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Peruga A, Urrejola O, Delgado I, Matute I, Castillo-Laborde C, Molina X, Hirmas M, Olea A, González C, Aguilera X, Sargent JD. Exposure of 4-year to 24-year olds to tobacco imagery on prime-time Chilean television. Tob Control 2023; 32:323-329. [PMID: 34607886 PMCID: PMC10176395 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2021-056735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The extent of the population's exposure to tobacco imagery across all genres of regular TV programming and the contribution of each of these genres is unknown, except for UK broadcast channels. The objective of this study is to estimate the exposure of young people to tobacco imagery on Chilean prime-time television and the programme source contributing to such exposure. METHODS Programmes aired during 3 weeks in 2019 from the 15 highest audience channels in Chile were content-analysed for the occurrence of tobacco categorised as actual use, implied use, tobacco paraphernalia, tobacco brand appearances and whether they violated Chilean smoke-free law for each 1 min interval (92 639). The exposure of young people to tobacco content was estimated using media viewership figures. RESULTS Young people received 29, 11 and 4 million tobacco impressions of any type, explicit use and smoke-free violation, respectively, at a rate of 21.8, 8.0 and 2.1 thousand impressions per hour of TV viewing. The main sources of exposure to tobacco impressions were feature films and animated productions, which were almost entirely non-Chilean. Finally, young people were exposed to tobacco brand impressions primarily through films, effectively circumventing the advertising ban in Chile. DISCUSSION Television programming is a source of significant youth exposure to tobacco imagery, including branding impressions. To conform to the WHO FCTC, Chile should prohibit tobacco branding in any TV programme and require strong anti-tobacco advertisements prior to any TV programme portraying tobacco.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando Peruga
- Centro de Epidemiología y Políticas de Salud, Universidad del Desarrollo Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Las Condes, Chile
- Tobacco Control Research Group, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
- Consorcio de Investigación Biomédica en Enfermedades Respiratorias-CIBERES, Madrid, Spain
| | - Oscar Urrejola
- Centro de Epidemiología y Políticas de Salud, Universidad del Desarrollo Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Las Condes, Chile
- Subdirección de investigación, Teletón, Santiago, Chile
| | - Iris Delgado
- Centro de Epidemiología y Políticas de Salud, Universidad del Desarrollo Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Las Condes, Chile
| | - Isabel Matute
- Centro de Epidemiología y Políticas de Salud, Universidad del Desarrollo Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Las Condes, Chile
| | - Carla Castillo-Laborde
- Centro de Epidemiología y Políticas de Salud, Universidad del Desarrollo Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Las Condes, Chile
| | - Xaviera Molina
- Centro de Epidemiología y Políticas de Salud, Universidad del Desarrollo Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Las Condes, Chile
| | - Macarena Hirmas
- Centro de Epidemiología y Políticas de Salud, Universidad del Desarrollo Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Las Condes, Chile
| | - Andrea Olea
- Centro de Epidemiología y Políticas de Salud, Universidad del Desarrollo Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Las Condes, Chile
| | - Claudia González
- Centro de Epidemiología y Políticas de Salud, Universidad del Desarrollo Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Las Condes, Chile
| | - Ximena Aguilera
- Centro de Epidemiología y Políticas de Salud, Universidad del Desarrollo Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Las Condes, Chile
| | - James D Sargent
- C Everett Koop Institute, Geisel School of Medicine, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
- The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy & Clinical Practice, Dartmouth College Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
