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Short ML, Service CN, Suraci JP, Artelle KA, Field KA, Darimont CT. Ecology of fear alters behavior of grizzly bears exposed to bear-viewing ecotourism. Ecology 2024; 105:e4317. [PMID: 38687245 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.4317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Humans are perceived as predators by many species and may generate landscapes of fear, influencing spatiotemporal activity of wildlife. Additionally, wildlife might seek out human activity when faced with predation risks (human shield hypothesis). We used the anthropause, a decrease in human activity resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic, to test ecology of fear and human shield hypotheses and quantify the effects of bear-viewing ecotourism on grizzly bear (Ursus arctos) activity. We deployed camera traps in the Khutze watershed in Kitasoo Xai'xais Territory in the absence of humans in 2020 and with experimental treatments of variable human activity when ecotourism resumed in 2021. Daily bear detection rates decreased with more people present and increased with days since people were present. Human activity was also associated with more bear detections at forested sheltered sites and less at exposed sites, likely due to the influence of habitat on bear perception of safety. The number of people negatively influenced adult male detection rates, but we found no influence on female with young detections, providing no evidence that females responded behaviorally to a human shield effect from reduced male activity. We also observed apparent trade-offs of risk avoidance and foraging. When salmon levels were moderate to high, detected bears were more likely to be females with young than adult males on days with more people present. Should managers want to minimize human impacts on bear activity and maintain baseline age-sex class composition at ecotourism sites, multiday closures and daily occupancy limits may be effective. More broadly, this work revealed that antipredator responses can vary with intensity of risk cues, habitat structure, and forage trade-offs and manifest as altered age-sex class composition of individuals using human-influenced areas, highlighting that wildlife avoid people across multiple spatiotemporal scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica L Short
- Department of Geography, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
- Raincoast Conservation Foundation, Sidney, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Justin P Suraci
- Conservation Science Partners, Inc., Truckee, California, USA
| | - Kyle A Artelle
- Department of Geography, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
- Raincoast Conservation Foundation, Sidney, British Columbia, Canada
- College of Environmental Science and Forestry, State University of New York, Syracuse, New York, USA
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Geographic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Okanagan, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kate A Field
- Department of Geography, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
- Raincoast Conservation Foundation, Sidney, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Chris T Darimont
- Department of Geography, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
- Raincoast Conservation Foundation, Sidney, British Columbia, Canada
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2
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Sorum MS, Cameron MD, Crupi A, Sage GK, Talbot SL, Hilderbrand GV, Joly K. Pronounced brown bear aggregation along anadromous streams in interior Alaska. WILDLIFE BIOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/wlb3.01057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mathew S. Sorum
- Gates of the Arctic National Park and Preserve, National Park Service Fairbanks Alaska USA
| | - Matthew D. Cameron
- Gates of the Arctic National Park and Preserve, National Park Service Fairbanks Alaska USA
| | | | - George K. Sage
- Far Northwestern Inst. of Art and Science, Alaska Office Alaska USA
| | - Sandra L. Talbot
- Far Northwestern Inst. of Art and Science, Alaska Office Alaska USA
| | | | - Kyle Joly
- Gates of the Arctic National Park and Preserve, National Park Service Fairbanks Alaska USA
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3
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Hatch KA, Kester KA, Loveless A, Roeder BL, van Manen FT. Tooth wear and the apparent consumption of human foods among American black bears (Ursus americanus) in Great Smoky Mountains National Park, USA. Mamm Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s42991-022-00310-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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4
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Naganuma T, Nakashita R, Tochigi K, Zedrosser A, Kozakai C, Yamazaki K, Koike S. Functional dietary response of Asian black bears to changes in sika deer density. J Wildl Manage 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/jwmg.22218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Naganuma
- Institute of Global Innovation Research Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology 3‐5‐8 Saiwai‐cho Fuchu Tokyo 183‐8509 Japan
| | - Rumiko Nakashita
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute 1 Matsunosato Tsukuba Ibaraki 305‐8687 Japan
| | - Kahoko Tochigi
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Science Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology 3‐5‐8 Saiwai‐cho Fuchu Tokyo 183‐8509 Japan
| | - Andreas Zedrosser
- Department of Natural Sciences and Environmental Health University of South‐Eastern Norway Gullbringvegen 36 3800 Bø Telemark Norway
| | - Chinatsu Kozakai
- National Agriculture and Food Research Organization 2‐1‐18 Kannondai Tsukuba Ibaraki 305‐8666 Japan
| | - Koji Yamazaki
- Department of Forest Science Faculty of Regional Environmental Science Tokyo University of Agriculture 1‐1‐1 Sakuragaoka Setagaya Tokyo 156‐8502 Japan
| | - Shinsuke Koike
- Institute of Global Innovation Research Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology 3‐5‐8 Saiwai‐cho Fuchu Tokyo 183‐8509 Japan
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Morehouse AT, Hughes C, Manners N, Bectell J, Tigner J. Dealing With Deadstock: A Case Study of Carnivore Conflict Mitigation From Southwestern Alberta. FRONTIERS IN CONSERVATION SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fcosc.2021.786013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Livestock deaths are an unfortunate reality for livestock producers and dead livestock (i.e., deadstock) disposal options can have implications beyond the ranch itself. In Alberta, Canada, natural disposal (i.e., disposing of the carcass in a manner that allows for scavenging) has increased since the 2003 detection of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in Canadian cattle. Prior to BSE, rendering companies removed deadstock for free. However, rendering companies started charging producers to remove deadstock to offset costs associated with new regulatory requirements enacted by the Canadian Food Inspection Agency, which has resulted in increased on-farm natural disposal of deadstock. This increase has ecological implications because deadstock are a major attractant for large carnivores. Carnivores feeding on deadstock are often near other agricultural attractants such as stored grain and feed, silage, and living livestock, which can exacerbate conflict potential and pose a risk to human safety. To help mitigate conflicts associated with deadstock, the Waterton Biosphere Reserve's (a local non-profit) Carnivores and Communities Program (CACP) supported expansion of community deadstock removal efforts beginning in 2009, including reimbursement of on-farm removal costs, bear-resistant deadstock bins, and a livestock compost facility (operational 2013–2014). Here, we present an evaluative case study describing the development, implementation, and results of the deadstock removal program, including the compost facility. We tracked the number of head of livestock removed each year, the number of participating landowners, the average cost per head, and total program costs. We also used an online survey to assess participants' perspectives of the deadstock removal program and future needs. To date, the CACP has removed >5,400 livestock carcasses, representing between 15.1 and 22.6% of available carcasses in the program area, and 67.3% of livestock owners indicated they currently use the deadstock removal program to dispose of deadstock. Average cost to compost an animal was significantly less than other removal methods ($36.89 composting vs. $79.59 non-composting, one-tailed t-test, unequal sampling variances: t = 4.08, df = 5.87, p = 0.003). We conclude by discussing both ecological and social implications for deadstock removal as a conflict mitigation measure and make suggestions for future management considerations.
