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Köngeter A, Schickhardt C, Jungkunz M, Mehlis K, Winkler EC. Physicians' attitudes towards secondary use of clinical data for biomedical research purposes in Germany. Results of a quantitative survey. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0274032. [PMID: 38349908 PMCID: PMC10863899 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0274032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND For biomedical data-driven research purposes, secondary use of clinical data carries great but largely untapped potential. Physicians' attitudes and their needs towards secondary data use are essential to inform its practical and ethically sound implementation but are currently understudied. OBJECTIVE Therefore, the objectives of the study are to assess physicians' (i) general attitudes and concerns, (ii) willingness to adapt workflows and to make data available for secondary use, (iii) group-specific conditions toward implementation of secondary use and associated concerns of physician-scientists and purely clinical physicians. METHODS We developed an online survey based on a literature review and an expert interview study. Physicians in private practice and at two large German university hospitals were surveyed from May 2021 until January 2022. RESULTS In total, 446 physicians participated in the survey. 96% [380/397] of all physicians reported a positive attitude towards secondary use; 87% [31/397] are in-principle willing to support secondary use of clinical data along with a small proportion of physicians with fundamental reservations. Secondly, the most important conditions for adapting workflows were funding of additional time and effort for research-adequate documentation (71% [286/390]) and the most important condition for providing patients' clinical data was reliable protection of patients' privacy (67% [254/382]). Thirdly, physician-scientists were more likely than purely clinical physicians to request additional funding for research-adequate documentation as a precondition for support (83% vs 69%, P = .002) and the privilege to conduct research with their own patients' clinical data before other researchers are allowed to (43% vs 11%, P < .001); while purely clinical physicians more frequently require reliable protection of patient privacy (76% vs 62%, P = .007) and monetary compensation (45% vs 25%, P < .001). CONCLUSION Since this study presents high in-principle willingness of physicians to support secondary use along with little general concerns, it seems essential to address physicians' group-specific conditions toward secondary use in order to gain their support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Köngeter
- Section for Translational Medical Ethics, Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christoph Schickhardt
- Section for Translational Medical Ethics, Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Jungkunz
- Section for Translational Medical Ethics, Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katja Mehlis
- Section for Translational Medical Ethics, Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Eva C. Winkler
- Section for Translational Medical Ethics, Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
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Drechsler J, Pauly H. [Re-identification potential of structured health data]. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2024; 67:164-170. [PMID: 38231225 PMCID: PMC10834562 DOI: 10.1007/s00103-023-03820-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Broad access to health data offers great potential for science and research. However, health data often contains sensitive information that must be protected in a special way. In this context, the article deals with the re-identification potential of health data. After defining the relevant terms, we discuss factors that influence the re-identification potential. We summarize international privacy standards for health data and highlight the importance of background knowledge. Given that the reidentification potential is often underestimated in practice, we present strategies for mitigation based on the Five Safes concept. We also discuss classical data protection strategies as well as methods for generating synthetic health data. The article concludes with a brief discussion and outlook on the planned Health Data Lab at the Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Drechsler
- Institut für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung (IAB), Regensburger Str. 104, 90478, Nürnberg, Deutschland.
- Universität Mannheim, Mannheim, Deutschland.