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Castaldelli-Maia JM, Gil F, Ventriglio A, Torales J, Florio L, Moura HF, de Andrade AG, Lotufo-Neto F, Bhugra D. Substance Use Portrayal in Oscar-nominated Movies. Curr Drug Res Rev 2020; 13:230-235. [PMID: 33198619 DOI: 10.2174/2589977512999201116155714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As one of the forms of media and art most consumed in the world, Oscar-nominated movies should have their drug use representation monitored because of possibly influencing but also reflecting society's behavior. OBJECTIVE To investigate drug use representation in scenes from movies nominated for the Academy Awards (Oscar) from 2008-2011, through media content analysis. METHODS 437 scenes from Oscar-nominated movies (best film, best actor and best actress categories) showing drug consumption and/or its effects were assessed. Each drug represented and identified in a given scene (i.e., drug use incident) was counted as a unit for the present study (n = 515). Survey settings were used to control for over- or under-estimation of the prevalence of a variable in a given year or movie. RESULTS All the Oscar-nominated movies portrayed at least one scene of drug use. There was a massive predominance of alcohol and tobacco in movies, with a high use among men who also use drugs, habitually or occasionally, but related to stress/tension, predominantly at home. However, there was a significant progressive increase in the use of drugs other than alcohol and tobacco, multiple drugs, and by women. CONCLUSION These findings echo epidemiological studies on substance use in western countries, an overall trend towards greater home drug use representation and gender convergence since 1970, which increased since 2000. Monitoring drug use representation in Oscar-nominated movies may represent an important public health tool.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Felipe Gil
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical School, ABC Health University Center, Santo André, SP. Brazil
| | - Antonio Ventriglio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia. Italy
| | - Julio Torales
- National University of Asunción, School of Medical Sciences, San Lorenzo. Paraguay
| | - Ligia Florio
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical School, ABC Health University Center, Santo André, SP. Brazil
| | - Helena F Moura
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS. Brazil
| | - Arthur Guerra de Andrade
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical School, ABC Health University Center, Santo André, SP. Brazil
| | - Francisco Lotufo-Neto
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical School, ABC Health University Center, Santo André, SP. Brazil
| | - Dinesh Bhugra
- Institute of Psychiatry, King´s College, London. United Kingdom
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Castaldelli-Maia JM, de Andrade AG, Lotufo-Neto F, Bhugra D. Adolescent Characters and Alcohol Use Scenes in Brazilian Movies, 2000-2008. INTERNATIONAL QUARTERLY OF COMMUNITY HEALTH EDUCATION 2016; 36:199-205. [PMID: 27166357 DOI: 10.1177/0272684x16647358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative structured assessment of 193 scenes depicting substance use from a convenience sample of 50 Brazilian movies was performed. Logistic regression and analysis of variance or multivariate analysis of variance models were employed to test for two different types of outcome regarding alcohol appearance: The mean length of alcohol scenes in seconds and the prevalence of alcohol use scenes. The presence of adolescent characters was associated with a higher prevalence of alcohol use scenes compared to nonalcohol use scenes. The presence of adolescents was also associated with a higher than average length of alcohol use scenes compared to the nonalcohol use scenes. Alcohol use was negatively associated with cannabis, cocaine, and other drugs use. However, when the use of cannabis, cocaine, or other drugs was present in the alcohol use scenes, a higher average length was found. This may mean that most vulnerable group may see drinking as a more attractive option leading to higher alcohol use.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Mauricio Castaldelli-Maia
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil Department of Neuroscience, Medical School, Fundação do ABC, Santo André, SP, Brazil
| | - Arthur Guerra de Andrade
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil Department of Neuroscience, Medical School, Fundação do ABC, Santo André, SP, Brazil
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Barrientos-Gutierrez I, Kollath-Cattano C, Mejía R, Arillo-Santillán E, Hanewinkel R, Morgenstern M, Sargent JD, Thrasher JF. Comparison of tobacco and alcohol use in films produced in Europe, Latin America, and the United States. BMC Public Health 2015; 15:1096. [PMID: 26526859 PMCID: PMC4630971 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-015-2378-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies that have evaluated tobacco and alcohol portrayals in films have mainly focused on US films. Our aim is to describe tobacco and alcohol portrayals in nationally produced films from six European and two Latin American countries, and compare them with US produced films. METHODS A sample of 337 nationally produced and 502 US produced films, consisting of top grossing films from 2004 to 2009 in each country, was content coded for presence of tobacco or alcohol and seconds of tobacco or alcohol use. Logistic and linear