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Bowersock NR, Litt AR, Merkle JA, Gunther KA, van Manen FT. Responses of American black bears to spring resources. Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel R. Bowersock
- Department of Ecology Montana State University P.O. Box 173460 Bozeman Montana 59717‐3460 USA
| | - Andrea R. Litt
- Department of Ecology Montana State University P.O. Box 173460 Bozeman Montana 59717‐3460 USA
| | - Jerod A. Merkle
- Department of Zoology and Physiology University of Wyoming Department 3166 1000 East University Avenue Laramie Wyoming 82071 USA
| | - Kerry A. Gunther
- Bear Management Office Yellowstone Center for Resources Yellowstone National Park P.O. Box 168 Yellowstone National Park Wyoming 82190 USA
| | - Frank T. van Manen
- Interagency Grizzly Bear Study Team U.S. Geological Survey Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center 2327 University Way, Suite 2 Bozeman Montana 59715 USA
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Christianson D, Coleman TH, Doan Q, Haroldson MA. Physiological consequences of consuming low-energy foods: herbivory coincides with a stress response in Yellowstone bears. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 9:coab029. [PMID: 34345432 PMCID: PMC8325456 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coab029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Meat, fruit, seeds and other high-energy bear foods are often highly localized and briefly available and understanding which factors influence bear consumption of these foods is a common focus of bear conservation and ecology. However, the most common bear foods, graminoids and forbs, are more widespread but of lower quality. We poorly understand how herbage consumption impacts bear physiology, such as endocrine system function that regulates homeostasis and stress responses. Here, we described bear diets with a novel approach, measuring the concentration of chlorophyll in bear scats (faecal chlorophyll) to index the proportion of the recent diet that was composed of leaves from graminoids and forbs. We measured faecal chlorophyll and faecal cortisol in 351 grizzly (Ursus arctos, n = 255) and black bear (Ursus americanus, n = 96) scats from Yellowstone National Park in 2008-2009. We compared models of faecal chlorophyll and faecal cortisol concentrations considering the effects of spatial, dietary, scat and bear-specific factors including species. Faecal chlorophyll levels were the strongest predictor of faecal cortisol in a manner that suggested an endocrine response to a low-energy diet. Both compounds were highest during the spring and early summer months, overlapping the breeding season when higher energy foods were less available. Effects of scat composition, scat weathering, bear age, bear sex, species and other factors that have previously been shown to influence faecal cortisol in bears were not important unless faecal chlorophyll was excluded from models. The top models of faecal chlorophyll suggested grazing was primarily influenced by spatial attributes, with greater grazing closer to recreational trails, implying that elevated cortisol with grazing could be a response to anthropogenic activity. Our results confirm that higher stress hormone concentrations correspond with lower quality diets in bears, particularly grazing, and that faecal chlorophyll shows promise as a metric for studying grazing behaviour and its consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Christianson
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - Tyler H Coleman
- Sequoia-Kings Canyon National Park, National Park Service, 47050 Generals Highway, Three Rivers, CA 93271, USA
| | - Quint Doan
- School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, 370 Prospect Street, New Haven CT 06511, USA
| | - Mark A Haroldson
- U.S. Geological Survey, Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center, Interagency Grizzly Bear Study Team, 2327 University Way, Suite 2, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
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Careddu G, Ciucci P, Mondovì S, Calizza E, Rossi L, Costantini ML. Gaining insight into the assimilated diet of small bear populations by stable isotope analysis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14118. [PMID: 34238974 PMCID: PMC8266819 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93507-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Apennine brown bears (Ursus arctos marsicanus) survive in an isolated and critically endangered population, and their food habits have been studied using traditional scat analysis. To complement current dietary knowledge, we applied Stable Isotope Analysis (SIA) to non-invasively collected bear hairs that had been individually recognized through multilocus genotyping. We analysed carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) stable isotopes of hair sections and bear key foods in a Bayesian mixing models framework to reconstruct the assimilated diet on a seasonal basis and to assess gender and management status effects. In total, we analysed 34 different seasonal bear key foods and 35 hair samples belonging to 27 different bears (16 females and 11 males) collected during a population survey in 2014. Most bears showed wide δ15N and δ13C ranges and individual differences in seasonal isotopic patterns. Vegetable matter (herbs, fleshy fruits and hard mast) represented the major component of the assimilated diet across the dietary seasons, whereas vegetable crops were rarely and C4 plants (i.e., corn) never consumed. We confirmed an overall low consumption of large mammals by Apennine bears consistently between sexes, with highest values in spring followed by early summer but null in the other seasons. We also confirmed that consumption of fleshy fruits peaked in late summer, when wild predominated over cultivated fleshy fruits, even though the latter tended to be consumed in higher proportion in autumn. Male bears had higher δ 15N values than females in spring and autumn. Our findings also hint at additional differences in the assimilated diet between sexes, with females likely consuming more herbs during spring, ants during early summer, and hard mast during fall compared to males. In addition, although effect sizes were small and credibility intervals overlapped considerably, management bears on average were 0.9‰ lower in δ 13C and 2.9‰ higher in δ 15N compared to non-management bears, with differences in isotopic values between the two bear categories peaking in autumn. While non-management bears consumed more herbs, wild fleshy fruits, and hard mast, management bears tended to consume higher proportions of cultivated fruits, ants, and large mammals, possibly including livestock. Although multi-year sampling and larger sample sizes are needed to support our findings, our application confirms that SIA can effectively integrate previous knowledge and be efficiently conducted using samples non-invasively collected during population surveys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Careddu
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Ciucci
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies "Charles Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
| | - Stella Mondovì
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Department of Biology and Biotechnologies "Charles Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Edoardo Calizza
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Loreto Rossi
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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9
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Naganuma T, Tanaka M, Tezuka S, M.J.G. Steyaert S, Tochigi K, Inagaki A, Myojo H, Yamazaki K, Koike S. Animal-borne video systems provide insight into the reproductive behavior of the Asian black bear. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:9182-9190. [PMID: 34306614 PMCID: PMC8293739 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies on the mating system of the Asian black bear (Ursus thibetanus) have been limited to observations of captive populations and estimations of multiple paternities. Hence, the mating system of wild bears remains poorly understood. Animal-borne camera systems (i.e., cameras mounted on animals) provide novel tools to study the behavior of elusive animals. Here, we used an animal-borne video system to record the activities of wild bears during the mating season. Video camera collars were attached to four adult Asian black bears (male "A" and "B," and female "A" and "B") captured in Tokyo, central Japan, in May and June 2018. The collars were retrieved in July 2018, after which the video data were downloaded and analyzed in terms of bear activity and mating behavior. All the bears were found to interact with other uniquely identifiable bears for some of the time (range 9-22 days) during the deployment period (range 36-45 days), and multiple mating in males was documented. Both males and females exhibited different behaviors on social days (i.e., days when the bear interacted with conspecifics) compared with solitary days (i.e., days with no observed interactions with conspecifics). Compared with solitary days, the bears spent a lower proportion of time on foraging activities and higher proportion of time on resting activities on social days. Our results suggest that Asian black bears have a polygamous mating system, as both sexes consort and potentially mate with multiple partners during a given mating season. Furthermore, bears appeared to reduce their foraging activities on social days and engaged more in social interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Naganuma