- Joint Program in Survey Methodology (JPSM), University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
| | - Hannah Pauly
- Forschungsdatenzentrum Gesundheit, Bundesinstitut für Arzneimittel und Medizinprodukte (BfArM), Bonn, Deutschland
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Stenzinger A, Moltzen EK, Winkler E, Molnar-Gabor F, Malek N, Costescu A, Jensen BN, Nowak F, Pinto C, Ottersen OP, Schirmacher P, Nordborg J, Seufferlein T, Fröhling S, Edsjö A, Garcia-Foncillas J, Normanno N, Lundgren B, Friedman M, Bolanos N, Tatton-Brown K, Hill S, Rosenquist R. Implementation of precision medicine in healthcare-A European perspective. J Intern Med 2023; 294:437-454. [PMID: 37455247 DOI: 10.1111/joim.13698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
The technical development of high-throughput sequencing technologies and the parallel development of targeted therapies in the last decade have enabled a transition from traditional medicine to personalized treatment and care. In this way, by using comprehensive genomic testing, more effective treatments with fewer side effects are provided to each patient-that is, precision or personalized medicine (PM). In several European countries-such as in England, France, Denmark, and Spain-the governments have adopted national strategies and taken "top-down" decisions to invest in national infrastructure for PM. In other countries-such as Sweden, Germany, and Italy with regionally organized healthcare systems-the profession has instead taken "bottom-up" initiatives to build competence networks and infrastructure to enable equal access to PM. In this review, we summarize key learnings at the European level on the implementation process to establish sustainable governance and organization for PM at the regional, national, and EU/international levels. We also discuss critical ethical and legal aspects of implementing PM, and the importance of access to real-world data and performing clinical trials for evidence generation, as well as the need for improved reimbursement models, increased cross-disciplinary education and patient involvement. In summary, PM represents a paradigm shift, and modernization of healthcare and all relevant stakeholders-that is, healthcare, academia, policymakers, industry, and patients-must be involved in this system transformation to create a sustainable, non-siloed ecosystem for precision healthcare that benefits our patients and society at large.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albrecht Stenzinger
- Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Centers for Personalized Medicine (ZPM), Germany
| | - Ejner K Moltzen
- Innovation Fund Denmark, International Consortium for Personalised Medicine (IC PerMed), Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Eva Winkler
- Section of Translational Medical Ethics, National Center for Tumour Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Nisar Malek
- Centers for Personalized Medicine (ZPM), Germany
- Department for Internal Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Carmine Pinto
- Medical Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Centre, AUSL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | | | - Peter Schirmacher
- Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Centers for Personalized Medicine (ZPM), Germany
| | - Jenni Nordborg
- Lif - The Research-Based Pharmaceutical Industry, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas Seufferlein
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - Stefan Fröhling
- Division of Translational Medical Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anders Edsjö
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Pathology and Molecular Diagnostics, Office for Medical Services, Region Skåne, Lund, Sweden
- Division of Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Genomic Medicine Sweden (GMS), Sweden
| | - Jesus Garcia-Foncillas
- Department of Oncology and Cancer Institute, Fundacion Jimenez Diaz University Hospital, Autonomous University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nicola Normanno
- Cell Biology and Biotherapy Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori - IRCCS - Fondazione G. Pascale, Napoli, Italy
| | | | - Mikaela Friedman
- Genomic Medicine Sweden (GMS), Sweden
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Katrina Tatton-Brown
- National Genomics Education, NHS England, London, UK
- St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- St George's University of London, London, UK
| | - Sue Hill
- Office of Chief Scientific Officer and the Genomics Unit, NHS England, London, UK
| | - Richard Rosenquist
- Genomic Medicine Sweden (GMS), Sweden
