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Elsharkawy NB, Alruwaili MM, Mohamed Elsayed Ramadan O, Alruwaili AN, Ouda MMA, Oraby FA, Mansy AMA, Abdelaziz EM. Prevalence and determinants of fear of childbirth among pregnant women in Egypt: A cross-sectional study. Midwifery 2024; 136:104088. [PMID: 38968683 DOI: 10.1016/j.midw.2024.104088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
PROBLEM Fear of childbirth (FOC) is a significant public health concern, and understanding its determinants is crucial for developing effective interventions to support women during pregnancy and childbirth. BACKGROUND Fear of childbirth (FOC) is increasingly recognized as an essential psychological health concern among pregnant women globally. However, research elucidating the prevalence and multifaceted determinants of FOC in the Egyptian context remains scarce. This knowledge is pivotal to informing maternal health practices. AIM This study aimed to investigate FOC prevalence and its determinants among pregnant women in Egypt. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted among 460 low-risk pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in El-Beheira Governorate, Egypt, from February 2023 to July 2023. Data were collected using structured questionnaires on sociodemographic and obstetric profiles, the Childbirth Attitude Questionnaire, the Childbirth Self-Efficacy Inventory, and the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support. RESULTS The prevalence of FOC ranged from mild to severe, with 70.4% of women displaying some degree of fear and 11.3% exhibiting severe FOC. Key determinants associated with greater FOC were younger age, nulliparity, unplanned pregnancy, negative previous birth experiences, and preference for cesarean delivery. An inverse relationship was found between FOC and childbirth self-efficacy. CONCLUSIONS This study reveals a high FOC prevalence among Egyptian pregnant women, necessitating the need for systematic screening and tailored interventions to mitigate this concern, especially among high-risk groups like young, nulliparous mothers. Fostering childbirth self-efficacy may aid in reducing FOC. These findings can inform the enhancement of holistic maternal health practices in Egypt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Bassuoni Elsharkawy
- Department of Maternal and Child Health Nursing, College of Nursing, Jouf University, Sakaka, AL-Jouf 72388, Saudi Arabia; Department of Maternal and Newborn Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Majed Mowanes Alruwaili
- Department of Nursing Administration and Education, College of Nursing, Jouf University, Sakaka, AL-Jouf 72388, Saudi Arabia
| | - Osama Mohamed Elsayed Ramadan
- Department of Maternal and Child Health Nursing, College of Nursing, Jouf University, Sakaka, AL-Jouf 72388, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Abeer Nuwayfi Alruwaili
- Department of Nursing Administration and Education, College of Nursing, Jouf University, Sakaka, AL-Jouf 72388, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marwa Mohamed Ahmed Ouda
- Department of Maternal and Child Health Nursing, College of Nursing, Jouf University, Sakaka, AL-Jouf 72388, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pediatric Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Damanhur University, Damanhur 22516, Egypt
| | - Fatma Ali Oraby
- Department of Maternal and Newborn Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Misr University for Science and Technology, 6th of October city, Giza 12566, Egypt
| | - Azza Medhat Aziz Mansy
- Department of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Damanhur University, Damanhur 22516, Egypt
| | - Enas Mahrous Abdelaziz
- Department of Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt; Department of Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing, College of Nursing, Jouf University, Sakaka, AL-Jouf 72388, Saudi Arabia
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Goldkuhl L, Gyllensten H, Begley C, Nilsson C, Wijk H, Lindahl G, Uvnäs-Moberg K, Berg M. Impact of Birthing Room Design on Maternal Childbirth Experience: Results From the Room4Birth Randomized Trial. HERD-HEALTH ENVIRONMENTS RESEARCH & DESIGN JOURNAL 2023; 16:200-218. [PMID: 36239523 PMCID: PMC9755691 DOI: 10.1177/19375867221124232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the effect of the birthing room design on nulliparous women's childbirth experience up to 1 year after birth. BACKGROUND Although it is known that the birth environment can support or hinder birth processes, the impact of the birthing room design on maternal childbirth experience over time is insufficiently studied. METHODS The Room4Birth randomized controlled trial was conducted at a labor ward in Sweden. Nulliparous women in active stage of spontaneous labor were randomized (n = 406) to either a regular birthing room (n = 202) or a new birthing room designed with more person-centered considerations (n = 204). Childbirth experiences were measured 2 hr, 3 months, and 12 months after birth by using a Visual Analogue Scale of Overall Childbirth Experience (VAS-OCE), the Fear of Birth Scale (FOBS), and the Childbirth Experience Questionnaire (CEQ2). RESULTS Women randomized to the new room had a more positive childbirth experience reported on the VAS-OCE 3 months (p = .002) and 12 months (p = .021) after birth compared to women randomized to a regular room. Women in the new room also scored higher in the total CEQ2 score (p = .039) and within the CEQ2 subdomain own capacity after 3 months (p = .028). The remaining CEQ2 domains and the FOBS scores did not differ between the groups. CONCLUSIONS These findings show that a birthing room offering more possibilities to change features and functions in the room according to personal needs and requirements, positively affects the childbirth experience of nulliparous women 3 and 12 months after they have given birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Goldkuhl
