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Scherdel P, Taine M, Bergerat M, Werner A, Breton JL, Polak M, Linglart A, Reynaud R, Frandji B, Carel JC, Brauner R, Chalumeau M, Heude B. New French height velocity growth charts: An innovative big-data approach based on routine measurements. Acta Paediatr 2024. [PMID: 39315704 DOI: 10.1111/apa.17433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2024] [Accepted: 09/10/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024]
Abstract
AIM Height velocity is considered a key auxological tool to monitor growth, but updated height velocity growth charts are lacking. We aimed to derive new French height velocity growth charts by using a big-data approach based on routine measurements. METHODS We extracted all growth data of children aged 1 month-18 years from the electronic medical records of 42 primary care physicians, between 1 January 1990 and 8 February 2018, throughout the French metropolitan territory. We derived annual and biannual height velocity growth charts until age 15 years by using the Lambda-Mu-Sigma method. These new growth charts were compared to the 1979 French and 2009 World Health Organisation (WHO) ones. RESULTS New height velocity growth charts were generated with 193 124 and 209 221 annual and biannual values from 80 204 and 87 260 children, respectively, and showed good internal fit. Median curves were close to the 1979 French or 2009 WHO ones, but SD curves displayed important differences. Similar results were found with the biannual height velocity growth charts. CONCLUSION We produced new height velocity growth charts until age 15 years by using a big-data approach applied to measurements routinely collected in clinical practice. These updated growth charts could help optimise growth-monitoring performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Scherdel
- Inserm, Center for Research in Epidemiology and StatisticS (CRESS), Obstetrical, Perinatal and Pediatric Epidemiology Research Team (Epopé), Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Marion Taine
- Inserm, Center for Research in Epidemiology and StatisticS (CRESS), Obstetrical, Perinatal and Pediatric Epidemiology Research Team (Epopé), Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Manon Bergerat
- Department of General Pediatrics and Pediatric Infectious Diseases, AP-HP, Necker-Enfants malades hospital, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Andreas Werner
- Association Française de Pédiatrie Ambulatoire, Commission Recherche, Pediatric office, Villeneuve-lès-Avignon, France
| | - Julien Le Breton
- Département universitaire de médecine générale, F-94010 Créteil, Univ Paris Est Créteil, INSERM, IMRB, CEpiA Team, F-94010 Créteil, Univ Paris Est Créteil, Société Française de Médecine Générale (SFMG), F-92130 Issy-les-Moulineaux, Centre de santé universitaire Salvador Allende, La Courneuve, France
| | - Michel Polak
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Gynecology, and Diabetology, AP-HP, Necker-Enfants malades hospital, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Agnès Linglart
- Department of endocrinology and diabetology for children, AP-HP, INSERM, Research unit Physiologie physiopathologie endocrinienne, CHU Bicêtre Paris Saclay, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Rachel Reynaud
- Pediatric multidisciplinary department, Endocrinology and diabetology unit, APHM, MMG, U 1251, Aix Marseille Univ-INSERM, Marseille, France
| | | | - Jean-Claude Carel
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Reference Center for Growth and Development Endocrine Diseases, AP-HP, Robert-Debré hospital, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Raja Brauner
- Pediatric Endocrinology unit, Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France
| | - Martin Chalumeau
- Inserm, Center for Research in Epidemiology and StatisticS (CRESS), Obstetrical, Perinatal and Pediatric Epidemiology Research Team (Epopé), Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Department of General Pediatrics and Pediatric Infectious Diseases, AP-HP, Necker-Enfants malades hospital, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Barbara Heude
- Inserm, INRAE, Center for Research in Epidemiology and StatisticS (CRESS), Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
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Bühler N. Precision public health in the making: examining the becoming of the "social" in a Swiss environmental health population-based cohort. FRONTIERS IN SOCIOLOGY 2023; 8:1219275. [PMID: 38162929 PMCID: PMC10754959 DOI: 10.3389/fsoc.2023.1219275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Expanding the concept of "precision" or "personalized" medicine, personalized health and precision public health designate the use of various kinds of data-genomic, other omics, clinical, or those produced by individuals themselves through self-tracking-to optimize health interventions benefiting the whole population. This paper draws on an ethnography of the implementation of a population-based environmental health cohort to shed light on the reconfigurations brought about by the "personalization" of public health in Switzerland. Combining human biomonitoring and molecular epidemiology, this cohort aims to advance the science of the exposome, a notion referring to the totality