Translation of these basic research into public health action should include real-time acquisition of nutrigenomic and related data and use of AI-based data integration methods in systems approaches that can be scaled up using mobile devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- F C Malcomson
- Human Nutrition and Exercise Research Centre, Centre for Healthier Lives, Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - J C Mathers
- Human Nutrition and Exercise Research Centre, Centre for Healthier Lives, Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK.
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Psoas muscle mass, nutritional status, inflammation, and their relationship with prognosis in patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma. NUTR HOSP 2021; 38:1009-1015. [PMID: 34223769 DOI: 10.20960/nh.03573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION some factors have been shown to be associated with survival in patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Recently, some studies suggested that malnutrition, muscle mass, and inflammation might have an effect on survival in patients with pancreatic malignancy. OBJECTIVES to investigate the association between psoas muscle mass, inflammation, nutritional status at the time of diagnosis, and survival in patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma. METHODS this retrospective study included 219 patients diagnosed with pancreatic carcinoma. The nutritional status, inflammation, and psoas muscle mass of the patients at the time of diagnosis were evaluated. Nutritional status was assessed using the Prognostic Nutritional Index (PNI). Leucocyte count and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR) were used for inflammation assessment. Psoas muscle mass was calculated by using abdominal computed tomography images of the patients. RESULTS the mean age of patients (80 female and 139 male) was 66.6 ± 11.7 years. According to the PNI results, 155 patients had a normal nutritional status (70 %), whereas 64 patients were malnourished (30 %). The survival of the patients with normal nutritional status was significantly longer than that of those who were malnourished (p < 0.001). There was no significant relationship between psoas muscle area, leucocyte count, NLR, and survival time. CONCLUSION the survival of pancreatic adenocarcinoma patients with malnutrition at the time of diagnosis was significantly shorter than for patients without malnutrition.
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Gentiluomo M, Canzian F, Nicolini A, Gemignani F, Landi S, Campa D. Germline genetic variability in pancreatic cancer risk and prognosis. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 79:105-131. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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4
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Rychlíková J, Vecka M, Jáchymová M, Macášek J, Hrabák P, Zeman M, Vávrová L, Řoupal J, Krechler T, Ák A. Osteopontin as a discriminating marker for pancreatic cancer and chronic pancreatitis. Cancer Biomark 2017; 17:55-65. [PMID: 27314293 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-160617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We analyzed concentrations of osteopontin (OPN) in patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) in order to determine firstly whether it is useful to distinguish between PDAC patients and those with chronic non-hereditary pancreatitis (CP) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and secondly whether OPN concentrations depend on the PDAC stage. METHODS Groups consisting of 64 patients with PDAC, 71 with CP, 67 with T2DM and 48 healthy controls (CON) were enrolled in the study. Controls were compared with regard to levels of OPN, oxidative stress markers, conventional tumor markers and other biochemical parameters. RESULTS Levels of OPN were higher in patients with PDAC compared with CP patients (P< 0.001), T2DM (P< 0.001) and CON (P< 0.001). There were increased OPN levels in CP patients in comparison with T2DM (P< 0.001) and CON (P< 0.001). Patients with PDAC in stage IV had higher OPN levels than PDAC patients in stage III (P< 0.01). There was no difference in OPN levels of PDAC patients in stage III compared to patients in stage II. CONCLUSION Our pilot study demonstrates the usefulness of estimating OPN levels to differentiate between pancreatic cancer and chronic pancreatitis. Higher OPN levels over 102 ng/ml could be a potential diagnostic biomarker for pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Rychlíková
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Vecka
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Jáchymová
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, First Faculty of Medicine Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Macášek
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Hrabák
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Zeman
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Vávrová
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Řoupal
- 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Krechler
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Aleš Ák
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
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Abstract
Although discussion of the obesity epidemic had become a cocktail party cliché, its impact on public health cannot be dismissed. In the past decade, cancer had joined the list of chronic debilitating diseases whose risk is substantially increased by hypernutrition. Here we discuss recent advances in understanding how obesity increases cancer risk and propose a unifying hypothesis according to which the major tumor-promoting mechanism triggered by hypernutrition is the indolent inflammation that takes place at particular organ sites, including liver, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract. The mechanisms by which excessive fat deposition feeds this tumor-promoting inflammatory flame are diverse and tissue specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Font-Burgada
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, Moores Cancer Center, UCSD School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093-0723, USA
| | - Beicheng Sun
- Liver Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital and Cancer Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China.
| | - Michael Karin
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, Moores Cancer Center, UCSD School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093-0723, USA.