- Institute of Global Innovation ResearchTokyo University of Agriculture and TechnologyFuchuJapan
| | - Mii Tanaka
- Faculty of AgricultureTokyo University of Agriculture and TechnologyFuchuJapan
| | - Shiori Tezuka
- Faculty of AgricultureTokyo University of Agriculture and TechnologyFuchuJapan
| | | | - Kahoko Tochigi
- United Graduate School of Agricultural ScienceTokyo University of Agriculture and TechnologyFuchuJapan
| | - Akino Inagaki
- United Graduate School of Agricultural ScienceTokyo University of Agriculture and TechnologyFuchuJapan
| | - Hiroaki Myojo
- United Graduate School of Agricultural ScienceTokyo University of Agriculture and TechnologyFuchuJapan
| | - Koji Yamazaki
- Department of Forest ScienceFaculty of Regional Environmental ScienceTokyo University of AgricultureSetagayaJapan
| | - Shinsuke Koike
- Institute of Global Innovation ResearchTokyo University of Agriculture and TechnologyFuchuJapan
- Institute of AgricultureTokyo University of Agriculture and TechnologyFuchuJapan
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10
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Crevier LP, Salkeld JH, Marley J, Parrott L. Making the best possible choice: Using agent-based modelling to inform wildlife management in small communities. Ecol Modell 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2021.109505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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11
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Factors influencing lifespan dependency on agricultural crops by brown bears. LANDSCAPE AND ECOLOGICAL ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11355-021-00446-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Pereira J, Viličić L, Rosalino LM, Reljić S, Habazin M, Huber Đ. Brown bear feeding habits in a poor mast year where supplemental feeding occurs. URSUS 2021. [DOI: 10.2192/ursus-d-19-00023.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joana Pereira
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Leona Viličić
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Luís Miguel Rosalino
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Slaven Reljić
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marina Habazin
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Đuro Huber
- Institute of Nature Conservation of Polish Academy of Sciences, Adama Mickiewicza 33, 31120 Krakow, Poland
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Cameron MD, Hilderbrand GV, Joly K, Schmidt JH, Gustine DD, Mangipane LS, Mangipane B, Sorum MS. Body size plasticity in North American black and brown bears. Ecosphere 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D. Cameron
- National Park Service Gates of the Arctic National Park and Preserve 4175 Geist Road Fairbanks Alaska99709USA
| | - Grant V. Hilderbrand
- National Park Service Alaska Regional Office 240 W. 5th Avenue Anchorage Alaska99501USA
| | - Kyle Joly
- National Park Service Gates of the Arctic National Park and Preserve 4175 Geist Road Fairbanks Alaska99709USA
| | - Joshua H. Schmidt
- National Park Service Central Alaska Network 4175 Geist Road Fairbanks Alaska99709USA
| | - David D. Gustine
- National Park Service Grand Teton National Park PO Box 170 Moose Wyoming83012USA
| | - Lindsey S. Mangipane
- U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service Marine Mammals Management 1011 E. Tudor Road Anchorage Alaska99503USA
| | - Buck Mangipane
- National Park Service Lake Clark National Park and Preserve Port Alsworth Alaska99653USA
| | - Mathew S. Sorum
- National Park Service Gates of the Arctic National Park and Preserve 4175 Geist Road Fairbanks Alaska99709USA
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Nawaz MA, Valentini A, Khan NK, Miquel C, Taberlet P, Swenson JE. Diet of the brown bear in Himalaya: Combining classical and molecular genetic techniques. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0225698. [PMID: 31877137 PMCID: PMC6932756 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The ecological requirements of brown bears are poorly known in the Himalaya region, which complicates conservation efforts. We documented the diet of the Himalayan brown bear (Ursus arctos isabellinus) by combining classical scat analysis and a newly developed molecular genetic technique (the trnL approach), in Deosai National Park, Pakistan. Brown bears consumed over 50 plant species, invertebrates, ungulates, and several rodents. Eight plant families; Poaceae, Polygonaceae, Cyperaceae, Apiaceae, Asteraceae, Caryophyllaceae, Lamiaceae, and Rubiaceae were commonly eaten with graminoids comprising the bulk of the diet. Golden marmots comprised the major mammalian biomass in the park, and were also the main meat source for bears. Animal matter, making 36% of dietary content, contributed half of the digestible energy, due to its higher nutritious value. We did not find a significant temporal pattern in diet, perhaps because the availability of the major diet (graminoids) did not change over the foraging period. Male brown bears were more carnivorous than females, probably because of their larger size, which requires higher energy and also makes them more efficient in capturing marmots. Frequencies of three plant species were also significantly higher in male brown bears; Bistorta affinis, Carex diluta, and Carex sp. Diet of the brown bear differed significantly between the park and surrounding valleys. In valleys, diet consisted predominantly of graminoids and crops, whereas the park provided more nutritious and diverse foodThe estimated digestible energy available to brown bears in Deosai was the lowest documented among brown bear populations, due to the lack of fruits and a relatively lower meat content. The low nutritious diet and high cost of metabolism in a high-altitude environment, probably explains the very low reproductive potential of this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ali Nawaz
- Department of Animal Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Norway
- Himalayan Wildlife Foundation, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Trondheim, Norway
- * E-mail:
| | - Alice Valentini
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine, Université Joseph Fourier, France
- Dipartimento di Ecologia e Sviluppo Economico Sostenibile, Università degli Studi della Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Noor Kamal Khan
- Himalayan Wildlife Foundation, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Christian Miquel
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine, Université Joseph Fourier, France
| | - Pierre Taberlet
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine, Université Joseph Fourier, France
| | - Jon E. Swenson
- Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Norway
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Ueda M, Bell LS. Assessing dual hair sampling for isotopic studies of grizzly bears. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2019; 33:1475-1480. [PMID: 31148277 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The stable isotope ratios of carbon (δ13 C values), nitrogen (δ15 N values) and sulfur (δ34 S values) in bear hair can be used to obtain information on dietary history. Sample protocols often require hair sampling from multiple anatomical locations; however, there remains a question as to whether this is necessary for isotopic studies of hair. The purpose of this study was to determine whether significant differences can be observed for the δ13 C, δ15 N and δ34 S values between paired hair samples taken from the rump and shoulder of grizzly bears (Ursus arctos). METHODS Paired hair samples were collected from the rump and the shoulder of 81 grizzly bears in the Yukon, Canada. Hair samples were analyzed using a thermal combustion elemental analyzer coupled with a continuous flow isotope ratio mass spectrometer. RESULTS Statistical comparisons of paired hair samples for both males and females showed no meaningful differences in δ13 C, δ15 N and δ34 S values in hair taken from the rump and shoulder, and any observed differences fell within the instrumental error. CONCLUSIONS Based on these results, hair may be safely sampled on either the rump or the shoulder without loss of isotopic information and thus this finding allows for refinement of sampling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Momoko Ueda