of exposures to which individuals are subjected over their lifecourse. Addressing the tension between holism and reductionism, this paper points to the important gap between the promissory horizon of the exposome and the realities of practices. Situations of reductionism are defined as moments of friction and negotiation between different rationales and values, exposing what makes the science of the exposome, including its material, economic, institutional, and methodological constraints, as well as its imaginaries and values. Rather than opposing holism and reductionism, I emphasize that they constitute two sides of the same coin, as they both pragmatically enable action and produce situated versions of the social. This empirical case shows how reductionism operates at the chemical, biological, and populational levels to produce public health scientific and social values. It thus contributes to contextualizing the pragmatic and strategic choices made by scientists, as well as the values they favor, in a research environment marked by the predominance of biomedicine over public health. It shows how the reductionism of the "social environment" was made for a better social integration of the cohort into the Swiss political and scientific landscape of public health. Bringing together actors involved in public health and questions of environmental exposures, this cohort can be interpreted as a biomedicalization of public health research, as well as an attempt to socialize it through the broad category of the exposome.
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Merz S, Jaehn P, Pischon T, Fischer B, Wirkner K, Rach S, Guenther K, Obi N, Holmberg C. Investigating people's attitudes towards participating in longitudinal health research: an intersectionality-informed perspective. Int J Equity Health 2023; 22:23. [PMID: 36721141 PMCID: PMC9887766 DOI: 10.1186/s12939-022-01807-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing evidence suggests that participation proportions in longitudinal health research vary according to sex/gender, age, social class, or migration status. Intersectionality scholarship purports that such social categories cannot be understood in isolation and makes visible the co-dependent nature of the social determinants of health and illness. This paper uses an intersectionality-informed approach in order to expand the understanding of why people participate in health research, and the impact of intersecting social structures and experiences on these attitudes. METHODS A sample of 80 respondents who had previously either accepted or declined an invitation to participate in the German National Cohort (NAKO) participated in our interview study. Interviews were semi-structured and contained both narrative elements and more structured probes. Data analysis proceeded in two steps: first, the entire data set was analysed thematically (separately for participants and non-participants); second, key themes were compared across self-reported sex/gender, age group and migration status to identify differences and commonalities. RESULTS Respondents' attitudes towards study participation can be categorised into four themes: wanting to make a contribution, seeking personalised health information, excitement and feeling chosen, and seeking social recognition. Besides citing logistical challenges, non-participants narrated adverse experiences with or attitudes towards science and the healthcare system that deterred them from participating. A range of social experiences and cultural value systems shaped such attitudes; in particular, this includes the cultural authority of science as an arbiter of social questions, transgressing social categories and experiences of marginalisation. Care responsibilities, predominantly borne by female respondents, also impacted upon the decision to take part in NAKO. DISCUSSION Our findings suggest that for participants, health research constitutes a site of distinction in the sense of making a difference and being distinct or distinguishable, whereas non-participants inhabited an orientation towards science that reflected their subjective marginalisation through science. No clear relationship can thereby be presumed between social location and a particular attitude towards study participation; rather, such attitudes transgress and challenge categorical boundaries. This challenges the understanding of particular populations as more or less disadvantaged, or as more or less inclined to participate in health research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibille Merz
- grid.473452.3Institute of Social Medicine and Epidemiology, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Hochstr. 15, 14770 Brandenburg an der Havel, Germany
| | - Philipp Jaehn
- grid.473452.3Institute of Social Medicine and Epidemiology, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Hochstr. 15, 14770 Brandenburg an der Havel, Germany ,grid.11348.3f0000 0001 0942 1117Faculty of Health Sciences, joint Faculty of the Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus – Senftenberg, Brandenburg Medical School, University of Potsdam, Fehrbelliner Str. 38, 16816 Neuruppin, Germany
| | - Tobias Pischon
