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Pfeil A, Klemm P, Hueber AJ, Hoffmann T, Weise T, Oelzner P, Knop S, Müller-Ladner U, Lange U, Wolf G, Schett G, Simon D, Kleyer A. Enhancing student understanding of rheumatic disease pathologies through augmented reality: findings from a multicentre trial. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2024; 63:1949-1956. [PMID: 37740288 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kead508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The possibility of combining real and virtual environments is driving the increased use of augmented reality (AR) in education, including medical training. The aim of this multicentre study was to evaluate the students' perspective on the AR-based Rheumality GO!® app as a new teaching concept, presenting six real anonymized patient cases with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), psoriatic arthritis (PsA) and axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA). METHODS The study encompassed 347 undergraduate medical students (232 women and 115 men) from four medical universities in Germany (Jena, Bad Nauheim/Gießen, Nuremberg, Erlangen). The course was divided into a theoretical refresher lecture followed by six AR-based cases in each of the three indications presented in the Rheumality GO! app. All participants evaluated the course after completion, assessing the benefit of the app from a student's perspective using a questionnaire with 16 questions covering six subject areas. RESULTS The use of the AR-based app Rheumality GO! improved the understanding of pathologies in RA, PsA and axSpA for 99% of the participants. For 98% of respondents, the concept of AR with real patient data has made a positive impact on the teaching environment. On the other hand, 82% were in favour of the use of virtual tools (e.g. AR) in addition to this conventional approach. CONCLUSION The results of our survey showed that from the medical students' perspective, an AR-based concept like the Rheumality GO! app can complement rheumatology teaching in medical school as an effective and attractive tool though not replace bedside teaching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Pfeil
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Jena University Hospital-Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Philipp Klemm
- Department of Rheumatology, Immunology, Osteology and Physical Medicine, Campus Kerckhoff, Justus-Liebig University Gießen, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Axel J Hueber
- Department Internal Medicine 5, Division of Rheumatology, Klinikum Nuremberg, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Tobias Hoffmann
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Jena University Hospital-Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Peter Oelzner
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Jena University Hospital-Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Stefan Knop
- Department Internal Medicine 5, Hemato-Oncology, Klinikum Nuremberg, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Ulf Müller-Ladner
- Department Internal Medicine 5, Division of Rheumatology, Klinikum Nuremberg, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Uwe Lange
- Department Internal Medicine 5, Division of Rheumatology, Klinikum Nuremberg, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Gunter Wolf
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Jena University Hospital-Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Georg Schett
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Rheumatology and Immunology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen und Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - David Simon
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Rheumatology and Immunology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen und Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Arnd Kleyer
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Rheumatology and Immunology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen und Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Schuster L, Valor-Méndez L, Wacker J, Dannhardt-Thiem V, Schmidt A, Knitza J, Simon D, Manger B, Schett G, Kleyer A. ["Rheuma (be-)greifen"- A multimodal teaching concept to improve rheumatology education for medical students]. Z Rheumatol 2024; 83:186-193. [PMID: 37505294 PMCID: PMC10973034 DOI: 10.1007/s00393-023-01391-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The German Society for Rheumatology, through its campaign Rheuma2025, aims to improve student teaching in order to ensure patient care for rheumatological patients in the future. OBJECTIVE To assess whether a combination of traditional and innovative educational methods provide both an improvement in the quality of teaching and an increase in the attractiveness of rheumatology as a discipline. MATERIAL AND METHODS Establishment of the teaching concept "Rheuma (be-)greifen" consisting of five modules on patient history taking with acting patients, musculoskeletal ultrasound, arthrocentesis, 3D printing of pathological joints and virtual reality applications based on real patient cases in the curricular teaching of medical students. RESULTS The evaluation of the teaching concept with 93 students of medicine showed a consistently high acceptance of all modules, which were rated as very effective or rather effective. Direct patient-related modules, such as history taking with acting patients, musculoskeletal ultrasound and arthrocentesis, received even higher acceptance than the visualization methods utilizing 3D printing and virtual reality. CONCLUSION Innovative teaching methods can help to improve the acceptance of teaching in the field of rheumatology, especially when combined with classical teaching contents.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Schuster
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen-Nürnberg, Deutschland.
- Medizinische Klinik 3 - Rheumatologie und Immunologie, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Deutschland.