- Centre for Forensic Research, School of Criminology, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Lynne S Bell
- Centre for Forensic Research, School of Criminology, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
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Sienkiewicz T, Sergiel A, Huber D, Maślak R, Wrzosek M, Podgórski P, Reljić S, Paśko Ł. The Brain Anatomy of the Brown Bear (Carnivora, Ursus arctos L., 1758) Compared to That of Other Carnivorans: A Cross-Sectional Study Using MRI. Front Neuroanat 2019; 13:79. [PMID: 31555102 PMCID: PMC6727829 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2019.00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to provide a neuroanatomy atlas derived from cross-sectional and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the encephalon of the brown bear (Ursus arctos). A postmortem brain analysis using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI - 1,5T; a high-resolution submillimeter three-dimensional T1-3D FFE) and cross-sectional macroscopic anatomy methods revealed major embryological and anatomical subdivisions of the encephalon, including the ventricular system. Most of the internal structures were comparably identifiable in both methods. The tractus olfactorius medialis, corpus subthalamicum, brachium colliculi rostralis, fasciculus longitudinalis medialis, nuclei vestibulares, velum medullare rostrale, nucleus fastigii, fasciculi cuneatus et gracilis were identified entirely by cross-sectional macroscopic analysis. However, the glandula pinealis, lemniscus lateralis and nuclei rhaphe were visualized only with MRI. Gross neuroanatomic analysis provided information about sulci and gyri of the cerebral hemispheres, components of the vermis and cerebellar hemispheres, and relative size and morphology of constituents of the rhinencephalon and cerebellum constituents. Similarities and discrepancies in identification of structures provided by both methods, as well as hallmarks of the structures facilitating identification using these methods are discussed. Finally, we compare the brown bear encephalon with other carnivores and discuss most of the identified structures compared to those of the domestic dog, the domestic cat, Ursidae and Mustelidae families and Pinnipedia clade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Sienkiewicz
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Conservation of Vertebrates, Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Sergiel
- Department of Wildlife Conservation, Institute of Nature Conservation, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Djuro Huber
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Robert Maślak
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Conservation of Vertebrates, Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marcin Wrzosek
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinic of Diseases for Horses, Dogs and Cats, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Przemysław Podgórski
- Department of General Radiology, Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, Faculty of Postgraduate Medical Training, Wrocław Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Slaven Reljić
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Łukasz Paśko
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Conservation of Vertebrates, Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
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Parsons MA, Bridges AS, Biteman DS, Garcelon DK. Precipitation and prey abundance influence food habits of an invasive carnivore. Anim Conserv 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/acv.12510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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18
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Ogurtsov SS. The Diet of the Brown Bear (Ursus arctos) in the Central Forest Nature Reserve (West-European Russia), Based on Scat Analysis Data. BIOL BULL+ 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359018090145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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19
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Penteriani V, Delgado MDM, Krofel M, Jerina K, Ordiz A, Dalerum F, Zarzo-Arias A, Bombieri G. Evolutionary and ecological traps for brown bearsUrsus arctosin human-modified landscapes. Mamm Rev 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/mam.12123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Penteriani
- Research Unit of Biodiversity (UMIB, UO-CSIC-PA); Oviedo University; Campus Mieres 33600 Mieres Spain
- Pyrenean Institute of Ecology (IPE); CSIC; Avda. Montañana 1005 50059 Zaragoza Spain
| | - María Del Mar Delgado
- Research Unit of Biodiversity (UMIB, UO-CSIC-PA); Oviedo University; Campus Mieres 33600 Mieres Spain
| | - Miha Krofel
- Department of Forestry and Renewable Forest Resources; Biotechnical Faculty; University of Ljubljana; Vecˇna pot 83 SI-1001 Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Klemen Jerina
- Department of Forestry and Renewable Forest Resources; Biotechnical Faculty; University of Ljubljana; Vecˇna pot 83 SI-1001 Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Andrés Ordiz
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management; Norwegian University of Life Sciences; Postbox 5003 NO-1432 Ås Norway
| | - Fredrik Dalerum
- Research Unit of Biodiversity (UMIB, UO-CSIC-PA); Oviedo University; Campus Mieres 33600 Mieres Spain
- Department of Zoology; Stockholm University; 10691 Stockholm Sweden
- Department of Zoology and Entomology; Mammal Research Institute (MRI); University of Pretoria; Private Bag X20 Hatfield 0028 South Africa
| | - Alejandra Zarzo-Arias
- Research Unit of Biodiversity (UMIB, UO-CSIC-PA); Oviedo University; Campus Mieres 33600 Mieres Spain
| | - Giulia Bombieri
- Research Unit of Biodiversity (UMIB, UO-CSIC-PA); Oviedo University; Campus Mieres 33600 Mieres Spain
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Murphy SM, Ulrey WA, Guthrie JM, Maehr DS, Abrahamson WG, Maehr SC, Cox JJ. Food habits of a small Florida black bear population in an endangered ecosystem. URSUS 2017. [DOI: 10.2192/ursu-d-16-00031.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sean M. Murphy
- Department of Forestry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Wade A. Ulrey
- Department of Forestry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Joseph M. Guthrie
- Department of Forestry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - David S. Maehr
- Department of Forestry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | | | - Sutton C. Maehr
- Department of Forestry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - John J. Cox
- Department of Forestry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
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22
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Morehouse AT, Boyce MS. Evaluation of intercept feeding to reduce livestock depredation by grizzly bears. URSUS 2017. [DOI: 10.2192/ursu-d-16-00026.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea T. Morehouse
- University of Alberta, CW405 Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Mark S. Boyce
- University of Alberta, CW405 Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada
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23
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Birnie-Gauvin K, Peiman KS, Raubenheimer D, Cooke SJ. Nutritional physiology and ecology of wildlife in a changing world. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 5:cox030. [PMID: 28740638 PMCID: PMC5516125 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/cox030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Over the last century, humans have modified landscapes, generated pollution and provided opportunities for exotic species to invade areas where they did not evolve. In addition, humans now interact with animals in a growing number of ways (e.g. ecotourism). As a result, the quality (i.e. nutrient composition) and quantity (i.e. food abundance) of dietary items consumed by wildlife have, in many cases, changed. We present representative examples of the extent to which vertebrate foraging behaviour, food availability (quantity and quality) and digestive physiology have been modified due to human-induced environmental changes and human activities. We find that these effects can be quite extensive, especially as a result of pollution and human-provisioned food sources (despite good intentions). We also discuss the role of nutrition in conservation practices, from the perspective of both in situ and ex situ conservation. Though we find that the changes in the nutritional ecology and physiology of wildlife due to human alterations are typically negative and largely involve impacts on foraging behaviour and food availability, the extent to which these will affect the fitness of organisms and result in evolutionary changes is not clearly understood, and requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Birnie-Gauvin