- grid.419491.00000 0001 1014 0849Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Molecular Epidemiology Research Group, Robert-Rössle-Straße 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany ,grid.419491.00000 0001 1014 0849Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Biobank Technology Platform, Robert-Rössle-Straße 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany ,grid.484013.a0000 0004 6879 971XBerlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Core Facility Biobank, Anna-Louisa-Karsch-Straße 2, 10178 Berlin, Germany ,grid.6363.00000 0001 2218 4662Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitépl. 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Beate Fischer
- grid.7727.50000 0001 2190 5763University of Regensburg, Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Kerstin Wirkner
- LIFE – Leipzig Research Centre for Civilization Diseases, Philipp-Rosenthal-Straße 27, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stefan Rach
- grid.418465.a0000 0000 9750 3253Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology - BIPS, Achterstraße 30, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Kathrin Guenther
- grid.418465.a0000 0000 9750 3253Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology - BIPS, Achterstraße 30, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Nadia Obi
- grid.13648.380000 0001 2180 3484University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christine Holmberg
- grid.473452.3Institute of Social Medicine and Epidemiology, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Hochstr. 15, 14770 Brandenburg an der Havel, Germany ,grid.11348.3f0000 0001 0942 1117Faculty of Health Sciences, joint Faculty of the Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus – Senftenberg, Brandenburg Medical School, University of Potsdam, Fehrbelliner Str. 38, 16816 Neuruppin, Germany
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Doetsch JN, Dias V, Indredavik MS, Reittu J, Devold RK, Teixeira R, Kajantie E, Barros H. Record linkage of population-based cohort data from minors with national register data: a scoping review and comparative legal analysis of four European countries. OPEN RESEARCH EUROPE 2021; 1:58. [PMID: 37645179 PMCID: PMC10445839 DOI: 10.12688/openreseurope.13689.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Background: The GDPR was implemented to build an overarching framework for personal data protection across the EU/EEA. Linkage of data directly collected from cohort participants, potentially serving as a prominent tool for health research, must respect data protection rules and privacy rights. Our objective was to investigate law possibilities of linking cohort data of minors with routinely collected education and health data comparing EU/EEA member states. Methods: A legal comparative analysis and scoping review was conducted of openly accessible published laws and regulations in EUR-Lex and national law databases on GDPR's implementation in Portugal, Finland, Norway, and the Netherlands and its connected national regulations purposing record linkage for health research that have been implemented up until April 30, 2021. Results: The GDPR does not ensure total uniformity in data protection legislation across member states offering flexibility for national legislation. Exceptions to process personal data, e.g., public interest and scientific research, must be laid down in EU/EEA or national law. Differences in national interpretation caused obstacles in cross-national research and record linkage: Portugal requires written consent and ethical approval; Finland allows linkage mostly without consent through the national Social and Health Data Permit Authority; Norway when based on regional ethics committee's approval and adequate information technology safeguarding confidentiality; the Netherlands mainly bases linkage on the opt-out system and Data Protection Impact Assessment. Conclusions: Though the GDPR is the most important legal framework, national legislation execution matters most when linking cohort data with routinely collected health and education data. As national interpretation varies, legal intervention balancing individual right to informational self-determination and public good is gravely needed for health research. More harmonization across EU/EEA could be helpful but should not be detrimental in those member states which already opened a leeway for registries and research for the public good without explicit consent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Nadine Doetsch
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), Porto, 4050-600, Portugal
- EPIUnit, Instituto de Saúde Pública da, Universidade do Porto (ISPUP), Porto, 4050-600, Portugal
| | - Vasco Dias
- INESC TEC -Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology and Science, Campus da Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Porto, 4050-091, Portugal
| | - Marit S. Indredavik
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU – Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, NO-7491, Norway
| | - Jarkko Reittu
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Legal Services, Helsinki, Finland
- University of Helsinki, Faculty of Law, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Randi Kallar Devold
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU – Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, NO-7491, Norway
| | - Raquel Teixeira
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), Porto, 4050-600, Portugal