regression models were estimated for all films and youth-rated films (Ages 0-14) to assess cross country differences in tobacco and alcohol content, with US films as the reference category. RESULTS Domestically produced films from several countries were more likely than US films to contain any tobacco use both overall (Iceland (OR = 9.29, CI: 1.22-70.89), Italy (OR = 3.58, CI: 1.72-7.43), Argentina (OR = 5.06, CI: 2.13-12.03), Mexico (OR = 4.87, CI: 2.17-10.90)) and for youth-rated films (Germany (OR = 2.24, CI: 1.21-4.16), Iceland (OR = 13.79, CI: 1.80-105.5), Italy (OR = 5.31, CI: 2.54-11.1), and Argentina (OR = 6.9, CI: 0.88-1.34)). Models for alcohol showed few differences compared to US, regardless of rating. Linear regression models for seconds of use in films with tobacco indicated that only Argentine films had more seconds of smoking than US films, regardless of the rating category. For films with alcohol use, Mexican films had higher seconds of alcohol use than US films. CONCLUSIONS Smoking was more commonly depicted in films produced outside the US, however there were few differences in the means for smoking screen time in films that contained smoking. This may be partly explained by the prohibition of tobacco product placement in the US. Countries should consider banning paid placement of both products and eliminating subsidies for films with content that promotes tobacco and alcohol use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inti Barrientos-Gutierrez
- Department of Tobacco Research, National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Universidad No. 655 Colonia Santa María Ahuacatitlán, Cerrada Los Pinos y Caminera C.P, 62100, Cuernavaca, Mor, México.
| | - Christy Kollath-Cattano
- Department of Health Promotion, Education & Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, 915 Greene St, 534D, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA.
| | - Raul Mejía
- Center for Studies of the State and Society (CEDES), Sánchez de Bustamante 27 (C1173AAA) , Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Edna Arillo-Santillán
- Department of Tobacco Research, National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Universidad No. 655 Colonia Santa María Ahuacatitlán, Cerrada Los Pinos y Caminera C.P, 62100, Cuernavaca, Mor, México.
| | - Reiner Hanewinkel
- Institute for Therapy and Health Research, IFT-Nord, Harmsstrasse 2, 24114, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Matthis Morgenstern
- Institute for Therapy and Health Research, IFT-Nord, Harmsstrasse 2, 24114, Kiel, Germany.
| | - James D Sargent
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, 1 Rope Ferry Rd, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA.
| | - James F Thrasher
- Department of Tobacco Research, National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Universidad No. 655 Colonia Santa María Ahuacatitlán, Cerrada Los Pinos y Caminera C.P, 62100, Cuernavaca, Mor, México.
- Department of Health Promotion, Education & Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, 915 Greene St, 534D, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA.
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Atilola O. Mental health service utilization in sub-Saharan Africa: is public mental health literacy the problem? Setting the perspectives right. Glob Health Promot 2015; 23:30-7. [PMID: 25749253 DOI: 10.1177/1757975914567179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The severely constrained resources for mental health service in less-developed regions like sub-Saharan Africa underscore the need for good public mental health literacy as a potential additional mental health resource. Several studies examining the level of public knowledge about the nature and dynamics of mental illness in sub-Saharan Africa in the last decade had concluded that such knowledge was poor and had called for further public enlightenment. What was thought to be mental health 'ignorance' has also been blamed for poor mainstream service utilization. These views however assume that non-alignment of the views of community dwellers in sub-Saharan Africa with the biomedical understanding of mental illness connotes 'ignorance', and that correcting such 'ignorance' will translate to improvements in service utilization. Within the framework of contemporary thinking in mental health literacy, this paper argues that such assumptions are not culturally nuanced and may have overrated the usefulness of de-contextualized public engagement in enhancing mental health service utilization in the region. The paper concludes with a discourse on how to contextualize public mental health enlightenment in the region and the wider policy initiatives that can improve mental health service utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olayinka Atilola
- Department of Behavioural Medicine, Lagos State University College of Medicine Ikeja, Nigeria.