- Institute of Health and Care Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden,Lisa Goldkuhl, MSc, RN, RM, Arvid Wallgrens backe, Box 457, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Hanna Gyllensten
- Institute of Health and Care Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden,University of Gothenburg Centre for Person-Centred Care (GPCC), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Cecily Begley
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Ireland
| | - Christina Nilsson
- Munkebäck Antenatal Clinic, Region Västra Götaland, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Helle Wijk
- Institute of Health and Care Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden,Department of Quality Assurance and Patient Safety, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden,Centre for Healthcare Architecture, CVA, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden,Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Building Design, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Göran Lindahl
- Centre for Healthcare Architecture, CVA, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden,Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Building Design, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Marie Berg
- Institute of Health and Care Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden,Faculty of Medicine and Community Health, Evangelical University in Africa, Bukavu, D. R. Congo
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A preliminary investigation into testing a transdiagnostic cognitive model of fear of childbirth (FOC): a multiple indicators multiple causes (MIMIC) model. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-04010-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Eidouzaei F, Amiri-Farahani L, Mohammadi A, Pezaro S. Exploring the Effect of Cognitive-Behavioral Educations on Childbirth Self-efficacy, Childbirth Fear, and Adaptation of Maternal Role Among Primiparous Women: A Quasi-Experimental Study. JOURNAL OF RATIONAL-EMOTIVE AND COGNITIVE-BEHAVIOR THERAPY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10942-022-00472-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Han L, Bai H, Lun B, Li Y, Wang Y, Ni Q. The Prevalence of Fear of Childbirth and Its Association With Intolerance of Uncertainty and Coping Styles Among Pregnant Chinese Women During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:935760. [PMID: 35832593 PMCID: PMC9273116 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.935760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Fear of childbirth (FOC) is one of the most common psychological symptoms among pregnant women and significantly relates to cesarean section, anxiety, and depression. However, it is not clear the prevalence and risk factors of FOC among Chinese pregnant women since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. Aims The objective of this study was to examine the associations between coping styles, intolerance of uncertainty, and FOC. Method From December 2021 to April 2022, a cross-sectional survey was conducted in two hospitals in China through convenient sampling. The cross-sectional survey was conducted among 969 pregnant women, which included the Childbirth Attitude Questionnaire (CAQ), Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale-12 (IUS-12), and Simplified Coping Style Questionnaire (SCSQ). Results The total prevalence of FOC was 67.8%. The percentages of women with mild (a score of 28-39), moderate (40-51), and severe FOC (52-64) were 43.6, 20.2, and 4.0%, respectively. The regression results indicated that primiparas, unplanned pregnancy, few spousal support, intolerance of uncertainty, and negative coping styles were significant risk factors of FOC. Women who adopt positive coping strategies experienced a lower level of childbirth fear. Conclusion These findings suggest that cultivating positive coping styles and obtaining sufficient childbirth information may be helpful for mothers' mental health. Regular screening assessment of perinatal psychological symptoms, such as the high level of intolerance of uncertainty and negative coping styles, should be adopted to reduce the risk of fear of childbirth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hua Bai
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Dual-Session Tokophobia Intervention, a Novel Ultrashort Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Protocol for Women Suffering From Tokophobia in the Third Term of Pregnancy. COGNITIVE AND BEHAVIORAL PRACTICE 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpra.2022.