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Genome-wide association study-identified SNPs (rs3790844, rs3790843) in the NR5A2 gene and risk of pancreatic cancer in Japanese. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17018. [PMID: 26592175 PMCID: PMC4655467 DOI: 10.1038/srep17018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We genotyped 2 SNPs (rs3790844 T/C and rs3790843 G/A) in the NR5A2 gene that were identified in a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of pancreatic cancer in populations of mainly European ancestry, and we examined their associations with pancreatic cancer risk in a case-control study of 360 patients and 400 control subjects in Japan. Unconditional logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The SNPs were in linkage disequilibrium (r2 = 0.80). For rs3790843, the multivariable-adjusted OR was 0.75 (95% CI: 0.41–1.36) and 0.60 (95%CI: 0.33–1.08) for subjects with the AG and AA genotype, respectively, compared to subjects with the GG genotype. The per allele OR was 0.78 (0.62–0.99) (P = 0.046). For rs3790844, the multivariable-adjusted OR was 0.65 (95% CI: 0.37–1.14) and 0.47 (95%CI: 0.27–0.83) for subjects with the CT and CC genotype, respectively, compared to subjects with the TT genotype. The per allele OR was 0.70 (0.56–0.89) (P = 0.003). Our case-control study found that rs3790843 and rs3790844 in the NR5A2 gene are associated with pancreatic cancer risk in Japanese subjects. The direction of association is consistent with the prior findings from GWASs.
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Zou BB, Wang F, Li L, Cheng FW, Jin R, Luo X, Zhu LX, Geng X, Zhang SQ. Activation of Toll-like receptor 7 inhibits the proliferation and migration, and induces the apoptosis of pancreatic cancer cells. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:6079-85. [PMID: 26238718 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is one of the most malignant types of tumor and has a poor prognosis. Toll‑like receptor 7 (TLR7) has been found to be present and have different roles in different types of cancer cells. In the present study, the roles of TLR7 in BxPC‑3 cells, a human pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell line, were investigated. The cells were treated with gardiquimod, an agonist of TLR7, following which the properties of the cells, including proliferation, migration, cell cycle and apoptosis, were analyzed. It was revealed that activation of TLR7 by gardiquimod inhibited cell proliferation and migration, and induced apoptosis of the cells. In addition, gardiquimod downregulated the expression levels of cyclin B1, cyclin E and B‑cell lymphoma 2, while upregulating the expression of B‑cell‑associated X protein. These results suggested that the activation of TLR7 suppresses the progression of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing-Bing Zou
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Feng-Wei Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Rui Jin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Xin Luo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Li-Xin Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoping Geng
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China
| | - Sheng-Quan Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
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Potjer TP, van der Stoep N, Houwing-Duistermaat JJ, Konings ICAW, Aalfs CM, van den Akker PC, Ausems MG, Dommering CJ, van der Kolk LE, Maiburg MC, Spruijt L, Wagner A, Vasen HFA, Hes FJ. Pancreatic cancer-associated gene polymorphisms in a nation-wide cohort of p16-Leiden germline mutation carriers; a case-control study. BMC Res Notes 2015; 8:264. [PMID: 26111702 PMCID: PMC4480449 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-015-1235-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The p16-Leiden founder mutation in the CDKN2A gene is the most common cause of Familial Atypical Multiple Mole Melanoma (FAMMM) syndrome in the Netherlands. Individuals with this mutation are at increased risk for developing melanoma of the skin, as well as pancreatic cancer. However, there is a notable interfamilial variability in the occurrence of pancreatic cancer among p16-Leiden families. We aimed to test whether previously identified genetic risk factors for pancreatic cancer modify the risk for pancreatic cancer in p16-Leiden germline mutation carriers. Methods Seven pancreatic cancer-associated SNPs were selected from the literature and were genotyped in a cohort of 185 p16-Leiden germline mutation carriers from 88 families, including 50 cases (median age 55 years) with pancreatic cancer and 135 controls (median age 64 years) without pancreatic cancer. Allelic odds ratios per SNP were calculated. Results No significant association with pancreatic cancer was found for any of the seven SNPs. Conclusions Since genetic modifiers for developing melanoma have already been identified in CDKN2A mutation carriers, this study does not exclude that genetic modifiers do not play a role in the individual pancreatic cancer risk in this cohort of p16-Leiden germline mutation carriers. The search for these modifiers should therefore continue, because they can potentially facilitate more targeted pancreatic surveillance programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P Potjer