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Bello C, Nuebling M, Koster KL, Heidegger T. Patient-reported perioperative anaesthesia-related anxiety is associated with impaired patient satisfaction: a secondary analysis from a prospective observational study in Switzerland. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16301. [PMID: 37770524 PMCID: PMC10539284 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43447-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Perioperative anxiety is common. The relationship between anxiety and patient satisfaction with anaesthesia is still under debate. We assessed the prevalence and different causes of anaesthesia-related fears leading to perioperative anxiety and its association with patient satisfaction. A multiple-time validated, psychometrically developed questionnaire assessing the presence of anxiety, causes of fear, and different dimensions of patient satisfaction was sent to patients after discharge. The clinical data were obtained from a previous study. The sample size was calculated to recruit a minimum of 300 completed questionnaires. Statistical analyses included multivariate logistic regression models. Complete data were available for 474 of the 600 patients recruited for the study (response rate: 79%). A total of 141 patients (30%) reported anxiety regarding anaesthesia before hospital admission. The prevalence of anxiety was significantly associated with patient age (< 54 years: n = 196, prevalence = 37%; > 54 years: n = 263, prevalence = 24%; p = 0.002), female sex (female: n = 242, prevalence 39%; male: n = 223, prevalence 20%; p < 0.001), and surgical speciality (gynaecology (n = 61, prevalence = 49%), otolaryngology (n = 56, prevalence = 46%); p < 0.001). Fear of not awakening from anaesthesia (n = 44, prevalence = 32%, SD 45.8) and developing postoperative nausea or vomiting (n = 42, prevalence = 30%, SD 46.0) were the most reported anaesthesia-related causes of fear. Anxiety was associated with impaired overall patient satisfaction (mean dissatisfaction score 15%, versus 23%, SD 16.3 in the anxious group, SD 16.3, p < 0.001), especially regarding the dimensions "information and involvement in decision-making" (14% of deficits stated in the non-anxious group compared to 23% in the anxious group, p < 0.001), "respect and trust" (2% vs 6.26%, p < 0.001) and "continuity of care" (50% vs 57%, p < 0.015). Patient-reported anaesthesia-related anxiety is common and may affect important outcome parameters such as patient satisfaction. Abstract presented in e-poster format at Euroanaesthesia 2023, June 3-5, Glasgow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corina Bello
- Department of Anaesthesiology Spital Grabs, Spitalregion Rheintal Werdenberg Sarganserland, Grabs, Switzerland.
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | | | - Kira-Lee Koster
- Department of Medical Oncology and Haematology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Heidegger
- Department of Anaesthesiology Spital Grabs, Spitalregion Rheintal Werdenberg Sarganserland, Grabs, Switzerland
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Winkler EC, Jungkunz M, Thorogood A, Lotz V, Schickhardt C. Patient data for commercial companies? An ethical framework for sharing patients' data with for-profit companies for research. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ETHICS 2023:jme-2022-108781. [PMID: 37230744 DOI: 10.1136/jme-2022-108781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research using data from medical care promises to advance medical science and improve healthcare. Academia is not the only sector that expects such research to be of great benefit. The research-based health industry is also interested in so-called 'real-world' health data to develop new drugs, medical technologies or data-based health applications. While access to medical data is handled very differently in different countries, and some empirical data suggest people are uncomfortable with the idea of companies accessing health information, this paper aims to advance the ethical debate about secondary use of medical data generated in the public healthcare sector by for-profit companies for medical research (ReuseForPro). METHODS We first clarify some basic concepts and our ethical-normative approach, then discuss and ethically evaluate potential claims and interests of relevant stakeholders: patients as data subjects in the public healthcare system, for-profit companies, the public, and physicians and their healthcare institutions. Finally, we address the tensions between legitimate claims of different stakeholders in order to suggest conditions that might ensure ethically sound ReuseForPro. RESULTS We conclude that there are good reasons to grant for-profit companies access to medical data if they meet certain conditions: among others they need to respect patients' informational rights and their actions need to be compatible with the public's interest in health benefit from ReuseForPro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva C Winkler
- Section for Translational Medical Ethics, Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Jungkunz
- Section for Translational Medical Ethics, National Center for Tumor Diseases, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Vincent Lotz
- Section for Translational Medical Ethics, Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christoph Schickhardt
- Section for Translational Medical Ethics, National Center for Tumor Diseases, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