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental Science, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Canada ON K1S 5B6
- DTU AQUA, National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Section for Freshwater Fisheries Ecology, Technical University of Denmark, Vejlsøvej 39, 8600 Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - Kathryn S. Peiman
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental Science, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Canada ON K1S 5B6
| | - David Raubenheimer
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Regimental Drive, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Steven J. Cooke
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental Science, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Canada ON K1S 5B6
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Guillaud E, Bearez P, Denys C, Raimond S. New data on fish diet and bone digestion of the Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra) (Mammalia: Mustelidae) in central France. THE EUROPEAN ZOOLOGICAL JOURNAL 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/24750263.2017.1315184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- E. Guillaud
- Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Département Ecologie et Gestion de la Biodiversité, Archéozoologie, archéobotanique: sociétés, pratiques et environnement, Paris, France
| | - P. Bearez
- Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Département Ecologie et Gestion de la Biodiversité, Archéozoologie, archéobotanique: sociétés, pratiques et environnement, Paris, France
| | - C. Denys
- Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Département Systématique et Évolution, Origine, Structure et Evolution de la Biodiversité, Paris, France
| | - S. Raimond
- Objectif Loutres, Le moulin de Barthou, Bugeat, France
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25
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Gangadharan A, Pollock S, Gilhooly P, Friesen A, Dorsey B, St. Clair CC. Grain spilled from moving trains create a substantial wildlife attractant in protected areas. Anim Conserv 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/acv.12336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Gangadharan
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of Alberta; Edmonton Canada
| | - S. Pollock
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of Alberta; Edmonton Canada
| | - P. Gilhooly
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of Alberta; Edmonton Canada
| | - A. Friesen
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of Alberta; Edmonton Canada
| | - B. Dorsey
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of Alberta; Edmonton Canada
| | - C. C. St. Clair
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of Alberta; Edmonton Canada
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Matsubayashi J, Tayasu I, Morimoto JO, Mano T. Testing for a predicted decrease in body size in brown bears (Ursus arctos) based on a historical shift in diet. CAN J ZOOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2016-0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A recent study found a historical decline in the proportion of meat in the diet of brown bears (Ursus arctos L., 1758) in the Hokkaido Islands, Japan. Because feeding habits are strongly correlated with the body size of animals, the shift in diet should have led to a decrease in the size of these bears. To predict the effects of this dietary shift on the skeletal size in bears, we correlated the femur length in Hokkaido brown bears with the carbon and nitrogen stable isotope values from bone samples and predicted the historical change in their body size. The variation in the femur lengths of the male and female subpopulations was positively correlated with their δ15N values, but not with their δ13C values, and the explanatory power of the constructed model was higher in males than in females. Based on the model and the δ15N values for historic and modern bears, the skeletal size of bear subpopulations in eastern Hokkaido was estimated to have decreased by 10%–18% for males and 8%–9% for females. Our results suggest that a historical dietary shift caused the decrease in the size of the Hokkaido brown bears.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Matsubayashi
- Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, 457-4 Motoyama, Kamigamo, Kita-ku, 603-8047 Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ichiro Tayasu
- Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, 457-4 Motoyama, Kamigamo, Kita-ku, 603-8047 Kyoto, Japan
| | - Junko O. Morimoto
- Laboratory of Forest Ecosystem Management, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita 9 jo, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, 060-8589 Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Mano
- Environmental and Geological Research Department, Hokkaido Research Organization, Kita 19 jo, Nishi 12, Kita-ku, 060-0819 Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
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28
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Cozzi G, Chynoweth M, Kusak J, Çoban E, Çoban A, Ozgul A, Şekercioğlu ÇH. Anthropogenic food resources foster the coexistence of distinct life history strategies: year‐round sedentary and migratory brown bears. J Zool (1987) 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Cozzi
- Population Ecology Research Group Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies Zurich University Zürich Switzerland
| | - M. Chynoweth
- Department of Biology University of Utah Salt Lake City UT USA
| | - J. Kusak
- Biology Department Veterinary Faculty University of Zagreb Zagreb Croatia
| | | | - A. Çoban
- KuzeyDoğa Society Kars Turkey
- Department of Parasitology Institute of Health Sciences Kafkas University Kars Turkey
| | - A. Ozgul
- Population Ecology Research Group Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies Zurich University Zürich Switzerland
| | - Ç. H. Şekercioğlu
- Department of Biology University of Utah Salt Lake City UT USA
- KuzeyDoğa Society Kars Turkey
- College of Sciences Koç University Istanbul Turkey
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29
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Ecology of conflict: marine food supply affects human-wildlife interactions on land. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25936. [PMID: 27185189 PMCID: PMC4869031 DOI: 10.1038/srep25936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human-wildlife conflicts impose considerable costs to people and wildlife worldwide. Most research focuses on proximate causes, offering limited generalizable understanding of ultimate drivers. We tested three competing hypotheses (problem individuals, regional population saturation, limited food supply) that relate to underlying processes of human-grizzly bear (Ursus arctos horribilis) conflict, using data from British Columbia, Canada, between 1960–2014. We found most support for the limited food supply hypothesis: in bear populations that feed on spawning salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.), the annual number of bears/km2 killed due to conflicts with humans increased by an average of 20% (6–32% [95% CI]) for each 50% decrease in annual salmon biomass. Furthermore, we found that across all bear populations (with or without access to salmon), 81% of attacks on humans and 82% of conflict kills occurred after the approximate onset of hyperphagia (July 1st), a period of intense caloric demand. Contrary to practices by many management agencies, conflict frequency was not reduced by hunting or removal of problem individuals. Our finding that a marine resource affects terrestrial conflict suggests that evidence-based policy for reducing harm to wildlife and humans requires not only insight into ultimate drivers of conflict, but also management that spans ecosystem and jurisdictional boundaries.