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Evans K, Rennick-Egglestone S, Cox S, Kuipers Y, Spiby H. Remotely Delivered Interventions to Support Women With Symptoms of Anxiety in Pregnancy: Mixed Methods Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J Med Internet Res 2022; 24:e28093. [PMID: 35166688 PMCID: PMC8889484 DOI: 10.2196/28093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Symptoms of anxiety are common in pregnancy, with severe symptoms associated with negative outcomes for women and babies. Low-level psychological therapy is recommended for women with mild to moderate anxiety, with the aim of preventing an escalation of symptoms and providing coping strategies. Remotely delivered interventions have been suggested to improve access to treatment and support and provide a cost-effective, flexible, and timely solution. OBJECTIVE This study identifies and evaluates remotely delivered, digital, or web-based interventions to support women with symptoms of anxiety during pregnancy. METHODS This mixed methods systematic review followed a convergent segregated approach to synthesize qualitative and quantitative data. The ACM Digital Library, Allied and Complementary Medicine Database, Applied Social Sciences Index and Abstracts, Centre for Reviews and Dissemination database, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, the Cochrane Library, CINAHL, Embase, Health Technology Assessment Library, IEEE Xplore, Joanna Briggs Institute, Maternity and Infant Care, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and the Social Science Citation Index were searched in October 2020. Quantitative or qualitative primary research that included pregnant women and evaluated remotely delivered interventions reporting measures of anxiety, fear, stress, distress, women's views, and opinions were included. RESULTS Overall, 3 qualitative studies and 14 quantitative studies were included. Populations included a general antenatal population and pregnant women having anxiety and depression, fear of childbirth, insomnia, and preterm labor. Interventions included cognitive behavioral therapy, problem solving, mindfulness, and educational designs. Most interventions were delivered via web-based platforms, and 62% (8/13) included direct contact from trained therapists or coaches. A meta-analysis of the quantitative data found internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy and facilitated interventions showed a beneficial effect in relation to the reduction of anxiety scores (standardized mean difference -0.49, 95% CI -0.75 to -0.22; standardized mean difference -0.48, 95% CI -0.75 to -0.22). Due to limitations in the amount of available data and study quality, the findings should be interpreted with caution. Synthesized findings found some evidence to suggest that interventions are more effective when women maintain regular participation which may be enhanced by providing regular contact with therapists or peer support, appropriate targeting of interventions involving components of relaxation and cognitive-based skills, and providing sufficient sessions to develop new skills without being too time consuming. CONCLUSIONS There is limited evidence to suggest that women who are pregnant may benefit from remotely delivered interventions. Components of interventions that may improve the effectiveness and acceptability of remotely delivered interventions included providing web-based contact with a therapist, health care professional, or peer community. Women may be more motivated to complete interventions that are perceived as relevant or tailored to their needs. Remote interventions may also provide women with greater anonymity to help them feel more confident in disclosing their symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry Evans
- School of Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan Rennick-Egglestone
- Institute of Mental Health, School of Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Serena Cox
- School of Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Yvonne Kuipers
- School of Health and Social Care, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Spiby
- School of Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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Hildingsson I, Rubertsson C. Postpartum bonding and association with depressive symptoms and prenatal attachment in women with fear of birth. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2022; 22:66. [PMID: 35078403 PMCID: PMC8788067 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-021-04367-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Co-morbidity is prevalent in women with fear of birth. Depressive symptoms and lack of prenatal attachment might influence the postpartum bonding between the mother and the new-born. Aim To examine the underlying dimensions of the Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire and to investigate associations between depressive symptoms, prenatal attachment and postpartum bonding in women with fear of birth. Methods A longitudinal study comprising 172 women with fear of birth. Data were collected by questionnaires in mid- and late pregnancy and two months after birth. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depressive Scale, Prenatal Attachment Inventory and Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire were investigated. Results Two factors of the Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire were identified: Factor 1 mirrored caring activities and the women’s perceptions of motherhood, whereas Factor 2 reflected negative feelings towards the baby. The Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire was negatively correlated with the Prenatal Attachment Inventory and positively with The Edinburgh Postnatal Depressive Scale. Women with fear of birth and depressive symptoms both during pregnancy and postpartum showed the highest risk of impaired bonding after birth. Primiparity and being single were also associated with impaired bonding. Conclusion A focus on women’s mental health during pregnancy is necessary in order to avoid the negative effects of impaired bonding on the infant. Depressive symptoms could be concurrent with fear of birth and, therefore, it is important to determine both fear of birth and depressive symptoms in screening procedures during pregnancy. Caregivers who meet women during pregnancy need to acknowledge prenatal attachment and thereby influence adaptation to motherhood.