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Köngeter A, Schickhardt C, Jungkunz M, Bergbold S, Mehlis K, Winkler EC. Patients’ willingness to provide their clinical data for research purposes and acceptance of different consent models: Findings from a representative survey of cancer patients in Germany (Preprint). J Med Internet Res 2022; 24:e37665. [PMID: 36006690 PMCID: PMC9459939 DOI: 10.2196/37665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anja Köngeter
- Section for Translational Medical Ethics, Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christoph Schickhardt
- Section for Translational Medical Ethics, National Center for Tumor Diseases, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Jungkunz
- Section for Translational Medical Ethics, National Center for Tumor Diseases, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Susanne Bergbold
- Epidemiological Cancer Registry Baden-Württemberg, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katja Mehlis
- Section for Translational Medical Ethics, Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Eva C Winkler
- Section for Translational Medical Ethics, Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
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7
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Jungkunz M, Köngeter A, Mehlis K, Spitz M, Winkler EC, Schickhardt C. Haben Patient*innen die moralische Pflicht, ihre klinischen Daten für Forschung bereitzustellen? Eine kritische Prüfung möglicher Gründe. Ethik Med 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00481-022-00684-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
ZusammenfassungDie Sekundärnutzung klinischer Daten für Forschungs- und Lernaktivitäten hat das Potenzial, medizinisches Wissen und klinische Versorgung erheblich zu verbessern. Zur Realisierung dieses Potenzials bedarf es einer ethischen und rechtlichen Grundlage für die Datennutzung, vorzugsweise in Form der Einwilligung von Patient*innen. Damit stellt sich die grundsätzliche Frage: Haben Patient*innen eine moralische Pflicht, ihre klinischen Daten für Forschungs- und Lernaktivitäten zur Verfügung zu stellen?Auf Basis eines ethischen Ansatzes, der als „sorgender Liberalismus“ bezeichnet werden kann, werden folgende Argumente zur Begründung einer Pflicht von Patient*innen zur Bereitstellung ihrer klinischen Daten für Forschungs- und Lernaktivitäten auf Plausibilität und moralisches Gewicht untersucht: die allgemeine Hilfspflicht; Solidarität; die Pflicht zu gemeinwohlförderlichem Handeln; das Trittbrettfahrerargument; transgenerationale Gerechtigkeit; das Prinzip des Zurückgebens; das Prinzip des Nicht-Schädigens; die Forschungsfreiheit und der Wert der Wissenschaft.Die allgemeine Hilfspflicht und die Pflicht zu gemeinwohlförderlichem Handeln sind gewichtige Gründe für eine moralische Pflicht von Patient*innen zur Bereitstellung ihrer klinischen Daten für Forschungs- und Lernaktivitäten. Das Argument der transgenerationalen Gerechtigkeit und das Prinzip des Zurückgebens sind ethisch schwache Gründe für eine solche Pflicht, können jedoch eine motivationale Rolle spielen. Die anderen Gründe sind nicht geeignet, eine Pflicht zu begründen. Das Ergebnis ist in mehrfacher Hinsicht relevant: für Patient*innen, die um die Einwilligung in die Sekundärnutzung ihrer klinischen Daten gebeten werden; für die ethische Diskussion der Frage, ob und inwieweit Abstriche von der klassischen spezifischen Einwilligung unter bestimmten Bedingungen ethisch akzeptabel sind; für die rechtwissenschaftliche Diskussion der Bedingungen für eine juristisch verhältnismäßige Sekundärnutzung klinischer Daten für Forschungs- und Lernaktivitäten.
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Gothe H, Ihle P, Swart E. [What do We Mean by Secondary Data? - A Keynote Contribution to the Terminological Classification and Definition]. DAS GESUNDHEITSWESEN 2021; 83:S64-S68. [PMID: 34852381 DOI: 10.1055/a-1686-8936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Data are both material and product for health services research. As a "substrate" or starting point for health-related analyses, they have gained immense importance in recent decades. Data are an essential raw material for the assessment of services in the health care system, for its control and development. In everyday scientific life and in research work that uses this raw material, the meaning of the term "data" - especially "secondary data" - is often neglected. This article aims to shed more light on the context of meaning of the two terms and to attempt to classify the term "secondary data" terminologically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger Gothe
- Versorgungsforschung, IGES Institut GmbH, Berlin, Deutschland.,Lehrstuhl für Gesundheitswissenschaften / Public Health, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Deutschland.,Department für Public Health, Versorgungsforschung und HTA, Institut für Public Health, Medical Decision Making und HTA, UMIT, Hall, Austria
| | - Peter Ihle
- PMV forschungsgruppe an der Medizinischen Fakultät und Uniklinik Köln, Universität zu Köln, Medizinische Fakultät, Köln, Deutschland
| | - Enno Swart
- Institut für Sozialmedizin und Gesundheitssystemforschung, Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg Medizinische Fakultät, Magdeburg, Deutschland
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