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Stenset NE, Lutnæs PN, Bjarnadóttir V, Dahle B, Fossum KH, Jigsved P, Johansen T, Neumann W, Opseth O, Rønning O, Steyaert SMJG, Zedrosser A, Brunberg S, Swenson JE. Seasonal and annual variation in the diet of brown bearsUrsus arctosin the boreal forest of southcentral Sweden. WILDLIFE BIOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.2981/wlb.00194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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31
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Human impacts on bear feeding habits and habitat selection in the Poľana Mountains, Slovakia. EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10344-016-1009-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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32
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van Manen FT, Haroldson MA, Bjornlie DD, Ebinger MR, Thompson DJ, Costello CM, White GC. Density dependence, whitebark pine, and vital rates of grizzly bears. J Wildl Manage 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/jwmg.1005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frank T. van Manen
- U.S. Geological SurveyNorthern Rocky Mountain Science Center, Interagency Grizzly Bear Study Team2327 University Way, Suite 2BozemanMT59715USA
| | - Mark A. Haroldson
- U.S. Geological SurveyNorthern Rocky Mountain Science Center, Interagency Grizzly Bear Study Team2327 University Way, Suite 2BozemanMT59715USA
| | | | - Michael R. Ebinger
- College of Forestry and ConservationUniversity MontanaUniversity Hall, Room 309MissoulaMT59812USA
| | | | - Cecily M. Costello
- College of Forestry and ConservationUniversity MontanaUniversity Hall, Room 309MissoulaMT59812USA
| | - Gary C. White
- Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation BiologyColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCO80523USA
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Tosi G, Chirichella R, Zibordi F, Mustoni A, Giovannini R, Groff C, Zanin M, Apollonio M. Brown bear reintroduction in the Southern Alps: To what extent are expectations being met? J Nat Conserv 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnc.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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López-Alfaro C, Coogan SCP, Robbins CT, Fortin JK, Nielsen SE. Assessing Nutritional Parameters of Brown Bear Diets among Ecosystems Gives Insight into Differences among Populations. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128088. [PMID: 26083536 PMCID: PMC4470632 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Food habit studies are among the first steps used to understand wildlife-habitat relationships. However, these studies are in themselves insufficient to understand differences in population productivity and life histories, because they do not provide a direct measure of the energetic value or nutritional composition of the complete diet. Here, we developed a dynamic model integrating food habits and nutritional information to assess nutritional parameters of brown bear (Ursus arctos) diets among three interior ecosystems of North America. Specifically, we estimate the average amount of digestible energy and protein (per kilogram fresh diet) content in the diet and across the active season by bears living in western Alberta, the Flathead River (FR) drainage of southeast British Columbia, and the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE). As well, we estimate the proportion of energy and protein in the diet contributed by different food items, thereby highlighting important food resources in each ecosystem. Bear diets in Alberta had the lowest levels of digestible protein and energy through all seasons, which might help explain the low reproductive rates of this population. The FR diet had protein levels similar to the recent male diet in the GYE during spring, but energy levels were lower during late summer and fall. Historic and recent diets in GYE had the most energy and protein, which is consistent with their larger body sizes and higher population productivity. However, a recent decrease in consumption of trout (Oncorhynchus clarki), whitebark pine nuts (Pinus albicaulis), and ungulates, particularly elk (Cervus elaphus), in GYE bears has decreased the energy and protein content of their diet. The patterns observed suggest that bear body size and population densities are influenced by seasonal availability of protein an energy, likely due in part to nutritional influences on mass gain and reproductive success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia López-Alfaro
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, 751 GSB, Edmonton, T6G 2H1, AB, Canada
- Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales y Recursos Naturales Renovables, Universidad de Chile, Av. Santa Rosa, 11315, Casilla 9206, Santiago Chile
- * E-mail:
| | - Sean C. P. Coogan
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, 751 GSB, Edmonton, T6G 2H1, AB, Canada
- School of Biological Sciences and the Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Charles T. Robbins
- School of the Environment and School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States of America
| | - Jennifer K. Fortin
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States of America
| | - Scott E. Nielsen
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, 751 GSB, Edmonton, T6G 2H1, AB, Canada
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Gabrielsen KM, Krokstad JS, Obregon MJ, Villanger GD, Sonne C, Dietz R, Jenssen BM. Thyroid hormones and deiodinase activities in plasma and tissues from East Greenland polar bears (Ursus maritimus) during winter season. Polar Biol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-015-1694-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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36
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McLellan ML, McLellan BN. Effect of season and high ambient temperature on activity levels and patterns of grizzly bears (Ursus arctos). PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117734. [PMID: 25692979 PMCID: PMC4334910 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding factors that influence daily and annual activity patterns of a species provides insights to challenges facing individuals, particularly when climate shifts, and thus is important in conservation. Using GPS collars with dual-axis motion sensors that recorded the number of switches every 5 minutes we tested the hypotheses: 1. Grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) increase daily activity levels and active bout lengths when they forage on berries, the major high-energy food in this ecosystem, and 2. Grizzly bears become less active and more nocturnal when ambient temperature exceeds 20°C. We found support for hypothesis 1 with both male and female bears being active from 0.7 to 2.8 h longer in the berry season than in other seasons. Our prediction under hypothesis 2 was not supported. When bears foraged on berries on a dry, open mountainside, there was no relationship between daily maximum temperature (which varied from 20.4 to 40.1°C) and the total amount of time bears were active, and no difference in activity levels during day or night between warm (20.4–27.3°C) and hot (27.9–40.1°C) days. Our results highlight the strong influence that food acquisition has on activity levels and patterns of grizzly bears and is a challenge to the heat dissipation limitation theory.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bruce N. McLellan
- British Columbia Fish, Wildlife and Habitat Management, D’Arcy, British Columbia, Canada
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37
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Steyaert SM, Kindberg J, Jerina K, Krofel M, Stergar M, Swenson JE, Zedrosser A. Behavioral correlates of supplementary feeding of wildlife: Can general conclusions be drawn? Basic Appl Ecol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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38