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Depressive symptoms during pregnancy and after birth in women living in Sweden who received treatments for fear of birth. Arch Womens Ment Health 2022; 25:473-484. [PMID: 35190877 PMCID: PMC8921011 DOI: 10.1007/s00737-022-01213-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of depressive symptoms and associated factors in women who underwent treatments for fear of birth; internet-based cognitive therapy, counseling with midwives, continuity with a known midwife or standard care. A secondary analysis was performed using data collected from four samples of women identified with fear of birth and receiving treatment with different methods. A questionnaire was used to collect data in mid-pregnancy and at follow-up 2 months after birth. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depressive Scale. In mid-pregnancy, 32% of the 422 women with fear of birth also reported a co-morbidity with depressive symptoms. At postpartum follow-up, 19% reported depressive symptoms 2 months after birth, and 12% showed continued or recurrent depressive symptoms identified both during pregnancy and postpartum. A history of mental health problems was the strongest risk factor for presenting with depressive symptoms. None of the treatment options in this study was superior in reducing depressive symptoms. This study showed a significant co-morbidity and overlap between fear of birth and depressive symptoms. Screening for depressive symptoms and fear of birth during pregnancy is important to identify women at risk and offer specific treatment.
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Woodford J, Karlsson M, Hagström J, Hägg Sylvén Y, Norbäck K, Grönqvist H, von Essen L. Conducting Digital Health Care Research: Document Analysis of Challenges Experienced During Intervention Development and Feasibility Study Setup of an Internet-Administered Intervention for Parents of Children Treated for Cancer. JMIR Form Res 2021; 5:e26266. [PMID: 34433524 PMCID: PMC8538021 DOI: 10.2196/26266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The design and conduct of research to develop, test, and evaluate complex health care interventions is challenging. Although the existing literature describes key challenges associated with the design and conduct of definitive (evaluation) trials, there is a lack of information concerning specific challenges associated with the intervention development phase and setup of feasibility studies. In particular, the literature is scarce concerning the challenges associated with conducting digital health care research, such as research on internet-administered interventions and research using digital features to support the execution of study procedures (eg, recruitment, consent, retention, and data collection and management). This study is conducted in the context of the intervention development and feasibility study setup phases of an internet-administered, guided, low-intensity cognitive behavioral therapy–based intervention for parents of children previously treated for cancer. Objective The aim of this study is to explore the challenges experienced during the development phase of the internet-administered intervention and digital features to support the execution of the study procedures and a feasibility study setup. Methods To explore the key challenges experienced, we conducted a document analysis of written records from all study meetings held by the research team (meeting minutes) between June 7, 2018, and January 10, 2020, guided by a thematic analysis approach. Furthermore, discussion groups with members of the research team were held to develop a more detailed understanding of the key challenges experienced. Methods and results are reported in accordance with the relevant items from the Standards for Reporting Qualitative Research checklist. Results Six main themes were identified: decision-making and communication, expertise, external constraints, flexibility, planning and scheduling, and technical constraints. Conclusions Significant challenges were experienced during the intervention development and setup phases of the feasibility study. Implications are discussed to inform future design, conduct, and planning of internet-administered intervention development and feasibility studies, especially within the context of digital health care research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Woodford
- Healthcare Sciences and e-Health, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mathilda Karlsson
- Healthcare Sciences and e-Health, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Josefin Hagström
- Healthcare Sciences and e-Health, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ylva Hägg Sylvén
- Healthcare Sciences and e-Health, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kajsa Norbäck
- Healthcare Sciences and e-Health, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Helena Grönqvist
- Healthcare Sciences and e-Health, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Louise von Essen
- Healthcare Sciences and e-Health, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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O'Connell MA, Khashan AS, Leahy-Warren P, Stewart F, O'Neill SM. Interventions for fear of childbirth including tocophobia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2021; 7:CD013321. [PMID: 34231203 PMCID: PMC8261458 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd013321.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many women experience fear of childbirth (FOC). While fears about childbirth may be normal during pregnancy, some women experience high to severe FOC. At the extreme end of the fear spectrum is tocophobia, which is considered a specific condition that may cause distress, affect well-being during pregnancy and impede the transition to parenthood. Various interventions have been trialled, which support women to reduce and manage high to severe FOC, including tocophobia. OBJECTIVES To investigate the effectiveness of non-pharmacological interventions for reducing fear of childbirth (FOC) compared with standard maternity care in pregnant women with high to severe FOC, including tocophobia. SEARCH METHODS In July 2020, we searched Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth's Trials Register, ClinicalTrials.gov, the World Health Organization (WHO) International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP), and reference lists of retrieved studies. We contacted researchers of trials which were registered and appeared to be ongoing. SELECTION CRITERIA We included randomised clinical trials which recruited pregnant women with high or severe FOC (as defined by the individual trial), for treatment intended to reduce FOC. Two review authors independently screened and selected titles and abstracts for inclusion. We excluded quasi-randomised and cross-over trials. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We used standard methodological approaches as recommended by Cochrane. Two review authors independently extracted data and assessed the studies for risk of bias. A third review author checked the data analysis for accuracy. We used GRADE to assess the certainty of the evidence. The primary outcome was a reduction in FOC. Secondary outcomes were caesarean section, depression, birth preference for caesarean section or spontaneous vaginal delivery, and epidural use. MAIN RESULTS We included seven trials with a total of 1357 participants. The interventions included psychoeducation, cognitive behavioural therapy, group discussion, peer education and art therapy. We judged four studies as high or unclear risk of bias in terms of allocation concealment; we judged three studies as high risk in terms of incomplete outcome data; and in all studies, there was a high risk of bias due to lack of blinding. We downgraded the certainty of the evidence due to concerns about risk of bias, imprecision and inconsistency. None of the studies reported data about women's anxiety. Participating in non-pharmacological interventions may reduce levels of fear of childbirth, as measured by the Wijma Delivery Expectancy Questionnaire (W-DEQ), but the reduction may not be clinically meaningful (mean difference (MD) -7.08, 95% confidence interval (CI) -12.19 to -1.97; 7 studies, 828 women; low-certainty evidence). The W-DEQ tool is scored from 0 to 165 (higher score = greater fear). Non-pharmacological interventions probably reduce the number of women having a caesarean section (RR 0.70, 95% CI 0.55 to 0.89; 5 studies, 557 women; moderate-certainty evidence). There may be little to no difference between non-pharmacological interventions and usual care in depression scores measured with the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) (MD 0.09, 95% CI -1.23 to 1.40; 2 studies, 399 women; low-certainty evidence). The EPDS tool is scored from 0 to 30 (higher score = greater depression). Non-pharmacological interventions probably lead to fewer women preferring a caesarean section (RR 0.37, 95% CI 0.15 to 0.89; 3 studies, 276 women; moderate-certainty evidence). Non-pharmacological interventions may increase epidural use compared with usual care, but the 95% CI includes the possibility of a slight reduction in epidural use (RR 1.21, 95% CI 0.98 to 1.48; 2 studies, 380 women; low-certainty evidence). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS The effect of non-pharmacological interventions for women with high to severe fear of childbirth in terms of reducing fear is uncertain. Fear of childbirth, as measured by W-DEQ, may be reduced but it is not certain if this represents a meaningful clinical reduction of fear. There may be little or no difference in depression, but there may be a reduction in caesarean section delivery. Future trials should recruit adequate numbers of women and measure birth satisfaction and anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maeve Anne O'Connell
- School of Healthcare Sciences, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Ali S Khashan
- School of Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Fiona Stewart
- Cochrane Children and Families Network, c/o Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth, Department of Women's and Children's Health, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Sinéad M O'Neill
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health Alumna, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Carlucci L, Saggino A, Balsamo M. On the efficacy of the unified protocol for transdiagnostic treatment of emotional disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev 2021; 87:101999. [PMID: 34098412 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2021.101999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In recent years a large array of treatment protocols conceptualized as transdiagnostic have been developed with clinical and practical advantages compared to traditional single-disorder protocols. Within this panorama, the Transdiagnostic Unified Protocol (UP) of Emotional Disorders was developed aimed at treating the negative affective processes underlying several diagnostic categories, and accounting for the covariance of different emotional disorders. The UP has been found to efficiently target the roots of these disorders leading to a reduction in symptoms of co-occurring disorders. However, several questions have marginally addressed in the previous studies, and some UP features still remain unexplored. The present meta-analysis aims at evaluating whether the UP results to significant changes in anxiety and depression symptoms severity in children, adolescents, and adults. 19 RCTs and 13 uncontrolled pre-post trials comprising 2183 patients/clients met inclusion criteria for meta-analysis. Large to moderate combined overall effect size for both depression plus anxiety were detected in the uncontrolled pre-post studies (g = 0.756) and in RTCs studies (g = 0.452), respectively. Large effect size at pre-treatment to 3-6-month follow-up was observed for combined depression plus anxiety (g = 1.113). Subgroup analysis suggested that UP treatment does not differ across the anxiety and depression self-report measures. Moreover, UP intervention outperformed both passive and active control conditions to treat negative affective syndromes. Meta-regression confirmed the moderate effects of therapist level of experience, the sample characteristics, and the UP-protocol adaptations. The findings indicate that the manualized UP treatment has potential to contribute to improving mental health outcomes, particularly of anxiety and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Carlucci
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Italy.