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Oye-Adeniran BA, Aina OF, Gbadegesin A, Ekanem EE. Substance use and sexual behaviour among female students in Nigerian universities. INTERNATIONAL QUARTERLY OF COMMUNITY HEALTH EDUCATION 2015; 35:73-83. [PMID: 25416433 DOI: 10.2190/iq.35.1.f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Substance use continues to constitute social and health problems, more so among adolescents and young adults. One consequence is risky sexual behavior, a major problem in sub-Saharan Africa already facing the synergistic problems of poverty and HIV/AIDS. This study of female students aged ≥ 18 years in two universities in Nigeria uses a multi-stage stratified random sampling method, and each subject that gave consent to the study was administered with a structured questionnaire by trained interviewers; 2,408 female students were studied (1,854 from the University of Ibadan and 554 from the Bayero University, Kano). The mean age of the respondents was 21.6 (SD = 2.9), and about two-thirds (65.7%) were aged between 20-24, with 2,204 (91.5%) being single and 4.3% married. In all, 23.4% of the subjects used one form of substance. Alcoholic drinks of palm wine, alcoholic wine, and beer were the most common of substances used (22.7%), followed by tobacco (2%) and cannabis (1%). Substance use was significantly associated with religious affiliation of the students (p < 0.001), as the prevalence of substance use was least among Muslim students (11.7%) and highest among those who professed traditional religion (39.4%). Alcohol use was also positively associated with sexual activity (p < 0.001). Among the 547 students who used alcohol, 147 (26.9%) had sex in the 4 weeks prior to the survey, while among the 1,861 non-users, only 8.9% did so. The practice of unprotected sex was found not to be associated with substance use: a slightly lower proportion (29.5% vs. 36.6%) of substance users engaged in unprotected sex in their last encounter compared to non-users. There is need to scale up public health education on the dangers of substance use and its associated sexual risk behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - A Gbadegesin
- Lagos State University Teaching Hospital (LASUTH), Ikeja, Nigeria
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Abstract
Background Exposure to alcohol consumption and product imagery in films is associated with increased alcohol consumption among young people, but the extent to which exposure also occurs through television is not clear. We have measured the occurrence of alcohol imagery in prime-time broadcasting on UK free-to-air television channels. Methods Occurrence of alcohol imagery (actual use, implied use, brand appearances or other reference to alcohol) was measured in all broadcasting on the five most popular UK television stations between 6 and 10 p.m. during 3 weeks in 2010, by 1-min interval coding. Results Alcohol imagery occurred in over 40% of broadcasts, most commonly soap operas, feature films, sport and comedies, and was equally frequent before and after the 9 p.m. watershed. Brand appearances occurred in 21% of programmes, and over half of all sports programmes, a third of soap operas and comedies and a fifth of advertising/trailers. Three brands, Heineken, Budweiser and Carlsberg together accounted for ∼40% of all brand depictions. Conclusions Young people are exposed to frequent alcohol imagery, including branding, in UK prime-time television. It is likely that this exposure has an important effect on alcohol consumption in young people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailsa Lyons
- UK Centre for Tobacco Control Studies, Division of Epidemiology and Public Health, School of Community Health Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Clinical Sciences Building, City Hospital, Hucknall Road, Nottingham NG5 1PB, UK
| | - Ann McNeill
- Addictions Department, Kings College London, 4 Windsor Walk, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8BB, UK Addictions Department, The UK Centre for Tobacco Control Studies, Kings College London, 4 Windsor Walk, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8BB, UK
| | - John Britton
- UK Centre for Tobacco Control Studies, Division of Epidemiology and Public Health, School of Community Health Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Clinical Sciences Building, City Hospital, Hucknall Road, Nottingham NG5 1PB, UK