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Nienke van der Stoep
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | | | - Ingrid C A W Konings
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology,Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Cora M Aalfs
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Peter C van den Akker
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Margreet G Ausems
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Charlotte J Dommering
- Department of Clinical Genetics and Human Genetics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Lizet E van der Kolk
- Department of Clinical Genetics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Merel C Maiburg
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Liesbeth Spruijt
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Anja Wagner
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Hans F A Vasen
- The Netherlands Foundation for the Detection of Hereditary Tumours, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Frederik J Hes
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Jansen RJ, Tan XL, Petersen GM. Gene-by-Environment Interactions in Pancreatic Cancer: Implications for Prevention. THE YALE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2015; 88:115-26. [PMID: 26029010 PMCID: PMC4445433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) has been estimated to have higher incidence and correspondingly higher mortality rates in more developed regions worldwide. Overall, the age-adjusted incidence rate is 4.9/10(5) and age-adjusted mortality rate is at 4.8/10(5). We review here our current knowledge of modifiable risk factors (cigarette smoking, obesity, diet, and alcohol) for PC, genetic variants implicated by genome-wide association studies, possible genetic interactions with risk factors, and prevention strategies to provide future research directions that may further our understanding of this complex disease. Cigarette smoking is consistently associated with a two-fold increased PC risk. PC associations with dietary intake have been largely inconsistent, with the potential exception of certain unsaturated fatty acids decreasing risk and well-done red meat or meat mutagens increasing risk. There is strong evidence to support that obesity (and related measures) increase risk of PC. Only the heaviest alcohol drinkers seem to be at an increased risk of PC. Currently, key prevention strategies include avoiding tobacco and excessive alcohol consumption and adopting a healthy lifestyle. Screening technologies and PC chemoprevention are likely to become more sophisticated, but may only apply to those at high risk. Risk stratification may be improved by taking into account gene environment interactions. Research on these modifiable risk factors is key to reducing the incidence of PC and understanding who in the population can be considered high risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rick J. Jansen
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Chicago Biological Sciences, Chicago, Illinois,To whom all correspondence should be addressed: Rick Jansen, PhD, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Chicago Biological Sciences, 5841 S. Maryland Ave., Rm N101D, MC2000, Chicago, IL 60637;
| | - Xiang-Lin Tan
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey,Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Gloria M. Petersen
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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10
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Arem H, Yu K, Xiong X, Moy K, Freedman ND, Mayne ST, Albanes D, Arslan AA, Austin M, Bamlet WR, Beane-Freeman L, Bracci P, Canzian F, Cotterchio M, Duell EJ, Gallinger S, Giles GG, Goggins M, Goodman PJ, Hartge P, Hassan M, Helzlsouer K, Henderson B, Holly EA, Hoover R, Jacobs EJ, Kamineni A, Klein A, Klein E, Kolonel LN, Li D, Malats N, Männistö S, McCullough ML, Olson SH, Orlow I, Peters U, Petersen GM, Porta M, Severi G, Shu XO, Visvanathan K, White E, Yu H, Zeleniuch-Jacquotte A, Zheng W, Tobias GS, Maeder D, Brotzman M, Risch H, Sampson JN, Stolzenberg-Solomon RZ. Vitamin D metabolic pathway genes and pancreatic cancer risk. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117574. [PMID: 25799011 PMCID: PMC4370655 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence on the association between vitamin D status and pancreatic cancer risk is inconsistent. This inconsistency may be partially attributable to variation in vitamin D regulating genes. We selected 11 vitamin D-related genes (GC, DHCR7, CYP2R1, VDR, CYP27B1, CYP24A1, CYP27A1, RXRA, CRP2, CASR and CUBN) totaling 213 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), and examined associations with pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Our study included 3,583 pancreatic cancer cases and 7,053 controls from the genome-wide association studies of pancreatic cancer PanScans-I-III. We used the Adaptive Joint Test and the Adaptive Rank Truncated Product statistic for pathway and gene analyses, and unconditional logistic regression for SNP analyses, adjusting for age, sex, study and population stratification. We examined effect modification by circulating vitamin D concentration (≤50, >50 nmol/L) for the most significant SNPs using a subset of cohort cases (n = 713) and controls (n = 878). The vitamin D metabolic pathway was not associated with pancreatic cancer risk (p = 0.830). Of the individual genes, none were associated with pancreatic cancer risk at a significance level of p<0.05. SNPs near the VDR (rs2239186), LRP2 (rs4668123), CYP24A1 (rs2762932), GC (rs2282679), and CUBN (rs1810205) genes were the top SNPs associated with pancreatic cancer (p-values 0.008-0.037), but none were statistically significant after adjusting for multiple comparisons. Associations between these SNPs and pancreatic cancer were not modified by circulating concentrations of vitamin D. These findings do not support an association between vitamin D-related genes and pancreatic cancer risk. Future research should explore other pathways through which vitamin D status might be associated with pancreatic cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Arem
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kai Yu
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Xiaoqin Xiong
- Information Management Systems, Inc., Calverton, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kristin Moy
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Neal D. Freedman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Susan T. Mayne
- Yale School of Public Health/Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Demetrius Albanes
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Alan A. Arslan
- Departments of Population Health, Obstetrics and Gynecology (Obs/Gyn) and Environmental Medicine, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Melissa Austin
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - William R. Bamlet
- Department of Epidemiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Laura Beane-Freeman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Paige Bracci
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Federico Canzian
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michelle Cotterchio
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto; Prevention and Cancer Control, Cancer Care Ontario Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eric J. Duell
- Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO-IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Steve Gallinger
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Graham G. Giles
- Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Cancer Council Victoria and Centre for MEGA Epidemiology, School of Population Health, the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Michael Goggins
- Departments of Oncology, Pathology and Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Phyllis J. Goodman
- Cleveland Clinic, Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Patricia Hartge
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Manal Hassan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | | | - Brian Henderson
- Department of Preventative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth A. Holly
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Robert Hoover
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Eric J. Jacobs
- Epidemiology Research Program, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Aruna Kamineni
- GroupHealth Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Alison Klein
- MD Mercy, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Eric Klein
- Cleveland Clinic, Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | | | - Donghui Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Núria Malats
- Molecular Pathology Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Center, Madrid, Spain
| | - Satu Männistö
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marjorie L. McCullough
- Epidemiology Research Program, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Sara H. Olson
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Irene Orlow
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Ulrike Peters
- Cleveland Clinic, Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Gloria M. Petersen
- Department of Epidemiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Miquel Porta
- Hospital del Mar Institute of Medical Research (IMIM), and School of Medicine, Barcelona Spain
| | - Gianluca Severi
- Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Cancer Council Victoria and Centre for MEGA Epidemiology, School of Population Health, the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Xiao-Ou Shu
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | | | - Emily White
- Cleveland Clinic, Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Herbert Yu
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Manoa, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Anne Zeleniuch-Jacquotte
- Departments of Population Health, Obstetrics and Gynecology (Obs/Gyn) and Environmental Medicine, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Wei Zheng
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Geoffrey S. Tobias
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Dennis Maeder
- Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Harvey Risch
- Yale School of Public Health/Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Joshua N. Sampson
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
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11
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Wu L, Rabe KG, Petersen GM. Do variants associated with susceptibility to pancreatic cancer and type 2 diabetes reciprocally affect risk? PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117230. [PMID: 25658847 PMCID: PMC4319943 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Although type 2 diabetes mellitus is a known risk factor for pancreatic cancer, the existence of shared genetic susceptibility is largely unknown. We evaluated whether any reported genetic risk variants of either disease found by genome-wide association studies reciprocally confer susceptibility. Methods Data that were generated in previous genome-wide association studies (GENEVA Type 2 Diabetes; PanScan) were obtained through the National Institutes of Health database of Genotypes and Phenotypes (dbGaP). Using the PanScan datasets, we tested for association of 38 variants within 37 genomic regions known to be susceptibility factors for type 2 diabetes. We further examined whether type 2 diabetes variants predispose to pancreatic cancer risk stratified by diabetes status. Correspondingly, we examined the association of fourteen pancreatic cancer susceptibility variants within eight genomic regions in the GENEVA Type 2 Diabetes dataset. Results Four plausible associations of diabetes variants and pancreatic cancer risk were detected at a significance threshold of p = 0.05, and one pancreatic cancer susceptibility variant was associated with diabetes risk at threshold of p = 0.05, but none remained significant after correction for multiple comparisons. Conclusion Currently identified GWAS susceptibility variants are unlikely to explain the potential shared genetic etiology between Type 2 diabetes and pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lang Wu
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Center for Clinical and Translational Science; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Kari G. Rabe
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Gloria M. Petersen
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Xu HL, Cheng JR, Zhang W, Wang J, Yu H, Ni QX, Risch HA, Gao YT. Re-evaluation of ABO gene polymorphisms detected in a genome-wide association study and risk of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma in a Chinese population. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CANCER 2013; 33:68-73. [PMID: 23816557 PMCID: PMC3884064 DOI: 10.5732/cjc.013.10060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a fatal malignancy with an increasing incidence in Shanghai, China. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) and other work have shown that ABO alleles are associated with pancreatic cancer risk. We conducted a population-based case-control study involving 256 patients with pathologically confirmed pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and 548 healthy controls in Shanghai, China, to assess the relationships between GWAS-identified ABO alleles and risk of PDAC. Carriers of the C allele of rs505922 had an increased cancer risk [adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 1.42, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.02-1.98] compared to TT carriers. The T alleles of rs495828 and rs657152 were also significantly associated with an elevated cancer risk (adjusted OR = 1.58, 95% CI: 1.17-2.14; adjusted OR = 1.51, 95% CI: 1.09-2.10). The rs630014 variant was not associated with risk. We did not find any significant gene-environment interaction with cancer risk using a multifactor dimensionality reduction (MDR) method. Haplotype analysis also showed that the haplotype CTTC was associated with an increased risk of PDAC (adjusted OR = 1.46, 95% CI: 1.12-1.91) compared with haplotype TGGT. GWAS-identified ABO variants are thus also associated with risk of PDAC in the Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Li Xu
- Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China.