| | - Aristide Saggino
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Michela Balsamo
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Italy
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Azizi M, Kamali M, Elyasi F, Shirzad M. Fear of childbirth in Iran: A systematic review of psychological intervention research. Int J Reprod Biomed 2021; 19:401-420. [PMID: 34278194 PMCID: PMC8261095 DOI: 10.18502/ijrm.v19i5.9250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Due to the fear of childbirth (FOC) and failure to provide painless delivery in Iran, the prevalence rate of elective cesarean section (C-section) performed on request by pregnant women is on the rise. However, no systematic review assessing the results of studies in this respect has been thus far developed. Objective To systematically review published psychological intervention research reflecting on FOC in Iran. Materials and Methods In this systematic review, the databases of PubMed, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Wiley, ISI Web of Science, Scopus, Science Direct, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, and Scientific Information Database were searched to retrieve the relevant studies. Manual searches were performed to find the relevant articles and finally 21 intervention studies were reviewed. Results Based on the modified Jadad Scale, a methodological quality (risk of bias) assessment tool, 14 and 7 studies had acceptable or good and low quality, respectively. The included articles covered fear, fear of childbirth, pregnancy, and psychological intervention in Iran. Cognitive behavioral therapy, relaxation techniques, psychological counseling, childbirth preparation classes (CPCs), mindfulness programs, and psychoeducation had been also practiced as the main types of psychological interventions for reducing FOC in pregnant women. Conclusion There was no clear evidence to establish the most effective method for minimizing levels of FOC in pregnant women. Based on the assessment tool and since most of the studies had moderate or low quality, conducting standard and high-quality randomized controlled trials focusing on FOC in pregnant women is of most importance in Iranian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzieh Azizi
- Department of Midwifery and Reproductive Health, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsa Kamali
- Boali-Sina Hospital, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Forouzan Elyasi
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Addiction Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.,Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mahboobeh Shirzad
- Department of lnternal Medicine, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
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14
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Fathi Najafi T, Dashti S, Bolghanabadi N, Rezvanifard M, Andaroon N, Abadibavil D, Tahoonian Golkhatmy F, Bahri N. Evaluation of the effect of cognitive behavioral therapy on tocophobia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Psychiatr Nurs 2021; 35:255-260. [PMID: 33966789 DOI: 10.1016/j.apnu.2021.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Non-medical approaches including cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) have been proposed for the management of tocophobia. A new method of performing CBT is through internet. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the effect of internet-based and traditional CBT on tocophobia. A literature search was conducted on qualitative and quantitative articles from 2000 to 2019 in Pubmed, Scopus, Web of Science and Cochrane databases using search terms referring to tocophobia and CBT. Identified articles were screened in two steps; 1) title and abstract and 2) full text screening. The quality of the quantitative and qualitative studies was assessed using the quality criteria proposed by the Cochrane Collaboration and Jonna Briggs Institute (JBI) checklist respectively. Out of the 382 relevant studies, 9 studies were eligible for the review. A high level of heterogeneity was observed in the studies (I2 = 94%, P < 0.001). The meta-analysis showed that both internet-based, and traditional CBT were effective in reducing tocophobia. CBT was more effective in interventions in the Middle Eastern compared to European countries. More than five CBT sessions could significantly reduce tocophobia. Healthcare providers and midwives should have basic knowledge on physiological interventions to reduce tocophobia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sareh Dashti
- Department of Midwifery, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran.
