New labour and Britain's National Health Service: an overview of current reforms

Redes integradas, programas de gestão clínica e generalista coordenador: análise das reformas recentes do setor ambulatorial na Alemanha

O fortalecimento do papel do generalista na condução e coordenação de cuidados especializados, hospitalares e sociais para garantir a continuidade é tendência observada em reformas de saúde recentes em países europeus. Na Alemanha, a partir da segunda metade da década de noventa, impulsionadas por pressões econômicas, legislação específica e iniciativas dos próprios prestadores, foram desenvolvidas novas estruturas organizacionais e modelos assistenciais com o propósito de integração do sistema de saúde e a coordenação da atenção, na forma de redes de consultórios médicos, modelo generalista coordenador, programas de gestão clínica para agravos específicos e assistência integrada. A partir de revisão bibliográfica, análise documental, visitas a serviços e entrevistas com informantes-chave, o artigo analisa a dinâmica destas mudanças organizacionais no setor ambulatorial alemão. Examinam-se os mecanismos de integração e coordenação propostos, discutem-se os impactos potenciais das novas modalidades organizacionais sobre a eficiência e a qualidade e analisam-se motivos e interesses envolvidos, apontando obstáculos para a implementação. Observa-se processo de reforma incremental com tendência à diversificação do panorama assistencial na Alemanha, com presença de modelos integrados de atenção e fortalecimento do papel do médico generalista na função de coordenação dos cuidados aos pacientes.

Voice or choice? Patient and public involvement in the National Health Service in England under New Labour

Involving patients, caregivers, and citizens in health care and health policy has been recommended by international organizations for over a decade. This article focuses on developments in England under New Labour, places them in the context of broader health policy, and assesses them in the light of the limited empirical evidence. The authors consider a range of possible explanations for these developments. They suggest that we need to distinguish between individual and collective forms of patient involvement, and they chart patient and public involvement in England before New Labour and in three distinct phases under New Labour. There has been a significant extension of opportunities for individual patients and the public to communicate their views, albeit with twists and turns in the policy over time. The authors explain these developments in terms of New Labour's ideological attachment to pragmatism and the Third Way, political calculations about the need to reinvigorate political culture, and attempts to enhance cost-effectiveness. Patient and public involvement seems to be here to stay, but whether this will result in greater equity and a real shift in power away from professionals to citizens and patients is another matter.

[Primary care in European Union countries: configurations and organizational reforms in the 1990s]

During the 1990s, proposals to contain health expenditures and demands raised by changes in the epidemiological profile led to organizational reforms in primary healthcare services in European Union countries, aimed at promoting the coordination of services provided by the various levels of care. Based on a literature review, document analysis, and interviews with key informants, the current study analyzes the institutional configurations for first-level healthcare and discusses the pre-coordination organizational reforms in the European Union countries. First-level outpatient care is provided in these countries through a wide variety of institutional configurations, observing the different financing mechanisms, range of healthcare professionals, range of clinical services provided, and the position occupied by physicians in primary care within the healthcare system. Reforms in the last decade were accompanied by a diversification in the outpatient care organizational models, with an expansion in the clinical, healthcare coordination management, and financing functions of primary care professionals, indicating a process in transition, with a redefinition of the roles played by general practitioners as the leaders of patient care.

Further tales from the British National Health Service

This paper focuses on the reforms to the British National Health Service (NHS) undertaken by the Labour government of Tony Blair. It is argued that these reforms do not seem to be delivering the improvements in services that might be expected, given the large increase in NHS resources that the government has also provided. The paper discusses some possible explanations for this, focusing on capacity constraints and on conflicting incentive structures for the key actors.

The national plan for Britain's National Health Service: toward a managed market

Britain's New Labour government has consolidated its reform of the National Health Service with an ambitious NHS Plan that links investment in staff, new buildings, and new technology to delivery of a modernization agenda combining consumerist and public health agendas. The fundamental principles of the NHS are preserved, but within a regulatory structure of a managed market. The author outlines the changes proposed and the possible responses of different stakeholders.

The national health service plan: further reform of British health care?

Less than three years after initiating a series of health service reforms, the Blair government has launched another plan for the U.K. National Health Service. This article considers the origins and contents of the plan. A major investment program is designed to bring health care spending up to European averages over the next five years. In return, the government seeks to challenge the existing settlement between organized medicine and the state through tighter regulatory control, altered contractual frameworks, and a new public-private concordat. The plan does not represent a radical change in government policy but rather reaffirms existing approaches to increasing access to health services, integrating health and social care, and empowering users. Notwithstanding arrangements to increase the autonomy of health service organizations, the plan increases central control through a range of new bodies and regulatory frameworks. It represents an incremental adjustment of the existing tax-funded system. Should this reinvigoration of the state monopoly fail, alternative sources of funding will no doubt have to be reconsidered.