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Liu XM, Liu FH, Tang Y, Li Q. MTHFR C677T polymorphism and pancreatic cancer risk: a meta-analysis. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2013; 13:3763-6. [PMID: 23098468 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2012.13.8.3763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) is a key enzyme in the metabolism of folate, and the role of the MTHFR C677T polymorphism in pancreatic carcinogenesis is still controversial. METHOD A literature search was performed using Pubmed and CNKI databases for published studies through May 2012. We performed a meta-analysis of all relevant case-control studies that examined the association between MTHFR C677T polymorphism and pancreatic cancer risk. RESULTS Finally, 9 individual case-control studies with a total of 1,299 pancreatic cancer cases and 2,473 controls were included into this meta-analysis. RESULTS This meta- analysis showed there was an obvious association between MTHFR C677T polymorphism and pancreatic cancer risk in East Asians (for allele model, OR = 1.67, 95%CI 1.11-2.51; For homozygote model, OR = 2.77, 95%CI 1.40-5.48; for recessive model, OR = 1.96, 95%CI 1.54-2.50; for dominant model, OR = 2.11, 95%CI 1.01-4.41). However, no significant association was found in Caucasians. CONCLUSION The MTHFR C677T polymorphism is associated with pancreatic cancer risk, and a race-specific effect may exist in this association. More studies with a larger sample size are needed to further clarify this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Ming Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
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14
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Martin FL. Epigenetic influences in the aetiology of cancers arising from breast and prostate: a hypothesised transgenerational evolution in chromatin accessibility. ISRN ONCOLOGY 2013; 2013:624794. [PMID: 23431470 PMCID: PMC3574745 DOI: 10.1155/2013/624794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2012] [Accepted: 12/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have consistently supported the notion that environmental and/or dietary factors play a central role in the aetiology of cancers of the breast and prostate. However, for more than five decades investigators have failed to identify a single cause-and-effect factor, which could be implicated; identification of a causative entity would allow the implementation of an intervention strategy in at-risk populations. This suggests a more complex pathoaetiology for these cancer sites, compared to others. When one examines the increases or decreases in incidence of specific cancers amongst migrant populations, it is notable that disease arising in colon or stomach requires one or at most two generations to exhibit a change in incidence to match that of high-incidence regions, whereas for breast or prostate cancer, at least three generations are required. This generational threshold could suggest a requirement for nonmutation-driven epigenetic alterations in the F0/F1 generations (parental/offspring adopting a more westernized lifestyle), which then predisposes the inherited genome of subsequent generations to mutagenic/genotoxic alterations leading to the development of sporadic cancer in these target sites. As such, individual susceptibility to carcinogen insult would not be based per se on polymorphisms in activating/detoxifying/repair enzymes, but on elevated accessibility of crucial target genes (e.g., oncogenes, tumour suppressor genes) or hotspots therein to mutation events. This could be termed a genomic susceptibility organizational structure (SOS). Several exposures including alcohol and heavy metals are epigens (i.e., modifiers of the epigenome), whereas others are mutagenic/genotoxic, for example, heterocyclic aromatic amines; humans are continuously and variously exposed to mixtures of these agents. Within such a transgenerational multistage model of cancer development, determining the interaction between epigenetic modification to generate a genomic SOS and genotoxic insult will facilitate a new level of understanding in the aetiology of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis L. Martin
- Centre for Biophotonics, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
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Nakao M, Hosono S, Ito H, Watanabe M, Mizuno N, Sato S, Yatabe Y, Yamao K, Ueda R, Tajima K, Tanaka H, Matsuo K. Selected polymorphisms of base excision repair genes and pancreatic cancer risk in Japanese. J Epidemiol 2012; 22:477-83. [PMID: 22850545 PMCID: PMC3798558 DOI: 10.2188/jea.je20120010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although several reports have described a possible association between DNA repair genes and pancreatic cancer (PC) in smokers, this association has not been fully evaluated in an Asian population. We assessed the impact of genetic polymorphisms in the base excision repair (BER) pathway on PC risk among Japanese. Methods This case-control study compared the frequency of 5 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of BER genes, namely rs1052133 in OGG1, rs1799782 and rs25487 in XRCC1, rs1130409 in APE1, and rs1136410 in PARP1. SNPs were investigated using the TaqMan assay in 185 PC cases and 1465 controls. Associations of PC risk with genetic polymorphisms and gene–environment interaction were examined with an unconditional logistic regression model. Exposure to risk factors was assessed from the results of a self-administered questionnaire. We also performed haplotype-based analysis. Results We observed that the minor allele of rs25487 in XRCC1 was significantly associated with PC risk in the per-allele model (odds ratio = 1.29, CI = 1.01–1.65; trend P = 0.043). Haplotype analysis of XRCC1 also showed a statistically significant association with PC risk. No statistically significant interaction between XRCC1 polymorphisms and smoking status was seen. Conclusions Our findings suggest that XRCC1 polymorphisms affect PC risk in Japanese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Nakao