| | | | - Malihe Rezvanifard
- Department of Midwifery, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Nafise Andaroon
- Department of Midwifery, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Dina Abadibavil
- Department of Midwifery, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Narjes Bahri
- Department of Midwifery, Faculty of Medicine, Social Development and Health Promotion Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
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15
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Hildingsson I, Rubertsson C. Testing the birth attitude profile scale in a Swedish sample of women with fear of birth. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol 2021; 42:132-139. [PMID: 32081051 DOI: 10.1080/0167482x.2020.1729118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to explore the "Birth Attitude Profile Scale (BAPS)" in a selected sample of women with fear of birth. Another aim was to develop profiles of women according to their birth attitudes and levels of childbirth fear in relation to background characteristics. METHODS A secondary analysis of data collected in two different samples of women with fear of birth. Data were collected by a questionnaire in gestational week 36 and background data from mid-pregnancy. A principal component analysis and a cluster analysis were performed of the combined sample of 195 women. RESULTS The principal component analysis revealed four domains of the BAPS: "personal impact, birth as a natural event, freedom of choice and safety concerns". When adding the fear of birth scale, two clusters were identified: one with strong attitudes and lower fear, labeled "self-determiners"; and one with no strong attitudes but high levels of fear, labeled "fearful." Women in the "Fearful" cluster more often reported previous and current mental health problems, which were the main difference between the clusters. CONCLUSION The BAPS instrument seems to be useful in identifying birth attitudes in women with fear of birth and could be a basis for discussions and birth planning during pregnancy. Mental health problems were the main difference in cluster membership; therefore, it is important to ask women with fear of childbirth about physical, mental and social aspects of health. In addition, a qualitative approach using techniques such as focus groups or interviews is needed to explore how women come to form their attitudes and beliefs about birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingegerd Hildingsson
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Nursing, Mid Sweden University, Sundsvall, Sweden
| | - Christine Rubertsson
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Health Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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16
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Potentially traumatic events, fear of childbirth and posttraumatic stress disorder during pregnancy in Stockholm, Sweden: A cross-sectional study. SEXUAL & REPRODUCTIVE HEALTHCARE 2020; 25:100516. [DOI: 10.1016/j.srhc.2020.100516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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17
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Han Q, Guo M, Ren F, Duan D, Xu X. Role of midwife-supported psychotherapy on antenatal depression, anxiety and maternal health: A meta-analysis and literature review. Exp Ther Med 2020; 20:2599-2610. [PMID: 32765754 PMCID: PMC7401497 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.9011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The onset of depression and anxiety during the antenatal stage of pregnancy is common. Despite the conception of numerous interventions in the past decades, studies show no signs of decline in the prevalence of antenatal depression and anxiety. Recently, the use of midwife-supported psychotherapy to treat these psychosomatic disorders has garnered a lot of attention. However, no attempt to date has been made to synthesize the evidence evaluating the influence of midwife-supported psychotherapy on antenatal depression, anxiety, and overall maternal health-status. The aim of the present meta-analysis was to demonstrate the effectiveness of midwife-supported psychotherapy on depression, anxiety, and maternal health-status outcome during the antenatal stage of pregnancy. A systematic identification of literature was performed according to PRISMA guidelines on four academic databases: MEDLINE, Scopus, EMBASE and CENTRAL. A meta-analysis evaluated the influence of midwife-supported psychotherapy on depression, anxiety, and maternal health-status outcome as compared to conventional obstetric care. Of the 1,011 records, 17 articles, including 6,193 pregnant women (mean age: 28.9±2.2 years) were included in this meta-analysis. Eleven studies compared the effects of midwife-supported therapy on depression, 14 compared its effects on anxiety and 2 compared its effects on maternal health-status outcome. The meta-analysis reveals the beneficial effects of midwife-supported psychotherapy for reducing depression (Hedge's g: -0.9), anxiety (-0.8) and enhancing maternal health-status outcome (0.1), as compared to conventional obstetric care. The current systematic review and meta-analysis recommend the use of midwife-supported psychotherapy for the reduction of depression, anxiety and enhancing maternal health-status during the antenatal stage of pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Han
- Department of Obstetrics, Zaozhuang Hospital of Maternal and Child Health, Zaozhuang, Shandong 277100, P.R. China
| | - Min Guo
- Department of Obstetrics, Zaozhuang Hospital of Maternal and Child Health, Zaozhuang, Shandong 277100, P.R. China
| | - Fenfen Ren
- Department of Obstetrics, Zaozhuang Hospital of Maternal and Child Health, Zaozhuang, Shandong 277100, P.R. China
| | - Dongyun Duan
- Department of Obstetrics, Zaozhuang Hospital of Maternal and Child Health, Zaozhuang, Shandong 277100, P.R. China
| | - Xiufeng Xu
- Department of Obstetrics, Zaozhuang Hospital of Maternal and Child Health, Zaozhuang, Shandong 277100, P.R. China
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18