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Elfström M, Zedrosser A, Jerina K, Støen OG, Kindberg J, Budic L, Jonozovič M, Swenson JE. Does despotic behavior or food search explain the occurrence of problem brown bears in Europe? J Wildl Manage 2014; 78:881-893. [PMID: 25253909 PMCID: PMC4140552 DOI: 10.1002/jwmg.727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Bears foraging near human developments are often presumed to be responding to food shortage, but this explanation ignores social factors, in particular despotism in bears. We analyzed the age distribution and body condition index (BCI) of shot brown bears in relation to densities of bears and people, and whether the shot bears were killed by managers (i.e., problem bears; n = 149), in self-defense (n = 51), or were hunter-killed nonproblem bears (n = 1,896) during 1990-2010. We compared patterns between areas with (Slovenia) and without supplemental feeding (Sweden) of bears relative to 2 hypotheses. The food-search/food-competition hypothesis predicts that problem bears should have a higher BCI (e.g., exploiting easily accessible and/or nutritious human-derived foods) or lower BCI (e.g., because of food shortage) than nonproblem bears, that BCI and human density should have a positive correlation, and problem bear occurrence and seasonal mean BCI of nonproblem bears should have a negative correlation (i.e., more problem bears during years of low food availability). Food competition among bears additionally predicts an inverse relationship between BCI and bear density. The safety-search/naivety hypothesis (i.e., avoiding other bears or lack of human experience) predicts no relationship between BCI and human density, provided no dietary differences due to spatiotemporal habitat use among bears, no relationship between problem bear occurrence and seasonal mean BCI of nonproblem bears, and does not necessarily predict a difference between BCI for problem/nonproblem bears. If food competition or predation avoidance explained bear occurrence near settlements, we predicted younger problem than nonproblem bears and a negative correlation between age and human density. However, if only food search explained bear occurrence near settlements, we predicted no relation between age and problem or nonproblem bear status, or between age and human density. We found no difference in BCI or its variability between problem and nonproblem bears, no relation between BCI and human density, and no correlation between numbers of problem bears shot and seasonal mean BCI for either country. The peak of shot problem bears occurred from April to June in Slovenia and in June in Sweden (i.e., during the mating period when most intraspecific predation occurs and before fall hyperphagia). Problem bears were younger than nonproblem bears, and both problem and nonproblem bears were younger in areas of higher human density. These age differences, in combination with similarities in BCI between problem and nonproblem bears and lack of correlation between BCI and human density, suggested safety-search and naïve dispersal to be the primary mechanisms responsible for bear occurrence near settlements. Younger bears are less competitive, more vulnerable to intraspecific predation, and lack human experience, compared to adults. Body condition was inversely related to the bear density index in Sweden, whereas we found no correlation in Slovenia, suggesting that supplemental feeding may have reduced food competition, in combination with high bear harvest rates. Bears shot in self-defense were older and their BCI did not differ from that of nonproblem bears. Reasons other than food shortage apparently explained why most bears were involved in encounters with people or viewed as problematic near settlements in our study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Elfström
- Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life SciencesPostbox 5003, NO-1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Andreas Zedrosser
- Department of Environmental and Health Studies, Telemark University CollegeNO-3800, Bø i Telemark, Norway
- Institute of Wildlife Biology and Game Management, Department of Integrative Biology and Biodiversity Research, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life SciencesGregor-Mendel-Str. 33, A-1180, Vienna, Austria
| | - Klemen Jerina
- Department of Forestry and Renewable Forest Resources, Biotechnical Faculty, University of LjubljanaVečna pot 83, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ole-Gunnar Støen
- Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life SciencesPostbox 5003, NO-1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Jonas Kindberg
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural SciencesSE-901 83, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Lara Budic
- Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life SciencesPostbox 5003, NO-1432, Ås, Norway
- Faculty of Forestry and Environmental Sciences, University of FreiburgTennenbacherstr. 4, DE-79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marko Jonozovič
- Slovenia Forest ServiceVečna pot 2, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jon E Swenson
- Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life SciencesPostbox 5003, NO-1432, Ås, Norway
- Norwegian Institute for Nature ResearchNO-7485, Trondheim, Norway
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Ciucci P, Tosoni E, Di Domenico G, Quattrociocchi F, Boitani L. Seasonal and annual variation in the food habits of Apennine brown bears, central Italy. J Mammal 2014. [DOI: 10.1644/13-mamm-a-218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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40
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Teisberg JE, Haroldson MA, Schwartz CC, Gunther KA, Fortin JK, Robbins CT. Contrasting past and current numbers of bears visiting Yellowstone cutthroat trout streams. J Wildl Manage 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/jwmg.667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Justin E. Teisberg
- School of Biological Sciences; Washington State University; Pullman WA 99164 USA
| | - Mark A. Haroldson
- Interagency Grizzly Bear Study Team; U. S. Geological Survey, Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center; 2327 University Way Suite 2 Bozeman MT 59715 USA
| | - Charles C. Schwartz
- Interagency Grizzly Bear Study Team; U. S. Geological Survey, Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center; 2327 University Way Suite 2 Bozeman MT 59715 USA
| | - Kerry A. Gunther
- Bear Management Office; Yellowstone National Park; PO Box 168 WY 82190 USA
| | - Jennifer K. Fortin
- School of Biological Sciences; Washington State University; Pullman WA 99164 USA
| | - Charles T. Robbins
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences; Washington State University; Pullman WA 99164 USA
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Abstract
Conservation of grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) is often controversial and the disagreement often is focused on the estimates of density used to calculate allowable kill. Many recent estimates of grizzly bear density are now available but field-based estimates will never be available for more than a small portion of hunted populations. Current methods of predicting density in areas of management interest are subjective and untested. Objective methods have been proposed, but these statistical models are so dependent on results from individual study areas that the models do not generalize well. We built regression models to relate grizzly bear density to ultimate measures of ecosystem productivity and mortality for interior and coastal ecosystems in North America. We used 90 measures of grizzly bear density in interior ecosystems, of which 14 were currently known to be unoccupied by grizzly bears. In coastal areas, we used 17 measures of density including 2 unoccupied areas. Our best model for coastal areas included a negative relationship with tree cover and positive relationships with the proportion of salmon in the diet and topographic ruggedness, which was correlated with precipitation. Our best interior model included 3 variables that indexed terrestrial productivity, 1 describing vegetation cover, 2 indices of human use of the landscape and, an index of topographic ruggedness. We used our models to predict current population sizes across Canada and present these as alternatives to current population estimates. Our models predict fewer grizzly bears in British Columbia but more bears in Canada than in the latest status review. These predictions can be used to assess population status, set limits for total human-caused mortality, and for conservation planning, but because our predictions are static, they cannot be used to assess population trend.