- Division of Epidemiology and Prevention, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan
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Current World Literature. Curr Opin Oncol 2012; 24:345-9. [DOI: 10.1097/cco.0b013e328352df9c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Jang JH, Cotterchio M, Borgida A, Gallinger S, Cleary SP. Genetic variants in carcinogen-metabolizing enzymes, cigarette smoking and pancreatic cancer risk. Carcinogenesis 2012; 33:818-27. [PMID: 22301281 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgs028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Individual susceptibility to the toxic effects of cigarette smoke may be modified by inherited variability in carcinogen metabolism. The purpose of the present study was to investigate pancreatic cancer risk associated with cigarette smoking and 33 variants within carcinogen metabolism genes and examine whether these variants modify the association between smoking and pancreatic cancer. A population-based study was conducted with 455 pancreatic cancer cases and 893 controls. Epidemiological and smoking data were collected from questionnaires and variants were genotyped by mass spectrometry. Age- and sex-adjusted odds ratio (ASOR) and multivariate-adjusted odds ratio (MVOR) estimates were obtained using multivariate logistic regression, and interactions between each variant and smoking were investigated. Current smoker status [MVOR = 2.29, 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 1.62, 3.22], 10-27 pack-years (MVOR = 1.57, 95% CI: 1.13, 2.18), >27 pack-years (MVOR = 1.77, 95% CI: 1.27, 2.46) and longer durations of smoking (19-32 years: MVOR = 1.46, 95% CI: 1.05, 2.05; >32 years: MVOR = 1.78, 95% CI: 1.30, 2.45) were associated with increased pancreatic cancer risk. CYP1B1-4390-GG (ASOR = 0.36, 95% CI: 0.15, 0.86) and Uridine 5'-diphospho glucuronosyltransferase 1 family, polypeptide A7-622-CT (ASOR = 0.77, 95% CI: 0.60, 0.99) were associated with reduced risk. N-acetyltransferase 1-640-GT/GG (ASOR = 1.75, 95% CI: 1.00, 3.05), GSTM1 (rs737497)-GG (ASOR = 1.41, 95% CI: 1.02, 1.95), GSTM1 gene deletion (ASOR = 4.89, 95% CI: 3.52, 6.79) and glutathione S-transferase theta-1 gene deletion (ASOR = 4.41, 95% CI: 2.67, 7.29) were associated with increased risk. Significant interactions were observed between pack-years and EPHX1-415 (P = 0.04) and smoking status and N-acetyltransferase 2-857 (P = 0.03). Variants of carcinogen metabolism genes are independently associated with pancreatic cancer risk and may modify the risk posed by smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hyun Jang
- Population Studies and Surveillance, Cancer Care Ontario, 620 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2L7
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Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer death in both men and women in the United States. However, it has the poorest prognosis of any major tumor type, with a 5-yr survival rate of approximately 5%. Cigarette smoking, increased body mass index, heavy alcohol consumption, and a diagnosis of diabetes mellitus have all been demonstrated to increase risk of pancreatic cancer. A family history of pancreatic cancer has also been associated with increased risk suggesting inherited genetic factors also play an important role, with approximately 5-10% of pancreatic cancer patients reporting family history of pancreatic cancer. While the genetic basis for the majority of the familial clustering of pancreatic cancer remains unclear, several important pancreatic cancer genes have been identified. These consist of high penetrance genes including BRCA2 or PALB2, to more common genetic variation associated with a modest increase risk of pancreatic cancer such as genetic variation at the ABO blood group locus. Recent advances in genotyping and genetic sequencing have accelerated the rate at which novel pancreatic cancer susceptibility genes have been identified with several genes identified within the past few years. This review addresses our current understanding of the familial aggregation of pancreatic cancer, established pancreatic cancer susceptablity genes and how this knowledge informs risk assessment and screening for high-risk families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison P Klein
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, USA