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Hildingsson I, Rubertsson C. Childbirth experiences among women with fear of birth randomized to internet-based cognitive therapy or midwife counseling. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol 2020; 41:205-214. [PMID: 31244352 DOI: 10.1080/0167482x.2019.1634047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Although women with fear of birth often report negative birth experiences, few studies have focused on their experiences in the long term. The aim of this study was to compare birth experiences a year after childbirth in two groups of women receiving treatment for experiencing fear of birth during pregnancy.Methods: As part of the U-CARE: Pregnancy Trial, a prospective multicenter randomized controlled trial comparing the effects of internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy (iCBT) and standard care among pregnant women with fear of birth. Women were recruited at three Swedish hospitals following a screening procedure that assessed their fear of birth. Data were collected online with the Childbirth Experience Questionnaire (CEQ), one question about the overall birth experience, and questions about personal background, collected before randomization.Results: A total of 181 women responded to the follow-up questionnaire a year after childbirth. Approximately half of participants reported a less positive birth experience. Preferred mode of birth, actual mode of birth, marital status and psychiatric history were associated with the domains of the CEQ. However, no statistically significant differences emerged between the treatment groups.Conclusions: Being randomized to receive iCBT or counseling with midwives for fear of birth was not associated with perceptions of the birth experience assessed a year after birth. Most participants reported less-than-positive birth experiences and scored low on the domain of the CEQ reflecting Own capacity. In response, additional research remains necessary to identify the best model of care that might facilitate positive experiences with giving birth among women with fear of birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingegerd Hildingsson
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Nursing, Mid Sweden University, Sundsvall, Sweden
| | - Christine Rubertsson
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Health Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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19
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A modified caseload midwifery model for women with fear of birth, women's and midwives' experiences: A qualitative study. SEXUAL & REPRODUCTIVE HEALTHCARE 2020; 24:100504. [PMID: 32120329 DOI: 10.1016/j.srhc.2020.100504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although fear of birth is common during pregnancy and childbirth, the best treatment for fear of birth in clinical care remain unclear. Strong evidence suggests that continuity models of midwifery care can benefit women and birth outcomes, though such models are rare in Sweden. Because women with fear of birth could benefit from such models, the aim of this qualitative study was to examine how women with fear of birth and their midwives experienced care in a modified caseload midwifery model. METHODS A qualitative interview study using thematic analysis. Participants were recruited from a pilot study in which women assessed to have fear of birth received antenatal and intrapartum care, from a midwife whom they knew. Eight women and four midwives were interviewed. RESULTS An overarching theme-"A mutual relationship instilled a sense of peace and security"-and three themes-"Closeness, continuity, and trust," "Preparation and counselling," and "Security, confidence, and reduced fear"-reflect the views and experiences of women with fear of birth and their midwives after participating in a modified caseload midwifery model. CONCLUSIONS For both women with fear of birth and their midwives, the caseload midwifery model generated trustful woman-midwife relationships, which increased women's confidence, reduced their fear, and contributed to their positive birth experiences. Moreover, the midwives felt better equipped to address women's needs, and their way of working with the women became more holistic. Altogether, offering a continuity model of midwifery care could be an option to support women with fear of birth.
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20
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Wahlbeck H, Kvist LJ, Landgren K. Art Therapy and Counseling for Fear of Childbirth: A Randomized Controlled Trial. ART THERAPY 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/07421656.2020.1721399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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21
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Henriksen L, Borgen A, Risløkken J, Lukasse M. Fear of birth: Prevalence, counselling and method of birth at five obstetrical units in Norway. Women Birth 2020; 33:97-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wombi.2018.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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22
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Malmquist A, Jonsson L, Wikström J, Nieminen K. Minority stress adds an additional layer to fear of childbirth in lesbian and bisexual women, and transgender people. Midwifery 2019; 79:102551. [DOI: 10.1016/j.midw.2019.102551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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23
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Badaoui A, Kassm SA, Naja W. Fear and Anxiety Disorders Related to Childbirth: Epidemiological and Therapeutic Issues. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2019; 21:27. [PMID: 30868272 DOI: 10.1007/s11920-019-1010-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This paper seeks to identify the risk factors of fear of childbirth (FOC) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) related to birth and reviews the efficacy of their respective screening tools and therapeutic interventions. RECENT FINDINGS Biofeedback, hypnosis, internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy, and antenatal education are promising treatments for FOC. Training midwives to address traumatic birth experiences could help in preventing PTSD. A shorter more pragmatic screening tool for FOC than the Wijma Delivery Expectancy/Experience Questionnaire (WDEQ) is needed. Women with PTSD attributed a mismatch between the expected mode of delivery (MOD) and the actual MOD as the cause of their trauma. A history of mental health disorders, lack of social support, previous negative birth experiences, and MOD are correlated to FOC and postpartum PTSD. Psycho-education and CBT-based treatments have been found to reduce levels of FOC and PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Badaoui
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Psychiatry, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon.
| | - Sandra Abou Kassm
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Psychiatry, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Wadih Naja
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Psychiatry, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
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