- EPIUnit, Instituto de Saúde Pública da, Universidade do Porto (ISPUP), Porto, 4050-600, Portugal
| | - Eero Kajantie
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU – Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, NO-7491, Norway
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Population Health Unit, Helsinki and Oulu, Finland
- PEDEGO Research Unit, MRC Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
- Children’s Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Henrique Barros
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), Porto, 4050-600, Portugal
- EPIUnit, Instituto de Saúde Pública da, Universidade do Porto (ISPUP), Porto, 4050-600, Portugal
- Departamento de Ciências da Saúde Pública e Forenses e Educação Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto (FMUP), Porto, Portugal
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Afrashtehfar KI, Bryant SR. Understanding the Lived Experience of North American Dental Patients With a Single-Tooth Implant in the Upper Front Region of the Mouth: Protocol for a Qualitative Study. JMIR Res Protoc 2021; 10:e25767. [PMID: 33886491 PMCID: PMC8277304 DOI: 10.2196/25767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Assessment of the subjective experiences of individuals with maxillary anterior (ie, the upper front region of the mouth) single-tooth implants is limited mainly to quantitative measurements of satisfaction with appearance. Interestingly, there is unexplained variability in the relationship between satisfaction and appearance. OBJECTIVE This qualitative study protocol aims to explore and better understand the satisfaction with appearance and function in a Canadian population with maxillary anterior single-tooth implants treated at a postgraduate university clinic. Thus, we aim to obtain diversity among participants relating to the identification of esthetically pleasing and displeasing cases from a clinician perspective. METHODS A qualitative research design using interpretative phenomenology analysis (IPA) will provide an adaptable inductive research approach. The participants will be recruited, and consent documents, photographs, digital intraoral scans, and self-administered questionnaire responses will be obtained from them. The transcribed verbatim data from audio-recorded, in-depth, semistructured, one-to-one interviews of the participants will be managed, coded, and analyzed thematically with computer-assisted qualitative data analysis software. The IPA will consider the COnsolidated criteria for REporting Qualitative (COREQ) guidelines when applicable. RESULTS For the qualitative interview, we plan to include at least eight patients to conduct up to 1.5 hours of open-ended interviews with each participant aided by an interview guide. Ethical approval was granted by the University of British Columbia Behavioral Research Ethics Board (H19-00107) in May 2019. Two American dental foundations funded this study. CONCLUSIONS The analysis in this study will elucidate the aspects (including their value) that influence participant satisfaction at different dental implant treatment stages. This will be the first qualitative study on this group of the population to explore and obtain a better understanding of their satisfaction with appearance and function, as well as any other patient-reported outcome measures that could be identified. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/25767.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelvin Ian Afrashtehfar
- Division of Restorative Dental Sciences, Clinical Sciences Department, Ajman University, Ajman City, United Arab Emirates.,Department of Reconstructive Dentistry and Gerodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Berne, Switzerland.,Centre of Medical and Bio-allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.,Department of Oral Surgery and Stomatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Stephen Ross Bryant
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Division of Prosthodontics and Dental Geriatrics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Henderson GE, Rennie S, Corneli A, Peay HL. Cohorts as collections of bodies and communities of persons: insights from the SEARCH010/RV254 research cohort. Int Health 2021; 12:584-590. [PMID: 33165552 PMCID: PMC7650957 DOI: 10.1093/inthealth/ihaa060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Longitudinal research cohorts are uniquely suited to answer research questions about morbidity and mortality. Cohorts may be comprised of individuals identified by specific conditions or other shared traits. We argue that research cohorts are more than simply aggregations of individuals and their associated data to meet research objectives. They are social communities comprised of members, investigators and organizations whose own interests, identities and cultures interact and evolve over time. The literature describes a range of scientific and ethical challenges and opportunities associated with cohorts. To advance these deliberations, we report examples from the literature and our own research on the Thai SEARCH010/RV254 cohort, comprising individuals diagnosed with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) during acute infection. We reflect on the impact of cohort experiences and identity, and specifically how people incorporate cohort participation into meaning making associated with their diagnosis, the influence of cohort participation on decision making for early-phase clinical trials recruited from within the cohort, and the impact of the relationships that exist between researchers and participants. These data support the concept of cohorts as communities of persons, where identity is shaped, in part, through cohort experiences. The social meanings associated with cohorts have implications for the ethics of cohort-based research, as social contexts inevitably affect the ways that ethical concerns manifest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail E Henderson