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Nakao M, Hosono S, Ito H, Watanabe M, Mizuno N, Yatabe Y, Yamao K, Ueda R, Tajima K, Tanaka H, Matsuo K. Interaction between IGF-1 polymorphisms and overweight for the risk of pancreatic cancer in Japanese. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND GENETICS 2011; 2:354-366. [PMID: 22199998 PMCID: PMC3243451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Accepted: 11/08/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Although several reports have described a possible association between insulin-like growth factors-1 (IGF-1) and pancreatic cancer (PC) risk, this association has not been evaluated in the non-Caucasian population. To assess the impact of IGF-1 polymorphisms on PC risk in Japanese, we conducted a case-control study which compared the frequency of ten single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and haplotypes of IGF-1. SNPs were investigated using the TaqMan method in 176 patients with PC and 1402 control subjects. Exposure to risk factors was assessed from the results of a self-administered questionnaire. Associations and gene-environment interactions were examined using an unconditional logistic regression model. We did not observe any significant main effect of IGF-1 loci, but did find interactions between rs5742714 and past and/or current body-mass index (BMI) status. Among patients with BMI > 25 at age 20, an increased PC risk was observed with the addition of the minor allele for rs5742714 (trend P = 0.048) and rs6214 (P = 0.043). Among patients with current BMI > 25, an increased or decreased PC risk was observed with the addition of the minor allele for rs5742714 (trend P = 0.046), rs4764887 (P = 0.031) and rs5742612 (P = 0.038). Haplotype analysis of IGF-1 showed a significant association among patients who were either or both previously or currently overweight. These findings suggest that IGF-1 polymorphisms may affect the development of PC in the Japanese population in combination with obesity. Further studies to confirm these findings are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Nakao
- Division of Epidemiology and Prevention, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute1-1 Kanokoden, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8681, Japan
- Department of Medical Oncology and Immunology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Science1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8601, Japan
| | - Satoyo Hosono
- Division of Epidemiology and Prevention, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute1-1 Kanokoden, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8681, Japan
| | - Hidemi Ito
- Division of Epidemiology and Prevention, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute1-1 Kanokoden, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8681, Japan
| | - Miki Watanabe
- Division of Epidemiology and Prevention, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute1-1 Kanokoden, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8681, Japan
| | - Nobumasa Mizuno
- Department of Gastroenterology, Aichi Cancer Center Central Hospital1-1 Kanokoden, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8681, Japan
| | - Yasushi Yatabe
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Diagnostics, Aichi Cancer Center Central Hospital1-1 Kanokoden, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8681, Japan
| | - Kenji Yamao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Aichi Cancer Center Central Hospital1-1 Kanokoden, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8681, Japan
| | - Ryuzo Ueda
- Department of Medical Oncology and Immunology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Science1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8601, Japan
| | - Kazuo Tajima
- Division of Epidemiology and Prevention, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute1-1 Kanokoden, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8681, Japan
| | - Hideo Tanaka
- Division of Epidemiology and Prevention, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute1-1 Kanokoden, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8681, Japan
- Department of Epidemiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
| | - Keitaro Matsuo
- Division of Epidemiology and Prevention, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute1-1 Kanokoden, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8681, Japan
- Department of Epidemiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
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Lochan R, Reeves HL, Daly AK, Charnley RM. The role of tobacco-derived carcinogens in pancreas cancer. ISRN ONCOLOGY 2011; 2011:249235. [PMID: 22084727 PMCID: PMC3196993 DOI: 10.5402/2011/249235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2011] [Accepted: 05/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The extremely poor outcome from pancreas cancer is well known. However, its aetiology less well appreciated, and the molecular mechanisms underlying this are poorly understood. Tobacco usage is one of the strongest risk factors for this disease, and this is a completely avoidable hazard. In addition, there are well described hereditary diseases which predispose, and familial pancreas cancer. We have sought here to summarise the role of tobacco-derived carcinogens and the mode of their tumorigenic action on the pancreas. There is compelling evidence from animal and human studies (laboratory including cell line studies and epidemiologic) that tobacco derived carcinogens cause pancreas cancer. However, the manner in which they do so is not entirely apparent. There is also compelling evidence that synergism with genetic and other life-style factors-like diet obesity-results in a multifactorial causation of the disease. Ascertaining the role of tobacco carcinogens in the development of this cancer and their interaction with other risk factors will enable novel therapeutic and preventative strategies to improve outcome from this appalling malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajiv Lochan
- Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Unit, Department of Surgery, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne NE7 7DN, UK
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