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Shafer ABA, Nielsen SE, Northrup JM, Stenhouse GB. Linking genotype, ecotype, and phenotype in an intensively managed large carnivore. Evol Appl 2013; 7:301-12. [PMID: 24567749 PMCID: PMC3927890 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous factors influence fitness of free-ranging animals, yet often these are uncharacterized. We integrated GPS habitat use data and genetic profiling to determine their influence on fitness proxies (mass, length, and body condition) in a threatened population of grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) in Alberta, Canada. We detected distinct genetic and habitat use (ecotype) clusters, with individual cluster assignments, or genotype/ecotype, being correlated (Pearson r = 0.34, P < 0.01). Related individuals showed evidence of similar habitat use patterns, irrespective of geographic distance and sex. Fitness proxies were influenced by sex, age, and habitat use, and homozygosity had a positive effect on these proxies that could be indicative of outbreeding depression. We further documented over 300 translocations occurring in the province since the 1970s, often to areas with significantly different habitat. We argue this could be unintentionally causing the pattern of outbreeding, although the heterozygosity correlation may instead be explained by the energetic costs associated with larger body size. The observed patterns, together with the unprecedented human-mediated migrations, make understanding the link between genotype, ecotype, and phenotype and mechanisms behind the negative heterozygosity-fitness correlations critical for management and conservation of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron B A Shafer
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala Universitet Uppsala, Sweden ; Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Scott E Nielsen
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Joseph M Northrup
- Department of Fish, Wildlife and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Gordon B Stenhouse
- Fish and Wildlife Division, Foothills Research Institute and Alberta Environment and Sustainable Resource Development Hinton, AB, Canada
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DeGabriel JL, Moore BD, Felton AM, Ganzhorn JU, Stolter C, Wallis IR, Johnson CN, Foley WJ. Translating nutritional ecology from the laboratory to the field: milestones in linking plant chemistry to population regulation in mammalian browsers. OIKOS 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2013.00727.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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44
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Fortin JK, Ware JV, Jansen HT, Schwartz CC, Robbins CT. Temporal niche switching by grizzly bears but not American black bears in Yellowstone National Park. J Mammal 2013. [DOI: 10.1644/12-mamm-a-238.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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45
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Seger R, Servello F, Cross R, Keisler D. Body mass and mast abundance influence foraging ecology of the American black bear (Ursus americanus) in Maine. CAN J ZOOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2012-0326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We studied nutritional ecology of American black bears (Ursus americanus Pallas, 1780) in Maine, including active and hibernating bears during 5 years, across three study areas, using nitrogen stable isotope analyses of blood samples (n = 152). Our central finding, in two study areas, is positive correlation between body mass and δ15N. This suggests use of large body size to acquire or guard food resources that have relatively high δ15N, consistent with importance of ungulates as food for the largest bears in Maine. In these two study areas, hibernating bears across the spectrum of body mass showed greater δ15N during 2 years of beechnut (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.) scarcity compared with 2 years of beechnut abundance. Adiposity, measured by serum leptin, was greater in hibernating bears following a season of beechnut abundance compared with one of beechnut scarcity. Total litter mass correlated positively with maternal serum leptin and negatively with maternal δ15N, supporting the importance of mast, including beechnuts, to reproductive success of bears in Maine. In the third study area, bears across the spectrum of body mass had greater δ15N in all years, consistent with food resources relatively high in 15N that were available to bears of all sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R.L. Seger
- University of Maine, Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, 130 Hitchner Hall, Orono, ME 04469, USA
| | - F.A. Servello
- University of Maine, Department of Wildlife Ecology, 210 Nutting Hall, Orono, ME 04469, USA
| | - R.A. Cross
- Maine Department of Inland Fisheries and Wildlife; 650 State Street, Bangor, ME 04401, USA
| | - D.H. Keisler
- University of Missouri, Division of Animal Sciences, 160 Animal Sciences Research Center, 920 East Campus Drive, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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46
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Haroldson MA, Gunther KA. Roadside bear viewing opportunities in Yellowstone National Park: characteristics, trends, and influence of whitebark pine. URSUS 2013. [DOI: 10.2192/ursus-d-10-00036.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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47
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Amstrup SC, Marcot BG, Douglas DC. A Bayesian Network Modeling Approach to Forecasting the 21st Century Worldwide Status of Polar Bears. ARCTIC SEA ICE DECLINE: OBSERVATIONS, PROJECTIONS, MECHANISMS, AND IMPLICATIONS 2013. [DOI: 10.1029/180gm14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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48
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Fortin JK, Schwartz CC, Gunther KA, Teisberg JE, Haroldson MA, Evans MA, Robbins CT. Dietary adjustability of grizzly bears and American black bears in Yellowstone National Park. J Wildl Manage 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/jwmg.483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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49
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Elfström M, Zedrosser A, Støen OG, Swenson JE. Ultimate and proximate mechanisms underlying the occurrence of bears close to human settlements: review and management implications. Mamm Rev 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2907.2012.00223.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Elfström
- Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management; Norwegian University of Life Sciences; Pb. 5003 NO-1432 Ås Norway
| | - Andreas Zedrosser
- Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management; Norwegian University of Life Sciences; Pb. 5003 NO-1432 Ås Norway
- Institute of Wildlife Biology and Game Management; Department of Integrative Biology and Biodiversity Research; University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences; Gregor-Mendel-Str. 33 1180 Vienna Austria
| | - Ole-Gunnar Støen
- Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management; Norwegian University of Life Sciences; Pb. 5003 NO-1432 Ås Norway
| | - Jon E. Swenson
- Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management; Norwegian University of Life Sciences; Pb. 5003 NO-1432 Ås Norway
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research; NO-7485 Trondheim Norway
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50
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Vongraven D, Aars J, Amstrup S, Atkinson SN, Belikov S, Born EW, DeBruyn TD, Derocher AE, Durner G, Gill M, Lunn N, Obbard ME, Omelak J, Ovsyanikov N, Peacock E, Richardson E, Sahanatien V, Stirling I, Wiig Ø. A circumpolar monitoring framework for polar bears. URSUS 2012. [DOI: 10.2192/ursus-d-11-00026.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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