- Department of Social Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, 347A MacNider, 333 South Columbia Street, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7240, USA
| | - Stuart Rennie
- Department of Social Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, 347A MacNider, 333 South Columbia Street, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7240, USA
| | - Amy Corneli
- Departments of Population Health Sciences and Medicine, School of Medicine, Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University, 215 Morris Street, Durham, NC 27701
| | - Holly L Peay
- RTI International, 3040 E Cornwallis Rd, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
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Marques SCS, Doetsch J, Abate G, Brødsgaard A, Colombo G, Cuttini M, Pedersen P, Barros H. Understanding participation in European cohort studies of preterm children: the views of parents, healthcare professionals and researchers. BMC Med Res Methodol 2021; 21:19. [PMID: 33430773 PMCID: PMC7802270 DOI: 10.1186/s12874-020-01206-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retention of participants in cohort studies is a major challenge. A better understanding of all elements involved in participation and attrition phenomena in particular settings is needed to develop effective retention strategies. The study aimed to achieve an in-depth understanding of participant retention in longitudinal cohorts focusing on participants' and researcher's perspectives, across three diverse socio-geographic and cultural settings. METHODS This study used a triangulation of multi-situated methods to collect data on cohort studies of children born with less than 32 weeks of gestation in Denmark, Italy and Portugal. It included focus groups and individual semi-driven interviewing with involved key actors (i.e. parents, staff, healthcare professionals, researchers) and a collaborative visual methodology. A purposive sample of 48 key actors (n = 13 in Denmark; n = 13 in Italy; n = 22 in Portugal) was collected. A triangulation of phenomenological thematic analysis with discourse analysis was applied. Cross-contextual and context-specific situational elements involved in participation and attrition phenomena in these child cohorts were identified at various levels and stages. RESULTS Main findings included: situational challenges affecting potential and range of possibilities for implementation strategies (geopolitical environment, societal changes, research funding models); situational elements related to particular strategies acting as deterrents (postal questionnaires) and facilitators (multiple flexible strategies, reminders, regular interaction); main motivations to enrol and participate (altruism/solidarity and gratitude/sense of duty to reciprocate); main motivational deterrents to participate to follow-up waves (lack of bonding, insufficient feedback); entanglement of clinical and research follow-up as facilitator and deterrent. CONCLUSIONS The multi-situated approach used, addressing the interplay of the lived experience of individuals, was of most value to understand participation variability under different implemented strategies in-context. Cross-contextual and context-specific situational elements that have been influential factors towards participation and attrition in the cohorts were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra C S Marques
- EPIUnit, Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Porto, Rua das Taipas 135, 4050-091, Porto, Portugal.,Centro em Rede de Investigação em Antropologia, Instituto Universitário de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Julia Doetsch
- EPIUnit, Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Porto, Rua das Taipas 135, 4050-091, Porto, Portugal
| | - Georgia Abate
- Clinical Care and Management Innovation Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Anne Brødsgaard
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital Amager Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark.,Department of Public Health, HEALTH, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Grazia Colombo
- Clinical Care and Management Innovation Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Marina Cuttini
- Clinical Care and Management Innovation Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Pernille Pedersen
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital Amager Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Henrique Barros
- EPIUnit, Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Porto, Rua das Taipas 135, 4050-091, Porto, Portugal.
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