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Atilola O, Olayiwola F. Frames of mental illness in the Yoruba genre of Nigerian movies: implications for orthodox mental health care. Transcult Psychiatry 2013; 50:442-54. [PMID: 23670966 DOI: 10.1177/1363461512443998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study examines the modes of framing mental illness in the Yoruba genre of Nigerian movies. All Yoruba films on display in a convenient sample of movie rental shops in Ibadan (Nigeria) were sampled for content. Of the 103 films studied, 27 (26.2%) contained scenes depicting mental illness. Psychotic symptoms were the most commonly depicted, while effective treatments were mostly depicted as taking place in unorthodox settings. The most commonly depicted aetiology of mental illness was sorcery and enchantment by witches and wizards, as well as other supernatural forces. Scenes of mental illness are common in Nigerian movies and these depictions-though reflecting the popular explanatory models of Yoruba-speaking Nigerians about mental illness- may impede utilization of mental health care services and ongoing efforts to reduce psychiatry stigma in this region. Efforts to reduce stigma and improve service utilization should engage the film industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olayinka Atilola
- Department of Psychiatry, University College Hospital Ibadan, Ibadan 234, Nigeria.
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Castaldelli-Maia JM, Bhugra D, de Andrade AG, Lotufo-Neto F. Substance use and misuse in Brazilian movies (2000-2008). Subst Use Misuse 2013; 48:248-57. [PMID: 23302060 DOI: 10.3109/10826084.2012.753549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Considering the absence of data on the appearance of drugs other than alcohol and tobacco in movie scenes, we decided to study the prevalence of portrayal of illicit drug use in a convenience sample of 50 Brazilian Movies. A total of 192 scenes (12h49'03(″)) meeting the inclusion criteria were identified and assessed in a structured manner. Despite several limitations regarding the nature of this comparison, we found that scenes show substance use and misuse almost similar to that in the general population, mainly alcohol (especially among people of low socioeconomic status), cannabis and inhalants. Main differences were found in cocaine and tranquilizers (over- and underexposure in movies, respectively).
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Lyons A, McNeill A, Gilmore I, Britton J. Alcohol imagery and branding, and age classification of films popular in the UK. Int J Epidemiol 2011; 40:1411-9. [PMID: 22039199 PMCID: PMC3204211 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyr126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Exposure to alcohol products in feature films is a risk factor for use of alcohol by young people. This study was designed to document the extent to which alcohol imagery and brand appearances occur in popular UK films, and in relation to British Board of Film Classification (BBFC) age ratings intended to protect children and young people from harmful imagery. Methods Alcohol appearances (classified as ‘alcohol use, inferred alcohol use, other alcohol reference and alcohol brand appearances’) were measured using 5-min interval coding of 300 films, comprising the 15 highest grossing films at the UK Box Office each year over a period of 20 years from 1989 to 2008. Results At least one alcohol appearance occurred in 86% of films, at least one episode of alcohol branding in 35% and nearly a quarter (23%) of all intervals analysed contained at least one appearance of alcohol. The occurrence of ‘alcohol use and branded alcohol appearances’ was particularly high in 1989, but the frequency of these and all other appearance categories changed little in subsequent years. Most films containing alcohol appearances, including 90% of those including ‘alcohol brand appearances’, were rated as suitable for viewing by children and young people. The most frequently shown brands were American beers: Budweiser, Miller and Coors. Alcohol appearances were similarly frequent in films originating from the UK, as from the USA. Conclusion Alcohol imagery is extremely common in all films popular in the UK, irrespective of BBFC age classification. Given the relationship between exposure to alcohol imagery in films and use of alcohol by young people, we suggest that alcohol imagery should be afforded greater consideration in determining the suitability of films for viewing by children and young people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailsa Lyons
- UK Centre for Tobacco Control Studies, Division of Epidemiology and Public Health, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK.
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