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Deutschland.
| | - L Valor-Méndez
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen-Nürnberg, Deutschland
- Medizinische Klinik 3 - Rheumatologie und Immunologie, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Deutschland
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Deutschland
| | - J Wacker
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen-Nürnberg, Deutschland
- Medizinische Klinik 3 - Rheumatologie und Immunologie, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Deutschland
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Deutschland
| | - V Dannhardt-Thiem
- Medizinische Fakultät, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Deutschland
| | - A Schmidt
- Medizinische Fakultät, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Deutschland
| | - J Knitza
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen-Nürnberg, Deutschland
- Medizinische Klinik 3 - Rheumatologie und Immunologie, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Deutschland
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Deutschland
| | - D Simon
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen-Nürnberg, Deutschland
- Medizinische Klinik 3 - Rheumatologie und Immunologie, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Deutschland
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Deutschland
| | - B Manger
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen-Nürnberg, Deutschland
- Medizinische Klinik 3 - Rheumatologie und Immunologie, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Deutschland
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Deutschland
| | - G Schett
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen-Nürnberg, Deutschland
- Medizinische Klinik 3 - Rheumatologie und Immunologie, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Deutschland
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Deutschland
| | - A Kleyer
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen-Nürnberg, Deutschland
- Medizinische Klinik 3 - Rheumatologie und Immunologie, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Deutschland
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Deutschland
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Zhang T, Li X, Zhou X, Zhan L, Wu F, Huang Z, Sun Y, Feng Y, Du Q. Virtual Reality Therapy for the Management of Chronic Spinal Pain: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. JMIR Serious Games 2024; 12:e50089. [PMID: 38345832 PMCID: PMC10897798 DOI: 10.2196/50089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effectiveness of virtual reality (VR) therapy in adults with chronic spinal pain (CSP) is unclear. OBJECTIVE This study was conducted to compare the effectiveness of VR therapy and other therapies in adults with CSP, especially patients with inflammation-related pain. METHODS PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Embase, and CINAHL databases were searched up to November 11, 2023. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing adults with CSP receiving VR therapy with those receiving other therapies were included. The trial registration platform as well as the reference lists of included studies and previous systematic reviews and meta-analyses were manually searched. Two independent reviewers performed study selection, data extraction, risk-of-bias assessment, and evaluation of the quality of the evidence. The weighted mean difference (WMD) was used as the effect size used to synthesize the outcome measure. RESULTS In total, 16 RCTs involving 800 participants were included in this meta-analysis. The pooled data from 15 (94%) RCTs including 776 (97%) participants showed that VR therapy was superior in improving pain intensity (WMD=-1.63, 95% CI -2.11 to -1.16, P<.001, I2=90%) and reducing inflammatory markers, including C-reactive protein (WMD=-0.89, 95% CI -1.07 to -0.70, P<.001, I2=0%), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (WMD=-6.60, 95% CI -8.56 to -4.64, P<.001, I2=98%), and interleukin-6 (WMD=-2.76, 95% CI -2.98 to -2.53, P<.001, I2=0%). However, no significant differences were found in terms of the spinal range of motion (ROM), disability level, or fear of movement. In addition, 10 (63%) of the included RCTs had a high risk of bias. CONCLUSIONS VR therapy may be an effective and safe intervention for reducing symptoms in patients with CSP, as it is shown to exert significant analgesic effects and beneficial improvements in inflammatory factor levels. However, this approach may not have significant effects on the spinal ROM, disability level, or fear of movement. Notably, the quality of the evidence from the RCTs included in this study ranged from moderate to low. Therefore, we recommend that readers interpret the results of this study with caution. TRIAL REGISTRATION PROSPERO CRD42022382331; https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=382331.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongtong Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Rehabilitation, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuan Zhou
- Department of Rehabilitation, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lixia Zhan
- The Second People's Hospital of Beihai, Beihai, China
| | - Fan Wu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zefan Huang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuxun Sun
- College of Rehabilitation Sciences, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yufei Feng
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Du
- Department of Rehabilitation, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Chongming Hospital, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
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Ghahfarrokhi SH, Heidari-Soureshjani S, Sherwin CMT, Azadegan-Dehkordi Z. Efficacy and Mechanisms of Silybum Marianum, Silymarin, and Silibinin on Rheumatoid Arthritis and Osteoarthritis Symptoms: A Systematic Review. Curr Rheumatol Rev 2024; 20:414-425. [PMID: 38314596 DOI: 10.2174/0115733971266397231122080247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA) are the most common forms of skeletal disease worldwide. OBJECTIVE The current systematic review investigated the mechanisms of Silybum marianum, silymarin, and silibinin on RA and OA symptoms. METHODS The PRISMA 2020 statement was used for reporting Items in this systematic review. The result was a list of five databases, including Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus. After determining the inclusion and exclusion criteria, of 437 records identified, 21 studies were eligible. The data were extracted from the studies and imported into an Excel form, and finally, the effects, outcomes, and associated mechanisms were surveyed. RESULTS Silybum marianum and its main constituents revealed immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-apoptotic properties in humans and laboratory animals. Moreover, they protect the joints against the cartilage matrix's hypocellularity and fibrillation, reduce synovitis, and inhibit degeneration of aggrecan and collagen-II in human chondrocytes. They also, through reducing inflammatory cytokines, show an analgesic effect. Although silymarin and silibinin have low absorption, their bioavailability can be increased with nanoparticles. CONCLUSION In experimental studies, Silybum marianum, silymarin, and silibinin revealed promising effects on RA and OA symptoms. However, more clinical studies are needed in this field to obtain reliable results and clinical administration of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahrzad Habibi Ghahfarrokhi
- Department of Social Medicine, Modeling in Health Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahrekord, Iran
| | | | - Catherine M T Sherwin
- Pediatric Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Pediatrics, Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton Children's Hospital, One Children's Plaza, Dayton, Ohio, USA
| | - Zahra Azadegan-Dehkordi
- Oriented Nursing Midwifery Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
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Pachowsky ML, Morf H, Simon D, Schönau V, Valor-Mendez L, Knitza J, Fagni F, Engel K, Uder M, Hueber A, Schmidkonz C, Schett G, Kleyer A. Cinematic rendering in rheumatic diseases—Photorealistic depiction of pathologies improves disease understanding for patients. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:946106. [PMID: 35991672 PMCID: PMC9387553 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.946106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundPatient education is crucial for successful chronic disease management. Current education material for rheumatic patients however rarely includes images of disease pathologies, limiting patients’ disease understanding. Cinematic rendering (CR) is a new tool that allows segmentation of standard medical images (DICOMs) into pictures that illustrate disease pathologies in a photorealistic way. Thus CR has the potential to simplify and improve the explanation of disease pathologies, disease activity and disease consequences and could therefore be a valuable tool to effectively educate and inform patients about their rheumatic and musculoskeletal disease (RMD).ObjectivesTo examine the feasibility of creating photorealistic images using CR from RMD patients depicting typical rheumatic disease pathologies and, in a second step to investigate the patient-perceived educational potential of these photorealistic images in clinical routine.MethodsWe selected conventional, high-resolution (HR) and positron emission tomography (PET) computed tomography (CT) images of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), psoriatic arthritis (PsA), axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA), and giant cell arteritis (GCA) that showed typical respective disease pathologies. These images were segmented using CR technique. In a prospective study, physicians used CR-enhanced and conventional original images to explain the depicted pathognomonic pathologies to patients with the respective rheumatic disease. Patients were then asked to complete a questionnaire evaluating the perceived usefulness of being presented with CR-enhanced images to better understand their underlying disease.ResultsCR images were successfully generated from above mentioned CT methods. Pathologies such as bone erosions, bony spurs, bone loss, ankylosis, and PET-based inflammation could be visualized in photorealistic detail. A total of 79 patients (61% females) with rheumatic diseases (RA 29%, PsA 29%, axSpA 24%, GCA 18%) were interviewed and answered the quantitative questionnaire. Mean age was 55.4 ± 12.6 years. Irrespective of disease, all patients agreed or highly agreed that CR-based images help to improve disease understanding, should be shown at disease onset, provide a rationale to regularly take medication and would like to have access to their own CR-enhanced images.ConclusionConventional disease images can successfully be turned into photorealistic disease depictions using CR. Patients perceived CR images as a valuable addition to current patient education, enabling personalized disease education and potentially increased medication adherence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena L. Pachowsky
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Harriet Morf
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - David Simon
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Verena Schönau
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Larissa Valor-Mendez
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Johannes Knitza
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Filippo Fagni
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Michael Uder
- Institute of Radiology, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Axel Hueber
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Division of Rheumatology, Klinikum Nürnberg, Paracelsus Medical University, Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Christian Schmidkonz
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Health, Technical University of Applied Sciences Amberg-Weiden, Weiden, Germany
| | - Georg Schett
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Arnd Kleyer
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- *Correspondence: Arnd Kleyer,
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Wu Q, Wang Y, Lu L, Chen Y, Long H, Wang J. Virtual Simulation in Undergraduate Medical Education: A Scoping Review of Recent Practice. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:855403. [PMID: 35433717 PMCID: PMC9006810 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.855403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Virtual simulation (VS) as an emerging interactive pedagogical strategy has been paid more and more attentions in the undergraduate medical education. Because of the fast development of modern computer simulation technologies, more and more advanced and emerging VS-based instructional practices are constantly increasing to promote medical education in diverse forms. In order to describe an overview of the current trends in VS-based medical teaching and learning, this scoping review presented a worldwide analysis of 92 recently published articles of VS in the undergraduate medical teaching and learning. The results indicated that 98% of included articles were from Europe, North America, and Asia, suggesting a possible inequity in digital medical education. Half (52%) studies reported the immersive virtual reality (VR) application. Evidence for educational effectiveness of VS in medical students’ knowledge or skills was sufficient as per Kirkpatrick’s model of outcome evaluation. Recently, VS has been widely integrated in surgical procedural training, emergency and pediatric emergency medicine training, teaching of basic medical sciences, medical radiation and imaging, puncture or catheterization training, interprofessional medical education, and other case-based learning experiences. Some challenges, such as accessibility of VS instructional resources, lack of infrastructure, “decoupling” users from reality, as well as how to increase students’ motivation and engagement, should be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingming Wu
- College of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Tianyou Hospital, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yubin Wang
- College of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lili Lu
- College of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yong Chen
- College of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui Long
- Tianyou Hospital, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Jun Wang,
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